49. A Contemporary Manuscript of the Bhojana Kutuhala

49. A Contemporary Manuscript of the Bhojana Kutuhala of Raghunatha belonging to Samji Nayak Punde Between A. D. 1650 and 1685* Recently I published some papers' on the life and works of Raghunatha, the author of a work on dietetics called the BhojanaKutuhala. As a result of my investigation I have been able to prove on contemporary evidence the following facts about the life-history and chronology of this Deccani author :- (1) The full name of this author was Raghunatha Ganesa Navahasta; (2) He was the Upadhyaya of the Chafal Matha of Saint Ramadasa between about A. D. 1648 and 1683; (3) He was a very intimate friend of Saint Ramadasa as we find from a letter addressed to him by this Saint; (4) In A. D. 1683 he renounced all his property in the Satara District in favour of his son inlaw Bhairavabhat and then proceeded on a mahayatra or pilgrimage; (5) He later migrated to Tanjore and composed some Sanskrit and Marathi works under the patronage of Queen Dipabai the wife of Ekoji Bhosale, the brother of Shivaji the Great, between A. D. 1683 and 1712 or so; (6) During his stay in Maharastra he was the pupil of Anantadeva, the author of the SmrtiKaustubha. Raghunatha's Bhojana-Kutuhala was most probably composed in Maharastra prior to his mahayatra of A. D. 1683. Since the publication of my papers my friend Rajavaidya S. A. Jagtap of Kolhapur sent me a bundle of MSS of Raghunatha's Bhojana-Kutuhala. These MSS may be briefly described * Journal of the University of Bombay, (N. S.) Vol. XIII, Pt. 2, pp. 40-45. " ,, 1. Vide pp. 132-140 of the Journal of the University of Bombay, Vol. X (New Series), Part 2, 1941-"Raghunatha, A Protege of Queen Dipabai, etc., and pp. 254-263 of Annals (B. O. R. I.), Vol. My XXII, 1942" A Topical Analysis of Bhojana-Kutuhala, etc. paper on "Identification of Raghunatha ... and his contact with Saint Ramadasa between A.D. 1648 and 1682" has appeared in the Journal of the Tanjore Mss Library, Vol. III, No. 1, pp. 1-12. (425)

for the benefit of scholars' now engaged in editing and translating this work or its parts. (1) bhojanakutuhala - 1 st Pariccheda, folios 113 on old country paper ( size :- 9" * 41' ), Folio 1 a - " sri samaji nayakapumdyopananam " 2 Folio Ib - Begins:- " sriganesaya namah || namah pracamdavetamdatumdaya mrdasunave | pratyuhatimiradhvamsasamudyatkarabhanave || 1 || tasmai namah paranamdamakaramda samaptaye | sriguroh padapadmaya yatra me niscalam manah || 2 || nava tatvavido munimukhyan dhanvamtari bhojyagunajnan | bhojana kautuhalamatha tanvanenajjanonipuno mudamiyat || 3 || atha bhojanavidhih || " Ends :- " iti upabhogyavastragunah || || iti srimadvidvadvrdavamdyapadaravimdasri- madanamtadevadayatmajasya vidvadraghunathanamnah krtau bhojana kutuhale prathamah parichedah || 6 || srirughunatharpanamastu || 6 || " (2) bhojanakutuhala - 1 st Pariccheda - folios 65 on country paper, white in appearance (size : - 12 " x 52 " ). 1 1. The Bhojana - Kutuhala is found in the list of works undertaken for the G. O. Series, Baroda. Mr. B. V. Bhat, Secretary, Rajawade Samshodhan Mandir, Dhulia, also intends to edit the work with a Marathi translation. 2. Kesava Pandita compiled a work on Dharmasastra called c- kalpalata for King Sambhaji, Son of Shivaji the Great. A portion of this work called zac is preserved in the Tanjore MSS Library (MS. No. 536). This copy was made for Shamji Nayak Punde in the year dumdubhi which corresponds to A. D. 1682-83 ( " sake rajya- bhisekiye dumdubhasamvatsare lihamidam pustakam " ). The copy contains the following endorsement :- " dandanitivyavaharamanjari srisamajinayaka pumdayopanamnam gramthah patra- samkhya 31|| " This endorsement is identical with that on the Jagtap Ms of the 1 st Pariccheda of Raghunatha's work described above. The identity of endorsements regarding the ownership of the copies of bhojanakutuhala and dandanitivyavaharamanjari leaves no doubt about the contemporary nature of these copies.

Begins as in the above MS but ends as follows:- " ittham vimathya gunapathasudhamburasi labdhva paramrtarasam surasam ca tasmat | nirmayi bhojanakutuhalamisvaranam tosaya tena paritusyatu sesasayi || samsevita na guravastavascadrstya yai niksita janapadesu ca tesu tesu | bhaisajyatamtramapi naiva krtam svatamtra tesam krtepi ca krtam raghunathanamna || anamtadevanmanasa dihapya- manamtadevasya vidhaya sevam | yonamtadevah prathito prthivya- manamtadevah paritosametu || 427 iti srimadvidvadvrmdadyapadaravimda srimadanam tadeva dayodayasya raghunathavidusah krtau bhojanakutuhale dravyagunagunakathanam nama prathamah parichedah srirastu sake 1703 caitra suddha 10 tahine samaptam " (3) bhojanakutuhala - 2 nd Pariccheda, folios 35, on country paper, white in appearance like the paper used for the above MS, ( size :- same as that of the above MS ). Begins :- :- " sriganesaya namah | sriramacamdraya namah | sridaksinamurtaye namah | srimuktambayai namah | srigopalakrsnaya namah | yo vedasya pita sadasyajanita pamcanano yatsakha sayya yasya sahasrasamkhyavadano yasya dvimaulirmukham | hetiryasya dasasyakamthaghatanoddama sahasreksani bhrata yasya sahasrarasminayano devah sivayastu vah || 1 || apanighonah smrtibhirvipulasrutim mulabaddhamulabhih | sopi ca duskrtanivaho na punarbhavam prayati yatsmrtibhih || 2 || duritam ghanaghanasikhinah sakhino lekharsabhatmajasyapi | abhinavanamamahimnogerdhana svenibamdhana vyajat || 3 || evam dravyagunagunan vicarya suddhadravyakrtannam bhumjita | aha vyasah Ends :- " " ittham vimathya gahanam smrtisamgasimdhum samprapya tadgatarasam vibudhaikarastham |

nirmayi bhojanakutuhalamisvaranam tosa (sa ) ya tena paritusyatu visvasaksi || samsevya sevyamakhilairakhilaikavrtya vrtyopadambujarasam gurudevatayah | ya dhirabuddhividhadharma rahasyamagna hyetattaya viracitam raghunathanamna || gramtharupo madiyoyam vagvyaparasusobhanah | anenanamtadevo nah priyatam pritivardhanah || iti srimadvidvadvamya ......bho-kutuhale bhaksyabhaksyavivaranam nama dvitiyah parichedah samaptah 2 " Some of the authorities quoted in this Pariccheda are :-- vyasa, parijata, (vi ) jnanesvara, madhava, susruta, visnu, usanah, prayogapari- jata, dharmasarasudhanidhi, manu, vasistha, apararka, bodhayana, dharmasara, caturvimsatimata, sulapani devala, smrtyarthamsara, yama, visnupurana, gautama, madanaratna, skamda, bhavisya, brahma, yajnavalkya, parasara, bhrgu, apastamba, satatapa, samgraha, patatrimsamata, brhaspati, smrtisamgraha, katyayana, hemadri, markamdeyapurana, brhadyama, brahmapurana, bhavisyapurana, yogisvara, sulapani, samvarta, gobhila, samkhalikhitau, mitaksara, harita, madhava, amgirah, vrddhatreya, madhaviye vyasa, vrddhayajnavalkya, vijnanesvara, kasyapa, rsyasrnga, bhavaprakasa taittiriyakasruti, paithinasi, smrtiratnavali, pracetah, saunaka, asvalayana, camdrika, asva- layana, camdrika, asvamedhika, pulastya, kurmapurana and gargya . (4) bhojanakutuhala - 3 rd Pariccheda, folios 83, paper, white in appearance ( size :- 121 " x 53" ). Begins : - " sriganesaya namah || taroruharasuratavatara kamtavidura viralapradhara | nihsesabhusa dayitasya bhusyai yasyamtaresyadviratepi moksah || 1 || " on country atha vibhavarivilasah tatra dipadipavidhih Ends :- " iti vividhanitambaddhinagadhanvigahya prabalagurusamiksanaukaya nirvisesam | rucirataralalamagramamasadya tatta- dvihitavidhividheyam sambhrtam bhupatestu || sakhayah parijatasya kaustubhasyapi didhiteh | hemadreravisanunamastu gramthasya gauravam ||

anena gramtharupena kaustubhapratibha ( nu ) nuna | harervaksasthale laksmih prasannastu mahomayi || pramanavidhiratnalibhrtoyam sumanayutah | gramtharupomjalirbhuyalaksmipatipadarpitah || jananiklesakartarah samtvanyesam sutoccayah | jananitosabhusayai bhuyadesa madamgajah || 429 iti srimadakhilamahimamdala mamdanadhita kirtikaumudimodita vidvajjanamanoharapadaravimda- govimdabhajanavaptavidyavaibhavanamtadeva dayodayasya raghunathasurinah krtau bhojanakutuhale vibhavarivilasah trtiyah parichedah 3 samaptoyametavata gramthah kalyanastu sarva jagatam || " Authorities quoted by Raghunatha' in the 3 rd Pariccheda are :- parasuramapratapa, markamdeya, pracetah, prayogaparijate, asvalayana, samkhalikhitau, markamdeyapurana, parijate, saunaka, kasikamda, narayanadasanibamdhe, bhrgu, yogayajnavalkya, dharmasara, vaidya katyayana, samgraha, nrsimha (parijata ), karikabhasya, brhaspati, samkha, vyasa, smrtiratnavali, skamda, visnu, harivamsa, vijnanesvariya, kasyapa, samudratilaka ( long extract dealing with ) strilaksana, pamcasayaka, parasara, devarata, yama, narada, ratirahasya, madhaviya, devala, yajnavalkya, sivarahasya, bodhayana, vasistha, manu, sripati, ratnamala, satatapa, susruta, vrddhaparasara, sahyadrikhamda (fol. 51 ), hari- camdra, brahmapurana, parijate satyavrata, caraka, garuda, gautama, vagbhata, camdrika, and svapnadhyaya . The references to bhavaprakasa ( c. A. D. 1550 ) and parasuramapratapa ( middle of the 16 th Century ) made by Raghunatha in his bhojana- 1. The author gives some vernacular equivalents in the following extracts :Folio 6 - " coli jhaga ceti maharastrah ...varavanam dagala amgirapattika lapeta ... vranisam mumdase ... topika topi ' " " Folio 8 - " mallika ... mogara, " vrttamalika ... batumogara, campha, nagacampha, " 66 37 66 9366 Folio 9- mohanamala, kadim, mudi " " " campakah ... 2. This big work on dharmasastra was composed by Sabaji Prataparaja, a protege of nijamasaha . He describes nijamasahanagari, which is evidently Ahmadnagar. "ahammadapura " mentioned by Sabaji in this work is identical with the nijamasahanagari (Vide Dr. H. D. Sharma's paper on this work in Poona Orientalist, VI 1 I, pp. 1-26 ).

definitely prove that he flourished after A. D. 1600. This earlier terminus further supports my chronology for Raghunatha, viz. between A. D. 1640 and 1712 or so to which I have referred in my earlier papers on him. I am, however., mainly concerned in this paper with the MS of the 1 st Pariccheda of the belonging to Samji Nayak Punde, about whom my friend Mr. V. S. Bendre has supplied to me the following historical information:The Punde family belonged to Shrigonde village in the Ahmadnagar District of the Bombay Presidency. Sesavva Naik Punde of this family was contemporary of Maloji Bhosle, the grandfather of Shivaji the Great. His son Babaji Naik Punde was Shivaji's Vakil at the Bijapur Court but was recalled from that Court in November-December 1673. Babaji Naik died beween July and November 1675. Babaji's son Shamji Naik Punde was Potdar (Treasurer) of Shivaji. He accompanied Shivaji in his Karnatak expedition. Later in December 1680 Shamji was sent to Karnatak under Harji Mahadik in charge of the Karnatak province. Shamji left Raigad for Karnatak in March 1681 but was arrested at Jinji under the orders of Sambhaji, son of Shivaji, in August 1681. In view of the above information about Shamji Naik Punde we may suppose that the MS of the 1 st Pariccheda of the BhojanaKutuhala belonging to this Maratha officer was copied for him sometime prior to A. D. 1681-82 or in this very year, when another MS, viz., that of gaff was copied for him in the year as proved by the Tanjore MS of this work. It seems certain, however, that Raghunatha composed this work in Maharastra prior to A. D. 1680 or so when he was under the influence of his guru Anantadeva, the author of the Smrtikaustubha. The three Paricchedas of the Bhojana-Kutuhala clearly show that our author had made a very close study of the Dharmasastra literature possibly under the guidance of Anantadeva, who was the direct descendant of the Maratha Saint Ekanath (1528-1600 A. D. )2; and who flourished in the "3 rd quarter of the 17 th Century," i. e., between A. D. 1650 and 1675. This period is synchronous with the period of Raghunatha's stay in Maharastra and his contact with Saint Ramadasa as I have already shown in my papers. Whatever be the 1. I have published a paper on this work in which I have recorded my evidence for this date of the Td(Annals, B. O. R. I. XIV 56-164). 2. Vide p. 453 of P. V. Kane's History of Dharmasastra, Vol. I (1930).

exact date of composition of the Bhojana Kutuhala the association of the Jagtap MS of the 1 st Pariccheda of this work with Shamji Nayak Punde, a Maratha officer of Shivaji and Sambhaji, say between A. D. 1650 and 1685, clearly proves that this MS is a contemporary copy and hence extremely important both from the historical and textual points of view as will be seen from the facts noted below:- (1) The B. O. R. Institute MS of the 1 st Pariccheda of the (No. 594 of 1899-1905) is dated A. D. 1803. On folio 45 a of this MS we find the following verse about the properties of the Custard-apple or sitaphalah- 66 sitaphalam sumadhuram sitalam pittanasanam | supakarucidvate hitam na kaphakrt param || sitaphala || " When I read this verse I was under the impression that the Sitaphal or Custard-Apple was known to Raghunatha (c. A. D. 1650). I now find that this verse is missing in the Shamji Nayak Punde's MS of the . . It appears therefore, that the above verse was added to this work by some Vaidya during the Peshwa period when the Sitaphal had gained sufficient popularity in the Deccan. I have projected a special paper on the history of Sitaphal from Indian sources. In this connnection I obtained the following remarks from the Horticulturist to Government, Bombay, through the favour of Mr. B. Sahay, I. C. S., Secretary of the Imperial Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi, in May 1942 :- " Sitaphal and Ramphal - The names of the two varieties of Custard Apple, Ramphal and Sitaphal are in themselves almost enough to show that from very early times, the trees have been grown and honoured by the Hindus.' " This view about the antiquity of Sitaphal and Ramphal is not warranted by any evidence from Indian sources prior to A. D. 1500 or so as I propose to show in my projected paper on this subject referred to above. (2) In the B. O. R. Institute MS of A. D. 1803 we find the following verse about the properties of cc or papaya fruit :Folio 46- 66 'vatakubhaphalam grahi kaphavataprakopanam | tadeva pakkam madhuram pittaghnam rocanam guru || popaya iti || "

The above verse is found in the Jagtap MS of A. D. 1851 (Saka 1773 ) and reads as follows :Folio 396- " vatakumbhaphalam grahi kaphavataprakopanam | tadeva pakkam madhuram pittaghnam rocanam guru || popaye || " The above verse regarding Papaya found in the MSS of A. D. 1803 and 1851 is missing in the contemporary MS of Shamji Nayak Punde's ownership. The Horticulturist to Government, Bombay, makes the following remarks about Papaya :- Papaya It was introduced into India by the Portuguese. Since Papaya seeds were sent from India to Naples, it is believed that the plant must have been introduced into India at an early date or shortly after the discovery of America." ( 3 ) In the B. O. R. Institute MS of A. D. 1803 we find the following verse regarding the properties of the fruit pine-apple :Folio 40- " amam tu kautukam rucyam kaphapittakaram guru | annaprarocakam hrdyam sramakkamanibarhanam || pakkam tu pittahrsvadu rasamatapadosanut || ananasa || " The above verse is found in the Jagtap MS of A. D. 1851 and reads as follows :Folia 369. - " amamtu kaitakam rucyam kaphapittakaram guru | annaprarocakam hrsyam sramakkama nibarhanam || pakkam tu pittahrt svadu rasamatapaddosanut | ,, The above verse regarding Ananas is missing in Shamji Nayak Punde's MS of the bhojanakutuhala . The Horticulturist to Government, Bombay, makes the following remarks about Ananas ;- 1 "Ananas It is a native of Brazil. It was introduced by the Portuguese into Bengal in 1594. Its introduction is particularly mentioned by Indian authors such as Abul Fazl.".

From a comparison of the Shamji Nayak Punde MS of about A. D. 1680 with the late MSS of A. D. 1803 and 1851 of the 1 st Pariccheda of the we see that the verses regarding (1) Sitaphal, (2) Ananas and (3) Papaya found in the 1803 and 1851 copies are exactly missing in the contemporary copy of c. A. D. 1680. These omissions are not a mere matter of accident especially when Raghunatha, the author of this work on dietetics, has taken special care in recording the properties of all important articles of diet known to him as current in the Deccan in the 17 th century. It is, therefore, reasonable to conclude that the Custard-Apple, the Pine-apple and Papaya were not so popular in his time as to find a mention in his treatise specially devoted to dietetics. At any rate the ommission of these late additions to Indian materia medica in a treatise of c. A. D. 1650 represented by a contemporary copy before us is quite significant and convincing regarding their late character and popularity. We have, however, reason to believe that Saint Ramadasa, the friend of Raghunatha, was quite acquainted with the fruits Anjira, Papaya, Sitaphal, Ananas, etc.' It appears, however, that the Chillies (or Miraci) had become current in the Deccan in the 17 th century. The Bhojana - Kutuhala MS of Shamji Nayak Punde contains the following verse regarding them :Folio 55- " maricam ksupajam rucyam dosalam sarvarogakrt | ( visesatah pramehasavikaresu na sasyate || mirasemga || " The term " for Chillies is even now current in some parts of the Konkan and I shall prove in a separate paper on the history of Chillies that this term was applied to Chillies after their introduction into India in the Maratha Country. At any rate the 1. Vide p. 410 of prathamakhamda of sriramadasamci kavita (First Edition, Dhulia, Saka 1830 = A. D. 1908). In the Section we find the following references :- " anasi phanasi peri, "" khajuridraksa amjiri . " In the bagaprakarana (pp. 627-628 of ramadasace samagra gramtha by G. G. Gondhalekar, Poona, 1906), we have an exhaustive list of plants to be planted in the garden. In this list there are references to d, " :- " c, amjira, sitaphala and ananasa as follows : - " popaye, khelele, khapana, " "seve, kavita, " amjira, sitaphale, 'jamba, ananasa, devadara . The above references are historically important presuming that the texts in which they occur are genuine works of Saint Ramadasa. S.I.L.H.28

mention of "" and their properties in the Shamji Nayak Punde's MS of the Bhojana-Kutuhala of c. A. D. 1650 proves beyond doubt the antiquity of about 300 years for the term mirasemga . " 66 The Horticulturist to Government, Bombay, makes the following remarks about Chillies :- " The introduction of Chillies is believed to be of recent date, having been brought by the Portuguese from West Indies. Hove alludes to Capsicum as growing in Bombay in 1887." Evidently the reference to fc or Chillies and its properties by Raghunatha, a Deccani author of the Satara District of the Bombay Presidency about A. D. 1650, proves their popularity and cultivation in the Deccan about this time, if not many years earlier. This popularity has increased by leaps and bounds during the last 300 years. In fact at the present time the foreign origin of Chillies is absolutely forgotten by Indians. During the latter half of the 18 th Century the Chillies had already captured the palate of the Marathas as stated by Raghava Apa Khandekar' in the following verse in his Sanskrit anthology (c. A. D. 1800):- miraca vina supako marahattanam kacinna rucido'sti " 1. Vide my paper on this author in the Annals (B. O. R. I.) Vol. XXIV, pp. 27-44.