40. Varadaraja, a Pupil of Bhattoji Diksita and his Works

40. Varadaraja, a Pupil of Bhattoji Diksita and his Works - Between A. D. 1600 and 1650* Dr. BELVALKAR in his Systems of Sanskrit Grammar' mentions an author of the name Varadaraja in three places but does not record any information regarding his date. Dr. A. B. KEITH also refers to the school grammar of Varadaraja in his History of Sanskrit Literature² but does not record any chronology for this author and his works. Pandit Ganesh Dutt SHASTRI in his Edition of Varadaraja's Madhyakaumudi³ has no remarks to offer about this author's chronology. Pandit Uddhavaji Ranachodji SHASTRI in his edition of the Laghusiddhantakaumudi does not deal with Varadaraja's chronology. He, however, records the opinion of some scholars that Varadaraja, the author of Laghukaumudi was a pupil of Bhattoji Diksita and hence his contemporary. It is not, how- * Festschrift Prof. P. V. Kane, (1941), pp. 188-199. 1. Poona, 1915-Pages 51, 62, 104. Varadaraja is the author of abridgments of the Siddhanta-Kaumudi of Bhattoji Diksita. These abridgments are represented by three editions: (1) Madhya°, (2) Laghu and (3) Sara-Siddhanta Kaumudi. The major abridgment was commented upon by Ramasarman at the request of one Sivananda and the middle one by a Jayakrsna, son of Raghunathabhatta and grandson of Govardhanabhatta of the Mauni family. - Varadaraja's Laghu-Kaumudi corresponds in treatment and subject-matter to the recast called Balavabodha of the Candra grammar by a Ceylonese Buddhist priest about A. D. 1200-In later times no attempt was made to improve or supplement the Sarasvata grammar and the abridgments of Varadaraja and other works ousted the Sarasvata from the field. 2. Vide p. 430 of HSL, Oxford, 1928.-"Ed. and trans. J. R. BALLANTYNE, Benares, 1867. " 3. Published by Meherchand Lachhmandas, Lahore, 1899. 4. Ed. Bombay, 1905, with the editor's commentary Sarabodhini together with a short English Introduction and an Prastavana of 25 pp. (316) elaborate

ever, possible to find from any source an account of Varadaraja's life.' In view of these remarks of the editor² of Varadaraja's works I propose to record in this paper some data regarding the works of Varadaraja with the intention of clarifying to some extent at least the chronology of this author left in a nebulous state by previous scholars in the field. Owing to the popularity of Varadaraja's works we find numerous MSS of them recorded by AUFRECHT in his Catalogus Catalogorum under the titles of the following works attributed to him :CC 1,551- " varadaraja son of Durga-tanaya - girvanapadamanjari ' grammar - madhyasiddhantakaumudi - laghusiddhantakaumudi or laghukaumudi ' 1. Ibid pp. 24-25 - 'laghukaumudikaro varadarajo bhattojidiksitasya sisya iti kecidvadanti | slokah- 56 bhattojidiksitasamaye'yamasidityanumiyate | laghukaumudisamaptavayam sastrantare'pravistanam balanam copakarika krta varadarajena laghusiddhantakaumudi || 1 || .varadarajasyetivrttam na samyaktvena kuto'pi samupalabdhum || " 2. In the Preface to the Laghu Kaumudi Edition (1849) of Dr. J. R. BALLANTYNE we find no information regarding Varadaraja's chronology. He merely states that Laghu Kaumudi of Varadaraja is an abridgment of the Siddhanta Kaumudi of Bhattoji Diksita. 3. CC I, 154-"gr. by Varadaraja. L. 2167, Audh XVIII, 26". " girvana One Dhundirajakavi composed at Benares a work called, vanmanjari " which appears to be similar to Varadaraja's girvanapadamanjari . It may have been an imitation of Varadaraja's work but I have not studied the chronology of Dhundiraja Kavi and hence cannot determine his indebtedness or otherwise to Varadaraja. 4. CC I, 428.-Many MSS of the text and of com by Rama Sarman, written by request of Sivananda Bhatta. See also CC II, 97 where by Jayakrsna (Peterson 4. 18) is recorded. CC III, 92- MSS of 5. CC I, 541; CC II, 127; CC III, 115.

-sarasiddhantakaumudi or sarakaumudi ' Now let us try to put some limits to Varadaraja's chronology. As Varadaraja has abridged Bhattoji's work Siddhanta-kaumudi with a view to popularising it we shall put about A. D. 1620 as one limit to Varadaraja's date. I have proved elsewhere² that Bhattoji Diksita flourished between A. D. 1560 and A. D. 1620 and the above limit for Varadaraja's date harmonises with Bhattoji's date fixed by me. The other limit to Varadaraja's date is furnished by a dated MS 3 of his work Sarasiddhantakaumudi available in the Govt. MSS Library (B. O. R. Institute, Poona). It is dated Samvat 1739=A. D.'1683. On looking to the other dated MSS of our author's works at the B.O.R. Institute I find that the above MS of A.D. 1683 is the earliest dated MS of Varadaraja's works at least among MSS of his works available at the B. O. R. Institute. In 1. CC I, 714; CC II, 170; CC III, 714. 2. Annals of S. V. Oriental Institute, Tirupati, Vol. I, Part 2, pp. 117-127. 3. MS No. 539 of 1886-92-Colophon records the date of the MS : - " samvat 1739 jyesthamase krsnapakse astami sukravasare prayagatah lisitam narottama- kayasthena lisapitam etc. This is in harmony with other dated MSS of Varadaraja's works at the B. O. R. Institute:- " A.D. Samvat Saka MS No. Name of Manuscript a 1785 1841 1850 1906 517 of 1886-92 1889 1945 516 of 1886-92 1764 1686 637 of 1891-95 .. 1791 1804 1713 671 of 1891-95 334 of A 1881-82 1726 656 of 1883-84 sarasiddhantakaumudi madhya siddhantakaumudivyakhya madhya siddhantakaumudi Do. Do. Do. 1749 1671 1778 1700 655 of 640 of 1882-83 d, Do. Do. 1797 1853 ... 228 of 1892-95 laghusiddhantakaumudi Dates of India Office MSS and Tanjore Library MS . 1806 1728 No. 667 1725 1781 1647 No. 668 1847 1903 1768 1693 1749 No. 669 Burnell's madhyasiddhantakaumudi Do. Do. Do. Catalogue p. 406 (in Tanjore MSS Library)

view of this MS may we may fix Varadaraja's date between A. D. 1620 and A. D. 1683. With a view to narrowing down the limits given above we have to examine the tradition recorded by Pandit Uddhavaji that Varadaraja was a pupil of Bhattoji and hence his contemporary. It appears to me that this tradition does not conflict with the limits for Vardaraja's date given by me above viz., A. D. 1620 and 1683. In fact Varadaraja bows to his guru Bhattoji Diksita at the beginning of his Madhyakaumudi as follows in the Lahore Edition of the work (1899):- " natva varadarajah srigurunbhattojidiksitan | karoti paniniyanam madhyasiddhantakaumudim || 1 || " If this verse is a genuine part' of the text of Varadaraja's work the traditional statement 2 that our author was the pupil of Bhattoji 1. The B. O. R. Institute MS of Madhya-Siddhanta-Kaumudi No. 564 of 1887-91 begins as follows:- " yenaksarasamamnayamadhigamya mahesvarat | krtsnam vyakaranam proktam tasmai paninaye namah || 1 || yena dhauta girah pumsam nirmalaih sabdavaribhih | tamascajnanajam bhinnam tasmai paninaye namah || 2|| vakyakaram vararucim bhasyakaram patanjalim | paninim sutrakaram ca pranatosmi munitrayam || 3 || natva varadarajah srigurunbhattojidiksitan | karoti paniniyanam madhyasiddham (tra ) ta kaumudim || 4 || " In the above extract the fourth verse containing a reference to Bhattoji Diksita is preceded by 3 verses while the India Office MS of the work No. 667 (p. 178 of I. O. MSS Cata. Part II, 1889) begins with the verse "..." as in the Lahore Edn. of 1899. " 2. M. M. Haraprasad SASTRI accepts this tradition (Vide pp. cix of Preface to Des. Cata. of Vyakarana MSS. Vol. VI, 1931 - R. A. S. Bengal)" Bhattoji Diksita had a disciple named Varadaraja who made three abridgments of his works......... Speaking of madhya HH the comm. on of Varadaraja M. M. Sastri says:- "It is simply abridgment of the Praudhamanorama as far as it relates to the Sutras of the Madhya. The commentary is by Ramacandra Sarma who wrote it at the request of Sivanandabhatta or Sivananda Gosvami and it was dedicated to Vidyanivasa the most prominent Pandit of Bengal at the time of Akbar and who was perhaps the guru of the author" (p. cx).

Diksita is directly borne out by the text. Towards the close of the Madhyakaumudi or Madhyasiddhan takaumudi Varadaraja refers to this work as his own production.' It appears to me that both the verses i.e., the verse at the beginning referring to Bhattoji and the verse at the close mentioning Varadaraja's authorship of the work are Varadaraja's own composition as these verses have one line in common.2 The statement of Aufrecht that Varadaraja was the son of Durgatanaya is evidently based on the following verse at the end of the Sarasiddhantakaumudi (MS No. 539 of 1886-92 dated A.D. 1683, folio 33 ) :- 66 krta varadabhattasridurgatanayasununa | vedavedapravesaya sarasiddhamta kaumudi || " At the close of his Laghusiddhanta Kaumudi³ Varadaraja refers to the Sabdakaustubha of Bhattoji as follows:- " sastramtare pravistanam balanam copakarika | krta varadarajena laghusiddhantakaumudi || siddhantakaumudisabda kaustubhabhogabhogatah | cakre varadarajasrilaghusiddhantakaumudi " 1. Madhya Kaumudi Lahore, 1899, p. 285 - - esa varadarajena balanamupakarika | akari paniniyanam madhyasiddhantakaumudi || krtirvaradarajasya madhyasiddhantakaumudi | tasyah samkhya tu vijneya khabanakaravahnibhih || iti sricavitakamvitavaradarajakrta madhyasiddhantakaumudi samapta || " 2. Beginning of Madhya - Kaumudi - " karoti paniniyanam madhyasiddhantakaumudi " End of the Madhya Kaumudi - - " akari paniniyanam madhya siddhantakaumudi " The following MSS of Varadaraja's works refer to Bhattoji as his guru : No 641 of 1882-83 (ma. si . kaumudi ); No. 640 of 1882-83 (ma. si . kau ) ; No. 637 of 1891-95 (ma. si . kau ); No. 636 of 1891-95 ( ma. si . kau ); No. 329 of Vishram I (ma. si . kau .) ; No. 564 of 1887-91 ( ma. si . kau .) ; No. 334 of A 1881-82 (ma. si . kau .) ; No. 656 of 1883-84 (ma. si . kau .) ; No. 655 of 1883-84 (ma. si . kau .) dated A. D. 1749 (Saka 1671 ). 3. B. O. R. Institute MS No. 645 of 1891-95.

Varadaraja in his Girvanapadamanjari' refers to several works which ought to be studied by a Pandit. In this list he refers to some works on grammar in which we find the following works :- (1) manorama sahita siddhamtakaumudi, (2) madhyasiddhamtakaumudi, (3) laghusiddhanta- kaumudi, (4) sabdakaustubha, and (5) limganusasanavrtti, Out of the five works on grammar mentioned by Varadaraja three belong to Bhattoji while the other two viz :- (1) madhyasiddhantakaumudi and (2) laghusiddhantakaumudi are the works of Varadaraja himself as we have seen above. As Varadaraja refers to two of his works in the girvanapadamanjari composed by him we have to presume that they were composed by him earlier than the girvanapadamanjari and by putting them side by side with his guru's work viz. siddhantakaumudi with manorama and sabdakaustubha and others in the course of grammatical works he has apparently tried to give them a status and popularity which these abridgments of Bhattoji's works have ever since enjoyed in schools of Sanskrit learning throughout India. In the Girvanapadamanjari we find incidentally a list of some 1. B. O. R. I. MS No. 395 of 1899-1915-This MS ends as follows:- " krta varadabhattena girvanapadamanjari | ganesapritaye caiva vaidikapritaye bhavet || ' " 2. Varadaraja emphasizes the importance of grammar in the following lines (folios 10-11 of MS No. 395 of 1899-1915 - girvana- padamanjari ) :- - " vyakaranam ayati cetsarvasastresu simhasadrsabhavamti vaiyakaranah | tatkathamiti cet srnu bhasyocchistam jagattrayamiti prasiddheh | vyasocchistam jagattrayamityapi sruyate svaminah | satyam | slokamse tat | svaminah | kasminkasmin sastre srimadbhih pathitam | maya sarvatra pathitam | kva sarvatra mahabhasyam maya pathisamaham | kaiyyamaham apathisam | kasika pustakamaham apathisam | padamamjarimapathisam | anunyasamapathisamaham | dhatuvrttipustakani apathisamaham | paribhasa- pustakanyapathisamaham | dhatuvrttipustakani apathisamaham | paribhasapustakanyapathisamaham | unadivrttipustakanyapathisamaham | kitsu (?) travrttipustaka (nyapathisamaham ) limga (ga )nusasana- vrttipustakanapathisamaham | upasargavrttimapathisamaham | nipatavrttipustakanapathitamahe | manorama- sahitasiddhantakaumudimapathisam madhyase (siddhantakaumudimapathisam | laghusiddhamtakaumudima- pathisam | sabdakaustubhamapathisamaham | anyanyapi vyakarane (bahuni ) vahani pustakani santi tani sarvanyapathisamaham 66 " Folio 16- praudhamanorama " and " sabda kaustubha " are again referred to, 6.1.L.H.21

of the Ghats' of Benares. This contemporary list of Ghats would be useful for the history of Benares topography. In this list we find a place called Kedaresvara-Ghatta. In the account of Bhattoji's life recorded by Rao Bahadur W. A. BAMBARDEKAR' we are told that Bhattoji Diksita built a house for himself at KedarGhata in Benares and settled there permanently. It would be worthwhile examining this statement on the strength of contemporary topography and settling the exact location of Bhattoji's house at Kedarghat. Varadaraja refers to the houses of houses of some contemporary Brahmins but the names of these Brahmins recorded by him may be imaginary names mentioned for purposes of illustration only. We also find in this work a list of holy places or tirthas on folio 6 of the MS as follows : --- " 1. Folio 2 a 'kutra sthiyate bhavata | kasyam sthiyate maya | kasyamapi kva sthiyate tvaya | tvaya (1) rajaghatte sthiyate etc. Then follows the list of other Ghattas etc. - - (2) trilocanaghatta, (3) brahmaghatta, (4) durgaghatta, (5) bimdumadhava ghatta, (6) mamgala- gaurighatta, (7) ramaghatta, (8) agnisvaraghatta, (9) nagesvaraghatta, (10) viresvaraghatta, (11) siddhi- vinayakaghatta, (12) svargadvarapravesa, (13) moksadvarapravesa, (14) gamga kesavaparsva, (15) jarasamdha- ghatta, (16) vrddhadityaghatta, (17) somesvaraghatta, (18) ramesvara, (19) lolarka, (20) asisamgama, (21) varunasamgamam, (22) laksminrsimha on the bimdumadhavaghatta, (23) pamcagamgesvara on the bimdumadhavaghatta, (24) adivisvesvara, on the bimdumadhavaghatta, (25) daksesvara, (26) dugdha- vinayaka, (27) kalabhairava, (28) dasasvamedha (ghatta ), (29) catussastiyoginighatta, (30) sarvesvara- ghatta, (31) manasasarovara, (32) kedaresvaraghatta . 1939. 2. Vide p. 351 of Bhattoji Diksita - Jnativiveka", Bombay, 3. Folio 3 of MS No. 395 of 1899-1915 of girvanapadamanjarih- dugdhavinayakanikate kasya grhe vartase tvam | timabhattagrhe vartase tvam | ramabhattagrhe va vartase tvam | narayanabhattagrhe tvam vartase | bhairavabhattagrhe vartase tvam | sivabhattagrhe aham varte | siva- bhattagrhe'pi purvasalayam tvam vidyase | athava daksinasalayam vidyase | pascimasalayam vidyase | prasade va vidyase | uttarasalayam tisthamo vayam svaminah | " Can any scholar at Benares verify the names recorded in the above extract and see if they are imaginary or otherwise? In case they turn out to be real names of owners of houses at Benares we shall have to identify these names, if possible, in contemporary We know that nagojibhatta was the son of one sivabhatta but it is difficult to connect this sivabhatta with the sivabhattagrha near dugdhavinayaka in Benares referred to in the above extract. sources.

(1) setubamdharamesvara, (2) kanyakumari, (3) anamtasenaksetra, (4) janardanaksetra, (5) gokarnaksetra, (6) mahabalesvaratirtha, (7) pumdarikapuraksetra, (8) triyambakaksetra, (9) nasikaksetra, (10) dharmapuriksetra, (11) godavarisamgama, (12) srisaila ksetra, (13) kamciksetra, ( 14 ) subrahmanya- tirtha, (15) samkaranarayanaksetra, (16) vemkatacala ksetra, (17) kalahastiksetra . Besides these tirthas of the South we get a list of tirthas of the North of India on folio 13 - (1) kuruksetra, (2) samnihatyatirtha, (3) prthudakartartha, (4) indraprasthapure nigamagocaratirtha, (5) mathuraksetra, (6) gokulam, (7) govardhanam, (8) vrmdavanam, (9) puskaratirtha, (10) narmada- nagha (?), (11) amarakamtaka ksetra omkaresvara, (12) carmanvati nadi, (13) tapa nadi, (14) avamtika ksetra, (15) mahakalesvara, (16) narmadasamgama, (17) guptaprayaga, (18) sarasvatitire prabhasaksetra, (19) gomati, (20) pamcadvarakah, (21) simdhusamgamah, (22) himguladeviksetra, (23) simdhunadah, (24) camdrabhaga, (25) kasmira somesvara, (26) samdhyavarddhani, (27) vyasagamga, (28) vasisthasrama, (29) manamahesaparvata, (30) trilokanathaksetra, (31) manah sarahtirtham, (32) taptamanikarnika, (33) nagakotaksetra, (34) jvalamukhiksetra, (35) iravati nadi, (36) sara- vati nadi, (37) puspabhadraya munasamgama, (38) yamuna nadi, (39) gamgottara, (40) mamdakini- tire kedaraksetra, (41) alakanamdatire badarikasrama, (42) mamdakini - alakanamda-samgame rudra- prayagah, (43) dhavalagamgaala (ka) gamga samgame skamdaprayagah, (44) bhagirathi - alakanamda samgame devayagah, (45) haridvaraksetra, (46) kanakalaksetra, ( 47 ) sammalagramah, (48) sukaraksetra, (49) naimisaranya, (50) uttaragokarna, ( 51 ) sarayu nadi, (52) ayodhyaksetra, (53) namdigramaksetra, (54) gamgayamunasamgame vataprayagah, (55) kasiksetra - visvesvarah, (56) gayatirtha, (57) phalgu nadi, (58) puna nadi, (59) sonabhadranada, (60) avanasramah, (61) rajagrhavanam, (62) vaidya . nathaksetra, (63) gamgasagarasamgamatirtha, (64) gamdaki nadi, (65) caitratirtha, ( 66 ) muktiksetra, (67) nepale nilakamthatirtham, (68) kamarupe kamakhya devi . I have recorded above the lists of Southern and Northern holy to record places in India which Varadaraja has taken care incidentally in his Girvanapadamanjari, which appears to have been composed say between A. D. 1600 and 1650. In this list the reference to fata is important as the presiding deity of this place i.e. kalahastisa was the family deity of rangojibhatta, the brother of bhattojidiksita . In my present analysis of Varadaraja's Girvana- 1. Vide pp. 298-299 of Bhattoji Diksita by BAMBARDEKAR. Kalahasti is a railway station in the Chittur Districit of the Madras Presidency. Near this station there is a village of the name Kalahasti, where on the bank of a river is situated a temple of God Mahadeva with five faces. This God is called kalahastisa, Rao Bahadur (Continued on the next page)

padamanjari I have used only the MS of this work at the B. O. R. Institute. The India Office Catalogue' describes a MS of this work as follows:- "Samskrtamanjari (or Girvanapadamanjari) being courses of elementary conversational questions and answers on everyday occurrences, on literary, devotional and other subjects; by Varadaraja Diksita." Though in the Colophons of this MS the work is called samskrtamanjari, its correct title is girvanapadamanjari as stated in the body of the work.2 Rajendralal MITRA³ describes a MS of this work as follows:- " An elementary grammar of Sanskrit language, in the form of a dialogue interspersed with moral tales." The colophon of this MS calls the work by the name girvana- padamanjari and not samskrtamanjari as stated in the Colophon of the India Office MS of the work." The Ujjain MSS Library has also a copy of girvanapadamanjari . From the data recorded above we are able to establish the following conclusions:- (1) Varadaraja (=VR) was a pupil of Bhattoji Diksita (= BD). (Continued from the previous page) BAMBARDEKAR is of opinion that the native place of Rangojibhatta must have been somewhere in the territory adjoining this temple in the country of Telangana. It is, therefore, reasonable to suppose that both Rangoji and his brother Bhattoji were Tailanga Brahmins, and not Sarasvatas as claimed by some writers. 1. I. O. MSS Cata. VII (1904), p. 1574, MS No. 4108. 2. Ibid - " iti samskrtamamjari varadarajadiksitakrta samapta dr " krta varadabhattena girvanapadamanjari | ganesapritaye caivam vaidikapritaye bhavet || itisrisamskrtamanjari varadarajadiksitakrta samaptimagamat " The B. O. R. Institute MS of the work No. 395 of 1899-1915 ends as follows:- " krtam varadabhattena bhavet || itisrigirvanapadamanjari samapta (folio 19 ) 3. Notices, Vol. VI, 1882 (Calcutta), MS No. 2167- " visayah | samskrtapravesaya prasnottarakramena samskrtavakya racanaprakarakirttanam | kvacidu- panyasavatarena ca hitopadesakathananca | " 4. Cata. of Ujjain MSS, 1936, p. 41 - MS No. 1081.

(2) VR appears to have been a Southerner:as his name Varadaraja suggests. He should be distinguished from his namesake, the author of a dharmasastra work called the vyavaharanirnaya, which was composed before A. D. 1350.' (3) As VR has abridged Bhattoji's Siddhantakaumudi and as he mentions Bhattoji's works like siddhamtakaumudi with praudhamanorama and sabdakaustubha in his own work girvanapadamanjari we may say that he flourished later than A.D. 1620 about which time Bhattoji's literary career appears to have come to an end. This fact coupled with the fact that Bhattoji was the guru of Varadaraja, enables us to fix about A. D. 1600 as the earlier limit to Varadaraja's date. The later limit for the date of VR may be fixed at about A. D. 1650 as we have a copy of VR's work dated A. D. 1683. (4) VR appears to have been a contemporary of another pupil of Bhattoji viz. Nilakantha Sukla, who composed his Sabdasobha in A. D. 1637 and a small poem called the Cimanicarita in A. D. 1656.2 (5) VR does not record any biographical information regarding himself in his four works known to us except the name of his father who is called ga in the Sarasiddhantakaumudi (MS of A. D. 1683 ). At the end of the girvanapadamanjari he says " girvanapada- manjari ... ganesapritaye bhavet ." It is possible to suppose that ganesa was the name of VR's father and the name of VR's grandmother? As god Ganesa is the son of Durga or Parvati VR may have used the name durgatanaya to suggest : (1) ganesa the name of his father, and (2) gf the name of his father's mother i.e. VR's grandmother. (6) As regards the relative chronology of VR's four works we 1. Vide my paper on the Date of Vyavaharanirnaya (Mimamsa Prakasa, Poona, Vol. III, pp. 15-18). Pandit Jvalaprasad MISRA in his edition of the Laghu-Siddhanta-Kaumudi (with Hindi comm.) 1927, pp. 18-20, states that Varadaraja composed this work in A. D. 1593. He further states (1) that this Varadaraja composed the of and (2) that Bhattoji Diksita was contemporary of a-This mixture of anachronism and dogmatism has been severely criticized by Rao Bahadur BAMBARDEKAR (Vide pp. 180-188 of Bhattoji Diksita-Jnativiveka, 1939). author of the the 2. I shall prove in a special paper that Nilakantha Sukla, the author of the Sabda-Sobha and Nilakantha Sukla, the author of the (Continued on the next page)

are able to state that his madhyasiddhantakaumudi ' and laghusiddhamta kaumudi were composed earlier than givanapadamanjari . Perhaps sarasiddhantakaumudi may have been composed later than the ait, which though it. mentions madhya kaumudi and laghu kaumudi does not refer to the sara kaumudi . This omission appears to me significant in the case of Varadaraja who has put his own abridgments side by side with Bhattoji's works referred to in the girvanapadamanjari . (7) The earliest dated MS of VR's work so far as I know is dated A. D. 1683.2 This MS is at the B. O. R. Institute. It supplies to us a sure later limit to VR's date as we have seen above. (8) VR shows a close knowledge of the City of Benares in the first half on the 17 th Century as will be seen from the list of Ghattas of Benares incidentally recorded by him in the af- padamanjari . (9) VR's works were commented on by two commentators ramasarman and jayakrsna . Perhaps an examination of these commentaries and their chronology may throw some more light on VR's works and personality. (10) VR appears to have been a contemporary of the celebrated Kavindracarya Sarasvati who was successful in persuading Emperor Shah Jahan to abolish the Pilgrim Tax on pilgrims visiting Benares and Prayaga and who lived between A. D. 1600 and (Continued from the previous page) Cimani-Carita are identical, though there is a difference of about 20 years between the dates of composition of these two works. See also my paper on the date of the Cimani-Carita in the Annals (B. O. R. I.) Vol. IX, pp. 331-332. - 1. Vide p. 146 of British Museum MSS Cata. by BENDALL, 1902. BENDALL gives "in or about the 16 th century " as the date for Bhattoji's pupils and their works while describing a MS of cc- siddhamta kaumudi . 2. There is a MS of Laghu-Siddhanta-Kaumudi described by H. POLEMAN on p. 130 of his Catalogue of Indic MSS in U. S. A. and Canada (1938). It is dated Samvat 1680 = A. D. 1624. If this date is correct this is the earliest dated MS of Varadaraja's work and hence most important for his chronology.

. In the collection of addresses presented to Kavindacarya we find a small prasasti of Kavindra attributed to an author of the name fac,2 who remains unidentified. In the Girvanapadamanjari of Varadaraja (MS No. 395 of 1899-1915) there is a reference to a place or locality called fac. The connection of the author fac with a locality of the same name cannot be definitely determined at present. Perhaps the author in question may have been named after the place-name for vice versa. 11. A MS of Laghusiddhanta-Kaumudi in America is dated A. D. 1624. Presuming this date to be correct we have to consider the effect of this date on the chronology of Bhattoji as also that of Varadaraja. In my paper on Bhattoji's date I had noted a MS of Bhattoji's Sabdakaustubha (R. A. S. Bengal) dated A. D. 1633 and on the strength of this date and other evidence I had suggested that Bhattoji's career may have ended in about A. D. 1620. This inference gets strengthened by the date A. D. 1624 of a MS of Laghusiddhanta-Kaumudi, which is an abridgment of Bhattoji's own work Siddhantakaumudi. If the abridgment of a work is represented by its copy in A. D. 1624 we must presume that the original work must have been composed some years earlier than the abridgment. 1. See my paper on Bernier and Kavindracarya Sarasvati at the Mughal Court (Annals of the S. V. Ori. Institute, Tirupati ), Vol. I, Part 4. 2. Vide Ed. by H. D. SHARMA and M. M. PATKAR, Poona, 1939. Page 29:- " 1 srimatparamahamsaparivrajakatvadyanekakalyanagunavidhanesu sripadavarya srikavindracarya sarasvatipujyacaranesu " tilabhandesvarasya || " . The editors have not been able to identify this author of the name tilabhandesvara ( Vide Preface p. ix. ) 3. Folios 16-17 of Girvanapadamanjari (MS No. 395 of 1899- .1915)- " kutrasthiyate bhavadbhih | tilabhamdesvare sthiyate maya | lakarakarasya dirghah kena avaiyyakaranasamgativasaddirghah | " 4. H. POLEMAN: Indic MSS in U. S. A. etc. p. 130-MS No. "2635. Laghu-Siddhanta-Kaumudi, 49 ff. 9. 5 x 4. 12 lines Sam. 1680 (=A. D. 1624). M 3 ( case 20 )." 5. WINTERNITZ'S statement that Bhattoji composed the (Continued on the next page)

As the Girvanapadamanjari mentions (1) Madhya Kaumudi an 1 (2) Laghu Kaumudi composed before A.D. 1624, I am inclined to hold the view that these two abridgments of the Siddhantakaumudi may have been composed before A. D. 1620 and they may have received the benefit of Bhattoji's guidance during the last decade of his literary career. I shall now close this paper with the following chronological table showing at a glance the dates of Bhattoji's guru Nrsimha- srama and his own pupils (1) Varadaraja and (2) Nilakantha Sukla:Bhattoji and his guru A. D. Bhattoji's Pupils and others Date of Nrsimhasrama (according to Das Gupta) 1500 Nrsimha composed his Tattvaviveka 1547 Nrsimha composed another MS of Tattvaviveka work 1558 1615 Annambhatta (before A. D. 1585) refers to Nrsimh- asrama in his Comm. on Brahmasutra (Vide Prof. Devasthali's paper in this Volume) MS of Tattvaviveka-dipana by Narayanasrama 1618 1624 (R. A. S. B.) MS of Bhattoji's Sabda-Kaustubha MS of Laghu Kaumudi of Varadaraja 1633 1637 Nilakantha Sukla composed Sabdasobha (Continued from the previous page) Siddhanta-Kaumudi about A. D. 1625 (Geschichte der ind. Litt. III, 1922, p. 394) conflicts with the date A. D. 1624 of a MS of the abridgment of the Sidhhanta-Kaumudi. We cannot imagine the composition of the abridgment of a work before, A. D. 1624 if the work itself was composed in A. D. 1625.

Bhattoji and his Guru A. D. Bhattoji's Pupils ond others 1642 Vatsaraja refers to Bhattoji B. O. R. I. MS of Bhattoji's Praudhamanorama 1652 1656 Nilakantha Sukla composed B. O. R. I. MS of Cimani-Carita Pr. Manorama 1657 1663 Laksmana Pandita refers to Sabda-Kaustubha of American MS of Asaucaprakarana of Bhattoji 1664 B. O. R. I. MS of Bhattoji's Siddhanta Kaumudi 1671 MS of Asaucanirnaya (referred to by Hall) 1676 (American) MS of As. Nirnaya 1677 Bhattoji 1683 B. O. R. I. MS of Varadaraja's Sara-Siddhanta Kaumudi 1. I have discovered a MS of a Marathi translation of the Asaucaprakarana of Bhattoji. It appears to have been composed during the 18 th century. I am not so far aware of any early ver. nacular translations of Bhattoji's works.