Sanskrit names of the Human Body in Filipino language

[Full title: Classification of Sanskrit loan-words in the Philippine languages pertaining to man and his works (3): Words pertaining to the Human Body, its parts, ailments, clothing, ornaments, scents]

Starting from the topmost part of the body, the hair, particularly the "curly hair" in Tagalog and Iloko is kulot, and CONeg. (probably a borrowing from the contiguous Iloko) kulot, "curl of the hair" <Sanskrit kurula, "a curl or lock of hair." The Sanskrit is believed to be a loan-word.63 state of being "bald-headed" is in Tagalog kalbo <Sanskrit kulva, "id." Cf., however, Latin calvo >Spanish calvo, which 62 Sanskritsche woorden in het Bisaya, p. 283. The 63. B. J. Kuiper, "Proto-Munda words in Sanskrit," Verhandelingen li, 3, p. 13.

-25 may be the origin of the Tagalog The "face" in Philippine(s) languages takes three forms, and these may have been derived from Sanskrit , except one which more or less has a meaning in the figurative-referential sense. Tagalog mukha, South Mangyan moka 64 and CONeg. mukaat, "face" <Sanskrit mukha, "id." (Malay and Javanese muka, Sundanese mukha). reflection." Iloko rupa, 65 "face" <Sanskrit rupa, "likeness, image, Inibaloi lupa. Pangasinan and Pampanga lupa, "face", also "features" in Pangasinan Sulu (in)lupa, "seemingly" and Maranao rupa, "colour" more or less retain the idea expressed in Sanskrit But, cf. these forms with Magindanao luna, "form" which apparently retained the Sanskrit meaning: rupa, "form, shape" (>Javanese and Malay rupa, "form, appearance, looks"). Iloko langa, "countenance, form, mark, appearance, facial features or expression" <Sanskrit linga, "form, sign". The last meaning in Iloko refers to the "face". N. M. Saleeby 66 includes in his list of Magindanao vocabulary a word which he believes to be derived from Sanskrit The word for "tongue", dila, according to him is Sanskrit Mdha, "licked, tasted" (> Javanese and Malay lidah, "id."). 64 cf. South Mangyan muklat, "opening of the eyes." 65 Les Inscriptions Malaises de Crivijaya-II, 12 (rupa). 66 he Origin of the Malayan Filipinos

626 The Magindanao word is also found in the other Philippine(s) languages: Iloko, Tagalog, Pangasinan, Pampanga, etc., dila, "id.". Abbe Favre lists hapala, "head" in his Grammaire Javanaise 67 to be Bisaya in comparison with Javanese and Malay kapala, "head" <Sanskrit kapala, "the skull". Magindanao has kapala, "head". Tagalog huba, Iloko kub-bo, Bisaya kubong, baku, and South Mangyan kaba, "bent, hunchback, stooped" have their origin in Sanskrit kubia, "id." (Of. Tagalog kubo and Iloko kubong, "a hut, which can be entered only by stooping or bending"). The term for "foot" takes two forms. Tagalog and Bisaya pad: MNeg., a dialect contiguous to Tagalog, pala, and South Mangyan, proximate to both Tagalog and Bisaya pa-a <Sanskrit pada (Old Javanese pada, "id."). But, Tagalog paa, "leg (thigh)". Malay pada, "foot, the feet, foot (of a royal personage).68 While Iloko has dapen, and Bikol dapan-dapan, "sole of the foot" (of. Magindanao palad, "id." and Sulu pad, "palm of the hand"), both have saka, "the lower limbs, the legs, including the feet" <Sanskrit saka, "limbs of the body, arms and legs". The sound produced by "footfalls", and the 67 Introduction, p. v. 68 Cf. Also, Madurese, Batak, Bali., Pampanga, Buginese pada. Tagalog according to Favre has another form - paah. The appearance of the visarga seems curious.

-27- "footprints" are in Iloko padak, and paddak, respectively. Though in some restricted sense, the latter may also refer to "the sole of the foot" like Dibabaon Mandaya para-para. Foot-covering, like "sandals" and "slippers" are known in Iloko as palloka and in Tagalog as paruka <Sanskrit paduka, "shoe or slippers". Cf. Javanese pedaka, "footprints", but Malay paduka, same as Sanskrit Maranao Warna, "colour", though it shows a general meaning referring to the caste system, which in Malay is the archaic warna, "caste" is Sanskrit varna, "colour, caste" Tagalog Walna, to which Pardo de Tavera assigns the meaning "roof of different colours", can only be referred to with caution. Cf. Sanskrit varana, "shelter, screen" in reference to the meaning "roof" Of the ornaments used to adorn the person, Sulu has manik-manik, South Mangyan manik, "beads", Tagalog manik, "glass beads, beadwork". Probably, these were borrowed from Malay manek or manik, "bead", 69 which in turn was borrowed 69 cf. manikam, "ruby, precious stones" (Favre), Bali. manik, "a jewel". But, it has a special meaning in ceremony. J. Hooykaas ("A Yantra of Speech Magic in Balinese Folklore and Religion", Bijdragen, exv, 2, p. 176) writes that "manik had for the Balinese first of all the meaning of the special part of a grain or a fruit in which germinating power is to be found... An embryo is also called a manik or when a couple longs for a child, they pray for a mani k-memargi (a jewel able to walk)... that in Bali the manik has come to mean germ of life, and that it has often lost much of its literal meaning of an actual jewel..."

-28 from Sanskrit manika, "jewel, pearl, precious stone, any amulet or ornament" (Javanese manik ?). The Tagalog and probably the Zambali, manik-nik may be the various species of of palaquim and other genera of sapotaceae, the brilliantly polished seeds of which are used as beads.70 Sanskrit mutya, mukta, or muktika, "pearl" develops in the Philippine(s) through the Malay mutiya, mutia, "pearl, mother of pearl", var. mutiara, "pearl", in various forms and meanings. Tagalog mutya, var. mutika, "precious stone", Magindanao and Iloko mutia, "pearl, charm, precious stone, amulet", Bikol mutya, "pearl, gem", Bisaya motya, "pearl, jewel", Maranao montia, "jewel, gem". Tagalog mutia, "charm stone", South Mangyan mutya, "besoar stone, amulet", and Sulu mucha, "pearl" (cf. Old Javanese mutyara, OMad. mutyara, OSund. mutiara, Buginese and Makassar mutiara).71 Sulu has a term generally applied to "gems, jewels": pamata, var. permata, parmata, which is probably Sanskrit paramata, "excellence" (>Malay permata, "jewel, gem"). Sanskrit kaca, "glass", which Pardo de Tavera translates as "crystal or quartz used as an ornament" >Tagalog kasa, "bracelet of green and gold stones (T)". Bisaya kat- 70 B. E. Schneider, "Notes on Mangyan Language", Philippine Journal of Science, vii, p. 164. 71 Crawfurd, History of the Indian Archipelago, 11, p. 154.

-29 ya, "glass, crystal (K)", and Sulu kacha, Magindanao kacha, "glass, bottle" may be Sanskrit kaca (>Malay, Javanese, Sundanese, Makassar, Buginese, Dayak kacha, "id.").72 Cf. Igorot kanching, "brass (?glass beads)" which may be Sanskrit kancana, "gold" (>Malay kanchana, "id."). Magindanao gantang, "bell" may have been also an article of trade, and the name may be Sanskrit ghanta, "a plate of iron or mixed metal struck as a clock, bell(?)" (>Javanese genta, Malay genta, "bell"). "Silk or silk thread" is in Tagalog sutla, Bisaya sukla, Sulu sutra or sutla, and South Mangyan Sutla which developed from Sanskrit sutra, "a thread, a yarn, a string". The intermediate forms in Malay sutera, "silk", Javanese and Sundanese sutra (Batak suntura, Makassar and Buginese suntara, "id.") show definite borrowing from the Sanskrit It could, however, be the Javanese form which the Philippine(s) forms were developed, judging from the very close phonetic structures. Of the scents, Sanskrit kasturi, "musk" is found in Tagalog kastuli, Bisaya katsuli, and Iloko kastoli, "musk, a kind of musk" (<Javanese kasturi, "musk (name of the animal that produces musk), civette," Malay kesturi, "id."). 72 Vide Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society-SB, xvi, xviii: "Sulu Vocabulary".