Sanskrit terms for Economy in Filipino language

[Full title: Classification of Sanskrit loan-words in the Philippine languages pertaining to man and his works (6): Terms relating to Trade, commerce and economy]

-79- 1.35. TERMS RELATING TO TRADE, COMMERCE AND ECONOMY. In ancient times traffic, trade or commerce (Iloko baniaga, Bisaya baligra, Dibabaon Mandaya beligya, "sell"; Bisaya binayaza, "a bargain, sale"; South Mangyan balidya, "sale, peddling" <Sanskrit veniva, "traffic, trade, commerce") may have been conducted in "frame sheds made of palm leaves" or "outhouses", which in Iloko is commonly known as bangsal. This word may be Sanskrit vaniiya, "trade" sala, "hall" on the suggestion of R. O. Winstedt 156 by his derivation of Malay bangsal, "cooly lines, shed", e.g., (1) Bengali bankasala <Sanskrit yaniiya - sala; and (2) Sanskrit bhandasala Malayalam pandisala, a store house, magazine". Merchants and traders (Tagalog (T) and Iloko banyaga, Bisaya ma-baligya-on <Sanskrit vanijika, "merchant, trader" > Malay berniyaga, berniaga, Javanese banyaga, etc. #157), either singly or with business (Sulu kreja <Sanskrit karya, "work, business to be done") 158 partners (Tagalog banig, <Sanskrit vaniiva, or Tagalog sama < Sanskrit sama, "equal"), ex- 156"Some More Malay Words", Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (Straits Branch), 1 xxx, p. 136. 157 L. C. Damais (Bulletin de l'Ecole Francaise d'Extreme Orient, xlix, 2; p. 698) thinks that banyaga is not Sanskrit but Old Javanese, which is phonetically almost the same as CMal. waniyaga. Vide Gonda, op. cit., p. 290- 291. 158 cr. Sundanese karia, Batak horia, "festival".

080 changed goods (Sulu arta, "articles, goods" <Sanskrit artha. "substance, wealth"159). Currency may have been in use, if Tavera's derivation of Tagalog salapf, "money" from Malay usa or Tagalog isa, "one" compounded with Sanskrit rupya, "the Indian currency" is correct. The goods that may have been exchanged or sold were Tagalog sutla, "silk thread", Bisaya sukla, Sulu sutla, sutra, Magindanao sutra, South Mangyan and Pangasinan sutla, "silk" <Sanskrit sutra, "a thread, yarn"; 160 ornaments, perfumes and other precious metals (vide ante, §1.31), e.g., Iloko tanikala, "chain, golden chain", Tagalog (T) and Bisaya talikala (K), "chain, bond" <Sanskrit srnkhala, "fetter, chain". 161 Minerals may have been part of the trade or traffic, e.g., Sulu sendawa, "saltpetre" <Sanskrit saindhava, "a kind of rock salt, salt". Cf. Tagalog sanyawa, "sulfur (T)" and Maranao sandawa, "sulfur, brimstone"; 162 Magindanao, Tagalog, Iloko and Bis, 159 Javanese and Malay harta, "wealth, etc." 160 Malay suntera, sutra (Favre), Javanese and Sundanese sutra, Batak suntora, Malay and Buginese suntara, "silk." 161 cf. Sanskrit tanka, "gold" ? Sanskrit srnkhala, "chain" "golden chain". Vide Phonetic Change for further discussion, Chapter II. 162 Malay sendawa, "saltpetre, nitre", Javanese sendawa, Sundanese chindawa, "id.

-81 tumbaga, "copper, brass "163 Sanskrit tamraka, "made of copper, copper colour" (Malay tembaga, Javanese tembaga, tembagi, Old Javanese tambaga, "brass, copper"); Tagalog tingga and Sulu tenga, "lead" Sanskrit tankana, "borax, lead" (Malay tinkal, "lead"). Other objects of trade are certainly ornaments of precious stones (vide §1.31). Sanskrit petaka, petika, "little basket, basket" provides a name for Maranao "pocket-book, bill-folder, purse" and Iloko "bag, wallet", e.g., pitaka (Malay petaka, "book"). A widely spread Sanskrit loan-word relating to trade is argha, "value, worth, price" >Tagalog, Bisaya, South Mangyan halage, Sulu halga, Maranao arga, "price, value, cost, charge, rate", Magindanao haraga, "value".164 Tagalog, Tagbanua and Bisaya 163 The word takes another meaning, although it does not entirely deviate from the original idea. It is tumbaga, "gold mixed with copper" (Vide Ildefonso Santos, "Old Gold in the Philippines", Philippine Numismatic Monographs, xi p. 13). "Copper" becomes secondary, which according to ali lexicons examined, is the principal meaning. It may be explained that on its being alloyed with gold it loses its importance, although it may still be seen that it plays a very important role in the valuation of the other metal. Alexander Chamberlain ("Philippine(s) Studies I, Place Names", American Antiquarian, xxii, 6, p. 398-99) writes that "silver" is another alloy of copper, and still it is called tumbaga 164 Malay, Sundanese, and Batak harga, Javanese and Dayak rega, and Mak, angga, "value, etc.".

-82 mahal, "expensive, costly of an exhorbitant price" is known in Bikol and South Mangyan as mahal, also, but with a different meaning, e.g., "dear, holy, dignified, precious". Sometimes, Tagalog mahal means "good, fine, excellent" and hence, "beautiful, expensive." The word may be Sanskrit maharha, "very worthy, or deserving, very precious, or valuable" (cf. Sanskrit maha, "great" (T)). But, Sanskrit mahargha, "high priced", seems closely related to Tagalog, Tagbanua and Bisaya mahal, like Malay mahal, "of an exhorbitant price". The word in both Tagalog and Bisaya always refers to "price or cost" and rarely in Tagalog to mean "esteemed", e.g., Kay mahal mo sa akin, "you are very dear to me (or, much esteemed by me)". It is likely that the intermediate forms in Malay, laba, "profit", and lebeh, "more (than)" (<Sanskrit labha (Vlabh, "to gain possession"), "profit, gain, excess") may have developed in Tagalog and Bisaya as laba, "profit, benefit, gain, winnings" and in Sulu lebi, "to exceed," respectively.165 Cf. this word with Magindanao guna, "profit" Sanskrit guna, "good quality, merit, virtue" (>?Malay guna, "benefit" and Javanese guna, "benefit, profit"). 165 cr. Sundanese lowih, Old Javanese Laba, Batak lobi, Dayak labhi, Makassar labi, "id.".

-83 Sanskrit bhanda, "goods, wares, merchandize, capital, income (T)" becomes, in various forms, in four Philippine(s) languages, a term for "wealth, etc.": Tagalog and Pampanga bandi, "estate, a piece of land to let, wealth (T), security", Bisaya bahandi, "furniture, household, goods, prob. treasure, wealth". But, Bikol bahandi, "jewels" may be Sanskrit bhanda, "ornament, gem?". It is doubtful whether Malay benda, "thing, article, object, material, treasure, riches" is Sanskrit bhanda, bhanda through which the Philippine(s) term may have developed. Iloko dondon, "fine, a redemption of something lost and found, or of a mortgage", Magindanao dinda, "fine" <Sanskrit danda, "punishment, fine", via Malay denda, archaic, "penalty, a fine" (Javanese denda, "fine" and Batak dandan, "fine, sum paid by the loser to a party gaining in a law suit"). The Toba Batak form seems to be more akin to Iloko than the Malay However, the Malay form is closely related to Magindanao While Tavera seems to be convinced that Tagalog upa, "pay, salary, rent" (Iloko and Pangasinan upa, "wages, rent") is Sanskrit utpatti, "products, production" (ut-pat, to be produced) with Malay upati, "tribute, tax, contribution" as the intervening form, there seems to be no other evidences to confirm his derivation. R. O. Winstedt does not list Malay

-84 upati, in his Dictionary, instead he lists upah, "payment for work done or for special service (i.e., wages, fee, expenses, commision). He derives this word with caution from Sanskrit He lists upeti, "tribute (to a more powerful state). Javanese opah, and epah apparently show closer affinity with the Philippine(s) forms. But the question arises whether or not the Javanese has its origins in Sanskrit (vide § 2.293). Sanskrit bhaga (<\/bhai), "to divide, to distribute, division, allotment", provides a similarly widespread terminology in the Islands like Sanskrit argha. Tagalog and South Mangyan bahagi, "share, portion, division, sharing", Iloko and Maranao bagi, "share, part", Bikol banga, "id.", Tagbanua bagi, "share, part" and Sulu bahagi, var. bhagian, "to distribute, to divide, a division, separate".166 It may be assumed that Sulu, Tagalog and South Mangyan are probably Malay; Iloko and Maranao, Javanese Bikol shows very doubtful origin. Cf. this word with Bisaya sagala, "piece, part, fragment", though isolated seems to show Sanskrit origin, e.g., Sakala, "fragment, piece".