13. Conclusion and Notes

Conclusion 153 In this chapter we have examined the various aspects of formal and informal education. The people of India were aware of the importance of education and role of Sanskrit in religion and scholarship. In traditional view education did not end with the end of formal education but it was a continuous process, the ultimate aim of which was the realization of truth. The gurukula mode of education was in vogue for hundreds of years in ancient India. Outside it family, community, religion and caste, tours and travels were sources of education which was informal in nature. All these informal agencies still exert influence in the education of a person even in the modern period though the ways and means are changed. In addition to these the sources of informal education has become much vast and perhaps endless with the introduction of modern information technology in this field. The informal study of Sanskrit benefited from the agencies that were present in the ancient society in the past and still continue to exist in the Indian society which has the tendency not to completely abandon its old stock of values.

154 Notes: 1. Vide Harijan, July, 31, 1937. 2. N.R. Swarup Saxena, Foundation of Educational Thought and 3. A. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Practice, Meerut: Surya Publications, 2003, p.27. S. Sharma, Sociological Foundations of Education, Agra: Lakshmi Narain Agarwal Educational Publishers, 1992, p.3 The International Encyclopedia of Education Vol.4, Second Edition, 1994, p.2365. Shashi Prabha Sharma: Basic Principles of Education, New Delhi: Kanishka Publishers, 2007, p.27-28. John Deway as quoted in Shasi Prabha Sharma, p.92-93. The International Encyclopaedia of Education, p.2366. P.H. Coombs and M. Ahmed, Attacking Rural Poverty. How Non-formal education can help, Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, p.8. Shashi Prabha Sharma, Basic principles of Education, p.154. 10. Coombs, P.H and Ahmed.M, 'Formal Non-formal and Informal' in 11. the International Encyclopedia of Education. Edited by Torsten Husen, T Neville, Postle Thwaite, USA: Pergamon Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication, 1994, p.2364. P.H. Coombs, and M. Ahmed, Attacking rural poverty: How non formal education can help, p.8

155 12. Thomas J. Labelle and Christopher R. Ward, 'Non formal and 13. 14. 15. 16. Informal Education', Encyclopedia of Educational Research, 6th Edn, Editors in Chief Marvin C. Alkin, Vol.3, USA: Mac Millian Library reference, 1992, p.906. Thomas J Labelle, Formal, Non-formal and Informal Education: A holistic approach to life long learning, International Review of Education, 1982, p.159-75. Tanega V.R as quoted in C.L Kundu, Adult Education - Principles, Practices and Prospects, New Delhi: Sterling publishers, 1986, p.4 C.L Kundu, p.6 C.L Kundu, Adult Education - Principles, Practices and Prospects, New Delhi: Sterling Publishers Ltd, 1986, p.7 Ibid., p.9-10. The international Encyclopaedia of Education, Vol.4, p.2368. 17. 18. 19. S. Gupta. Education in Emerging India, Delhi: Shipra Publications, 2005, p.427. 20. Ibid., p.427. 21. Ibid., p.427. 22. Aileen Ross, Hindu Family in its Urban Setting, Toronta: Oxford University Press 1961, p.31. 23. Ram Ahuja, Society in India, Concepts Theories and Recent Trends, Jaipur: Rawat Publications, 2008, p.98.

156 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. Iravathi karve, Kinship Organisation in India, Bombay: Asia Publishing House, 1953, p.21. Ibid. Browns as quoted by J.C Agarwal in Teacher and Education in a Developing Society, New Delhi: Vikas Publishing house Pvt. Ltd., 1995, p. 179. Milton Singer and Bernard S. Cohn (Eds), Structure and Change in Indian Society, Jaipur: Rawat publications, 1996, p.35-37. M. R. Sreenivas, Social change in Modern India, Los Angles: 1960, p.6-7 Charles Y. Glock and Rodney Stak, Religion and Society in Tension as quoted by Vidyabhusan amd Dr. Sachdeva, An Introduction to Sociology, Patna: Kitab Mahal, 1996, p. 653.. Galloway as quoted in Vidya Bhushan and D.R Sachdeva, An Introduction to Sociology. Patna: Kitab Mahal, 1996, p.654 31. Vidya bhushan and Sachdeva, p.655. 32. 33. W. B. Selbie, as quoted by Vidya Bhushan and Dr. Sachdeva, p.656. E.E. Evans Pritchard as quoted by Vidhya Bhushan and D.R. Sachdeva, p.656.

34. Manusmrti, III, 232. 157 svadhyayam sravayet pitre dharmasastranicaiva hi | aravyananitihasamsca puranani khilani ca || 35. 36. 37. 38. Santhosh Kumar Das, The Educational System of the Ancient Hindus, New Delhi, Gyan Publishing House, 1996, p.393. S.V Venkateswara, Indian Culture through the Ages, Vol. I, London: Longman Green & Co., 1928, p.282. S.V Sen, (Ed), Historical Biography of Ancient India, Culcutta: 1979, p.437. M.L Bose, Social and Cultural History of Ancient India, Delhi: Concept Publishing Company 1998, p. 178. 39. Santhosh Kumar Das, p.401. 40. Ibid., p.204. 41. Ibid., p.203. 42. Ibid 43. R. Syama Sastri (ed), Kautilays Arthasastra, Bangalore: Govt. Oriental Library Series, 1915, pp. 190-200. 44. Vide Mahabharata, Anusasan parva. 45. Raghuvamsa of Kalidasa, V.1-35. 46. Santhosh Kumar Das, p.358. 47. Vide Arthasastra, 1.2. 48. Santhosh Kumar Das, p.296.