68. Godavaramisra of Orissa and his Works

68. Godavaramisra, the Rajaguru and Mantri of Gajapati Prataparudradeva of Orissa, and his Works Between A. D. 1497-1539 # Aufrecht' records two MSS of the work Yogacintamani² a work The first on yoga viz. (1)" Kacin. 30" and (2) "Bhr. 220. of these MSS is not available for examination, being in private possession as far back as 1880 when the list indicated by the entry "Kacin" was made. The second MS of Aufrecht's entries viz. "Bhr.220" is the same as No. 220 of 1882-83 of the Government MSS Library at the B. O. R. Institute, Poona. It is fragmentary, many of the folios in the body of the manuscript having been lost previous to its acquisition from Gujarat by Sir R. G. Bhandarkar. The beginning and end of the MS have, however, been preserved intact and afford useful historical data about the author and his date. Aufrecht wrongly ascribes this work to Goraksanatha. The " sri godaramisra colophon of the 4 th Pariccheda on folio 131 reads - ( viracite yogacimtamanau ). " from the name the end of the MS gives godavara " and not "godara . 6.6 " The letter appears to have been dropped " recorded in this colophon. A verse at the correct name of the author viz. This verse reads:- Poona Orientalist, Vol. IX, Nos. 1 and 2, pp. 11-19. 1. Catalogus Catalogorum, Part I, p. 165 a. 2. This Yogacintamani is a work on Yoga and should be distinguished from another work of the same name on Materia medica composed by the Jain writer Harsakirtisuri, pupil of Candrakirti. Harsakirti belonged to the Nagapura Tapagaccha. Candrakirti was honoured by Salem Shah who was emperor of Delhi between 1545 and 1553 A. D. (vide R. G. B. Report 1882-83, p. 43-Extract on p. 227). Candrakirti commented on the Sarasvataprakriya of Anubhutisvarupacarya. Another writer who belonged to this Nagapuriya Tapogana is Amarakirti who composed a commentary on the Rtusamhara (No. 372 of 1887-91). An edition of Harsakirti's Yogacintamani was published in 1912 with a Gujarati commentary by Puranacandra Sarma of Ahmedabad. 470

patamjalasrutigatam smrtivakbajatam yatnanniripa ( ksya ? ) bahusah puranavrmdam | godavarena parama ...rena yoga- cimtamanirviracito balabhadrajena " 471 This name " godavara " is also supported by the colophon of the 1 st Pariccheda on folio 22 and it reads - "godavara misra - (viracite yogacimtamani ). This MS begins " " sriganesaya namah | cakrayudham siddhamunimdravamdyam | niladrinatham karunasamudram || pitambaram padmavisalanetram | srisaradanathamaham namami || 1 || anadisamsaradavanalopi | yasyopadeso mireti samti || sesavataram balabhadrasamjnam | vidyagurum tam janakam namami || 2 || yadvyasavacaspatibhojadevaih | patamjaliyam niranayi tatvam || anyatrasiddham yadupeksitam ca | tadatra samksipya nirupayami || 3 || " The father of godavara was balabhadra ( verse 2 ) to whom he bows at the commencement of the work. The colophon of 1 st Pariccheda reads as follows on folio 12 :- " srimanmaharajadhirajagajapatiprataparudrasahasradharita kanaka kesaricatustayavestita- satakumbhamayakumbhasambhrtameghadambarabhidhana sitatapatrasobhamanakavipumgavapamditarajarajaguruvaja- pethagodavara misraviracite yoga cimtamanau prathamah paricchedah || " The MS is dated Samvat 1772 (A. D. 1715 ) as will be seen from the following colophon :- " iti srimaharajadhirajagajapatiprataparudradeva svahastadharita kanakakesarivestaya- vestitasatakumbhamayakumbhasambhrtameghadambarabhidhasitatapatrasobhamanakavi pumgava pamditarajarajaguru- vajapeyathajisrigoda (va ) ramisraviracite | yogacimtamanau caturthah kevalyaparicchedah || = | samvat 1772 varse karttika vadi mavasya budhavasare || lisatam vaikutasrama maha- deva ...... sya sisyah svapathanartham | varanasimadhye hanuman samipe purvasrama goda brahmana || = || "

The above extract gives us the following information about the work and its author :- (1) godavaramisra, the author of the yogacimtamani was the rajaguru or royal preceptor of gajapati prataparudradeva He was called kavipumgava, pamdita- raja on account of his great learning and vajapeyayaji perhaps on account of his having performed a a sacrifice. (2) The MS was copied at Benares in Samvat 1772 in the month of Karttika, dark fortnight (Vadi) on Budhavasara which was an amavasya day. ' Godavaramisra refers to the following works and authors in the MS of his Yogacintamani before us :- 1. bhagavan patamjalih ( yogasastram praninaya ) fol. 1, 23, 67, etc. 2. yogiyajnavalkyasruteh fol. 2, 71. 3. yajnavalkya fol. 3, 11, 13, 32, 33, 36, 37, 38, 42, 46, 50, 55, 70, 82, 86. 4. brahmamdapurana fo 1. 3. 5. garudapurana fol. 3, 15, 31, 33. 6. bhagavadgita fol. 3, 57, 96. 7. ( maharsih ) matamgah fol. 3, 36, 38. 8. kurmapurana fol. 3, 10, 12, 13, 39, 49. 9. visnupurana fol. 10, 18, 104. 10. puskarapurana fol. 11, 74. 11. vayusamhita fol. 12, 69, 85. 12. yatidharmaprakarane manuh fol. 12. 13. devipurana fol. 12. 14. visnudharme fol. 13. 15. vacaspativyakhya fol. 26, vacaspatimisrah ( 35 ). 16. bhojadevavyakhya fol. 26. 17. agnipurana fol. 31, agneyapurana fol. 38, 39. 18. limgapurana fol. 31, 33, 42, 43, 69. 19. srutismrtipuranadiprasiddhadharmah fol. 34. 1. This date corresponds to Wednesday, 16 th November 1715 (Vide p. 233 of Indian Ephemeris, Vol. VI, 1922).

. iti bhasyasampradayah fol. 35. 22. datatreyah fol. 36, 45, 80, 83. 23. pavanayogasamgrahah fol. 37. 24. vasistah fol. 38, vasisthe fol. 46, vasisthavakya fol. 60. 25. dharmapratika fol. 39, Aufrecht (III, 58 b ) records the title of a work called dharmaputrika Rep. p. 6. on Yoga. 26. hathayoga fol. 39, 41, 46. 27. yogasamgraha fol. 46. 28. kasimimamsayam pitamahacaranah fol. 49. 29. skamdapurana fol. 49, 69, 74, 87. 30. sarirakasarapurusottamastutau pitacaranaih fol. 50. 31. yogasara fol. 57, 60. 32. naradiya fol. 57, naradiyapurana, 67, 74. 33. kalikapurana fol. 60, 67. 34. nakulisayogapa ( pa ? )rayana ( fol. 67), Aufrecht I, 273_b - nakulisa yogaparayana quoted by Sundaradeva, Hall, p. 18. 35. markamdeyapurana fol. 67, 74. 36. namdipurana fol. 69. 37. vyasah fol. 71, 85. 38. tamtra cimtamani (of the author himself: - " anyatsarvam tamtra cimta- manau prapamcitam asmabhih " ) - Bikaner Cata., Bikaner Cata., p. 616, records an anonymous tantracintamani . 39. jaigisavya yogasastra fol. 74, ( Auf. I, 208 jaigisavya yogasastra quoted by Sundaradeva, Hall. p. 18 ). 40. isvaraprokte fol. 80. 41. sivayoga fol. 81. 42. pavanayogasamgraha fol. 83 ( Auf. I, 83 ( Auf. I, 331 - 331 - pavanayogasamgraha i.e. 43. yogavidah fol. 85. pranayamayoga quoted by Sundaradeva, Hall, page 17 ). 44. chamdogyasrutau fol. 96. 45. pitamahacaranaih samksepasarirakavarttike fol. 131. 46. pitrcaranaih advaitacimtamani fol. 131. 47. asmabhih ( a ) dvaitadarpane fol. 131.

In the above list our author refers to his own works, those of his father as also those of his grand-father, whose name has not been disclosed to us. We may now tabulate these works as follows :- (1) Grand-father referred to as pitamahacaranaih and pitamahacaranah 1 (2) balabhadra referred to as pitrcaranaih (3) godavaramisra referred to as asmabhih (1) kasimimamsa (2) samksepasarirakavarttika } = } (1) sararikasara purusottama- stuti (2) advaitacintamani } - { (1) yogacintamani (2) tantracimtamani (3) ( a ) dvaitadarpana As the MS analysed by me is fragmentary we cannot say if Godavaramisra has recorded any other works in the Yogacintamani (in addition to those recorded in the above list) composed by the members of his family. Judging, however, by the names of the above works we are justified in supposing that the family of this royal preceptor or rajaguru of gajapati prataparudradeva was a very learned one and hence must have been respected and honoured at the court of Prataparudradeva some generations earlier than our author, who was himself a highly honoured rajaguru as his titles kavipumgava, pamditaraja, and amply indicate in the colophons before us. In verse 2 at the commencement of the work the author states that his father balabhadra was his vidyaguru ( balabhadrasamjnam vidyagurum ... namami ). The avowed purpose of writing the present work on Yoga is indicated by the author in verse 3 as follows :- yadvyasavacaspatibhojadevaih patamjaliyam niranayi tatvam | anyatra siddham yadapeksitam ca tadatra samksipya nirupayami || 3 || " The work is, therefore, a compendium or a manual based on the principles and practice of Yoga as enjoined by the Yogasutra ascribed to Patanjali and elucidated by Vyasa, Vacaspati, and Bhojadeva, whose commentaries on the Yogasutras are available to us now as they were available to Godavaramisra. The present work is also supplemented by material from other sources not incorporated by the above commentators in their commentaries. The object of yoga theory and practice being Moksa or final emancipation, the

author has briefly stated, in his work for the benefit of the mumuksu or seeker after emancipation, such Yogic practices as are conducive to such emancipation. Other theoretic and psychic aspects of the Yoga have not been dealt with in this work for fear of increasing the bulk of the manual. They have been discussed at length, as the author tells us, by his respected grandfather (fa :) in his samksepasariraka varttika and by his father ( pitrcaranaih ) Balabhadra in his advaita- cintamani as also by our author himself in his (a ) dvaitadarpana " asmabhiratha- dvaitadarpanayugapadanuvarnitah . The author further informs us that he has deliberately excluded from the present treatise those details of Yogic theory and practice which are enjoined as essential in Tantric manuals (" bhutakapalikagramthoktah visesah " ) because they are opposed to the teaching of the sruti and smrti . ,, According to the colophons quoted above Godavaramisra was the rajaguru or royal preceptor of Gajapati Prataparudradeva. I am inclined to identify this king with Gajapati Prataparudradeva ' of Orissa who ruled between A.D. 1497 and 1539. If this identification is accepted, the date of the Yogacintamani can be safely assigned to the first quarter of the 16 th century. This conclusion is in consonance with the reference to Bhojadeva (c. A. D. 1050 ) made by our author and the date of the MS before us viz. A.D. 1716. Unfortunately the list of authorities cited by Godavaramisra furnishes no other clue to the earlier limit for the date of the present work than Bhojadeva (c. A. D. 1050). Gajapati Prataparudradeva belonged to the Solar Dynasty of Orissa that ruled between A. D. 1435 and 1540, a period during which Orissa attained its highest glory in all directions. It is possible to suppose that the family of Godavaramisra must have been patronized by the predecessors of Prataparudradeva vis. purusottamadeva and kapilendradeva . 1. Vide p. 413 of P. V. Kane: History of Dharmasastra, Vol. I (1930). 2. Vide p. 213 of Orissa in the Making by B. C. Mazumdar, Calcutta University, 1925. The Solar dynasty was a shortlived one as it lasted for three generations represented by c, his son purusottamadeva and his gradson prataparudradeva . Govinda Vidyadhara, a minister of Prataparudradeva, assassinated the sons of his master and usurped his throne in A. D. 1541. He was a Bhoi by caste. His two successors were also Bhois. They were succeeded by Telenga Mukunda Deva who died in A. D. 1568. After his death Orissa came under the rule of Mahomedans.

Prataparudradeva was the father-in-law' of Krsnadevaraya of Vijayanagar. The dharmasastra work Sarasvativilasa though attributed to Prataparudra was composed by Lolla Laksmidhara,² who spent his early days at the court of the Gajapati at Cuttack and then migrated to Krsnadevaraya's court.3 It is thus clear that Godavaramisra, the rajaguru of Gajapati Prataparudra was a contemporary of Lolla Laksmidhara, the real author of the Sarasvativilasa. It is also clear that Prataparudra was a great patron of letters. He should not be confounded with Prataparudra of the Kakatiya dynasty (Warrangal), the patron of Vidyanatha, the author of the Prataparudra-yasobhusana. This king ruled between A. D. 1568 and (1319?) 1328 A. D.5 It appears that our Godavaramisra composed a work called which is represented by a MS in the Govt. Oriental MSS Library, Madras. My friend Prof. V. R. R. Dikshitar recently sent me a copy of his erudite volume on War in Ancient India wherein he records a summary of the contents of the work as follows:Harihara-Caturangam (Oriental MSS Library, Madras)." 1. Vide Sources of Vijayanagar History by S. K. Aiyangar, Madras, 1919. Tukka, the daughter of Prataparudra was married to Krsnadevaraya. Five Sanskrit verses are by tradition ascribed to Tukka and in them she bemoans her husband's neglect of her' (p. 143). 2. Ibid, p. 151. 3. Vide p. 422 of Vijayanagar (third dynasty) by N. V. Ramanayya, Madras, 1935. 4. Vide Aufrecht's Cata. Catalo. I. 349-c was a patron of visvanathasena (pathyapathyaviniscaya ). Works attributed to Prataparudra are :- (1) kauntukacintamani, (2) nirnayasamgraha, (3) pratapamartanda, (4) sarasvati- vilasa . 5. Vide p. 794 of Classical Sans. Literature, Krishnamachariar, 1937. 6. Published by Macmillan and Co., 1944, pp. 363-364. 7. Vide pp. 5698-99 of Triennial Catalogue (1919-20 to 1921-23) Vol. IV-Part 1. Sanskrit C.-MS R. No. 3848, folios 158 (Grantha Characters) Transcribed from a MS of Harihararajaguru, Cochinajagannathapuram, Kudala Post, Ganjam district. Deals with (1) (2) rathalaksana, (3) asvalaksana, (4) pattilaksana, ( 5 ) dhanurvidya, ( 6 ) niti, (7) yuddha and ( 8 ) krida .

It is the work of Kuruvajapeyayaji' Godavaramisra, the minister of Maharajadhiraja Gajapati Prataparudradeva. Thus the work belongs to the 15 th century A. D. (or the early 16 th). Its study is valuable in that it indicates the continuity of traditional methods and prescriptions, and in this connection furnishes additional information from sources known to the author at the time of composition. This manuscript of the Harihara-Caturanga is divided into 8 books. The first four deal with the fourfold force in the order of elephants, chariots, horses and infantry. While the sections on elephants and horses occupy nearly 90 pages respectively, the information under the headings of chariots and infantry is meagre and occupies about four pages in the manuscript. The last four books deal respectively with Dhanurveda, Rajaniti, Dhanurvidya and Kridayuddha, (This last is a period of training or apprenticeship after the period of study is over). In the opening lines of book V the author expresses his indebtedness to previous works on the Dhanurveda and in this connection mentions four works the Ausanasasamhita, Viracintamani, Kodanda Caturbhujam and Sarasangraham, all of which are probably lost today. Towards the end of the sixth book, another work, called Jayacintamani is referred to. It is said to be a work bearing on astronomy and astrology and the king is advised therein to set out on an expedition at an auspicious time." The name of the author is recorded in the following lines at the commencement of the work 66 sridurgacaranambhojadvandva candanabinduna | krtigadavaraneyam tatprasadadviricyate || dhira godavarasyedam (yam ) krtirastam mude satam | " At the end also similar lines are recorded as follows:- 66 yatprasadadimam cakre dhiragodavarah krtim | sridurgacaranambhoje tasminnetam samarpaye || " The following colophon is identical with that in the Yogacintamani- iti srimanmaharajadhiraja gajapatiprataparudradeva - svahastadharitakanakakesari- catustayavestitasatakumbha - ( mayakumbha ) sambhrta meghadambarabhidhanasitatapatrasobhamana- " 1. " kucha vajapayayoji " is a misreading for " ( raja ) guru vajapeyayaji mentioned in the Colophon.

kavipungava panditaraja guru ' vajapeyayaji mantrivara ' godavara misra viracite harihara- caturange astamah kridaparicchedah || " It is clear from the above extracts that Godavaramisra, the author of the Yogacintamani and his name-sake, the author of the Harihara-Caturanga, are identical. Prof. Dikshitar states that the Harihara-Caturanga mentions four earlier works :- (1) ausanasasamhita ( 2 ) viracintamani (3) kodandacaturbhujam (4) sarasamgraha and that all of these are probably lost today. Perhaps it may be possible to trace some of these works or their MSS. Aufrecht makes the following entry regarding the viracintamani CCI, 594 - " viracintamani by Sarngadhara. :- [360, 3084. Bik 708. Peter 2.188) This is merely an extract from the sarngadharapaddhati (ch. 80 dhanurveda ) and The Sarngadharapaddhati was composed in A. D. 1363 by if the viracintamani mentioned by godavara misra is identical with Ch. 80 (on Dhanurveda) of the Sarngadharapaddhati we can easily fix A. D. 1400 as the earlier terminus for the date of Godavaramisra. This terminus harmonises with the date of this author-minister of Gajapati Prataparudradeva³ fixed by me already in this paper. 1. In the Yogacintamani we have "." 2. This epithet H is not recorded in the colophon of the yogacintamani . In the colophon of the 1 st Paricceda of the hariharacaturanga the epithet is also recorded. 3. Vide pp. 410-414 of P. V. Kane's History of Dharmasastra Vol. I (1930) where Kane gives detailed information about the dharmasastra works ascribed to Gajapati Prataparudra-for information about the empire of Orissa and its emperors see JBORS, V, pp. 147-148 and Ind. Anti. 1929, pp. 28-33.