Sanskrit names of Animals in Filipino language

[Full title: Sanskrit loan-words in the Philippine languages (2): Names of Animals, and other terms pertaining to the fauna]

The elephant's name - Tagalog and Bisaya gadya, Sulu gajah, and Iloko gadia - is already obsolete except its being used as a family name, 49 particularly among the Tagalog and Iloko speaking people. Obviously, it is the Sanskrit gaia, "1 d. #50 The Sulu form corresponds phonetically to "id."50 the Malay gaiah, which may be the intermediate form of the word before it reached the islands. "Deer or antelope" is known by just one name from Iloko in the north Northern Luzon to Sulu in the South. has ugsa, which is borrowed by the proximate or contiguous tribal languages: Igorot ugsa, and Central Cagayan Negrito ugtaq; Tagalog usa, Tagalog, Bisaya and Dibabaon Mandaya usa, Bikol osa, Pangasinan ulsa, and Mariveles Negrito u'isa, this last being borrowed probably is A through Tagalog which a contiguous major language. It must have been borrowed from Sanskrit raya, through the Malay rusa, "id." (Makassar and Batak ursa). "A sort of fish" or merely "fish" is mamsa in Bisaya, which is used in the sense "fishmeat".51 South Mangyan has mam 49 Vide $1.323., infra. 50 Batak, Dayak, Sundanese gaia, Javanese gajah. Vide Johannes Rahder, "The Elephant in South East Asian Languages", Liebenthai Fetschrift (Sino-Indian Studies, v, part 3-4, Santiniketan), p. 171-173. Vide also Crawfurd, Dictionary. 51 Sanskritsche woorden in het Bisaya, p. 284.

-20 sa, "a large fish, very light in colour, or white," which may have been borrowed from Bisaya or vice versa. Cf. Tagalog mansa, "hatch (eggs), v." It may be the Sanskrit mamsa, "flesh". Cf. however, Malay mangsa, "prey (of beast), "52 and Malay mangsa, "flesh."53 In the aves family, there is Sanskrit hamsa, "goose" which is distributed in the three geographical divisions of the archipelago: Iloko, Pangasinan and Bikol ganso, Tagalog gansa in Luzon; Bisaya gansa, var. gangsa (all dialects) in the Bisayan Islands; and Maranao ganso - in Mindanao: all mean both the "goose" and the "gander". It is probable that the word arrived in the Islands earlier than the 16 th century, and therefore unlikely to have been introduced through the Spanish ganso, "id.' Malay has the forms cited above, e.g., hangsa, gangsa, angsa, angsa, "id." (Javanese ongsa, Sundanese gangsa). Among the Philippine(s) languages, Maranao alone calls "the large bird of the eagle species, the vulture": garoda <Javanese garuda, "the eagle": Malay garuda or geruda, "Visnu's eagle"<Sanskrit garuda, "a mythical bird of the eagle species, the vahana of Visnu," Tagalog has a native name for this 52 Winstedt, "An Unabridged Malay-English Dictionary, p. 209. 53. C. Maxwell, "New Light in the Malayan Language," Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society-MB, xiv, 2, p. 104.

-21 species, lawin, 54 used side by side with Spanish aguila. Sanskrit ruru, "dog" seems to have been borrowed in Magindanao and Sulu, uru, "dog", according to N. M. Saleeby. But uru is not verifiable in Malay and Javanese 55 Tagalog palapati, "dove, pigeon," Cur. Tagalog and Iloko kalapati, Bisaya Salapati, "id." Pardo de Tavera derives the Tagalog from Sanskrit paravata, "pigeon" and H. Kern 56 shows that it is from Sanskrit parapati, "turtle dove". The latter's derivation is perhaps much closer to the Tagalog than the former's. It is likely that the Sanskrit paranati is the origin of the Philippine(s) word (cf. Malay perapati, "pigeon, dove"). Sanskrit maya, "Illusion, possessing vision" <Tagalog maya, "bird", Bisaya maya, "the sparrow, which in poetry, is the piece de comparaison concerning passing #57 fancies or illusions. "A certain species of bee" is called in Bisaya pusunagta, which has been derived from Sanskrit puspaniksa, a 54 also used to call the "kite" or "hawk" Vide National Language-English Dictionary, INL, p. 98. 55 saleeby-2. 56 Sanskritsche woorden in het Bisaya, p. 286. Cf., 57 Connected with the Aves family is "nest". In native Tagalog it in pugad beside nido <Sanskrit nida. however, Latin nidus > Spanish nido. Tagalog may have borrowed the word ni do from the Spanish

-22 bee"58 It is, however, a very doubtful derivation for the Bisaya defies identification. Sanskrit liksa, "louse" > Tagalog lisa, Iloko lis-a, Bisaya losa, South Mangyan 11'6 s, and Tagalog 11'us. Cf. this word with Tagalog lukse, "flea". The name seems to derive from the characteristic of the insect, which is continuously jumping: lukso, "to jump, jumping". Two words phonetically closely related are used to designate the "ant" in Bisaya: hapila and pipila. The former is found in the Diccionario Bisaya-Espanol of de la Encarnacion which Kern used in his list.59 The latter was found (by the present writer) in the English-TagalogVisayan Dictionary, 60 and fig. means "few". It is the Sanskrit pipila, "an ant". Tagalog and Iloko laksa, "a species of vermicelli" <Sanskrit Laksa, "small worms that give colouring materials". Bisaya lipaka, "a sort of swelling caused by a gnat-bite" <Sanskrit paripaka, "ripe, mature, the result or consequence". Apparently, the Sanskrit paripaka does not have a form in the Malay and Javanese languages. Hence the derivation does not seem convincing. 58 Sanskritsche woorden in het Bisaya, p. 285. 591 bid., p. 281. 60 Jacobo Enriquez, et al, editors. et al, editors. Manila, 1949.

-23 In the reptile family, there is Sanskrit naga, "serpent" > Bisaya naga, "id.", but Maranao naga, "dragon", which may have been derived through Javanese naga, "a large serpent, dragon" or Malay naga, "dragon, mythical serpent". The same species of this family is known in Tagalog as thas (cf. Sulu haas), which Tavera has derived from the Sanskrit ahi, ani, "snake, serpent." However, intervening forms are absent. Moreover, it is known only (?) in the Rigveda as such. Therefore, Pardo de Tavera's derivation lends itself to doubt. The "river snake", as Pardo de Tavera calls it but which is more likely the "python", is sawa, and has been derived by him from Sanskrit sattva, "a wild animal, beast" (>Malay satwa, "wild animal"). This is rather very doubtful identification. While Malay has satwa, it seems improbable to show that Tagalog Sawa is Sanskrit Sattva with Malay as the intervening form. But, ef. Sanskrit sarpa, "serpent, snake">Prakrit Sappa, which perhaps develops further into savva > Sauva>sava. A Prakrit medium through which the Tagalog was derived may be assumed if sawa, which is Indonesian, 61 is Sanskrit Cr. this with the other Malay term, sawa, "python" and Bahasa Indonesia (ular) sawa, "id." 610 Javanese Ram., xxv, 30.

-24 Beside the native word for poison, kamandag, in Tagalog, is bisa <Sanskrit visa, "poison, venom, anything active." Sulu bisa, "deadly, poisonous, noxious". Bisaya, Tagalog and Maranao have bisa, which has the same meaning as Tagalog Cf. Malay bisa, "venom, venomous", Javanese Wisa (also Sundanese, Batak, Makassar, etc.). Side by side with Bisaya bisa is lala, "venom", which H. Kern 62 shows with reserve that it is Sanskrit lala, "spittle, saliva."