55a. Date of the Hathayogapradipika of Svatmarama Muni

Dr. J. N. Farquhar has dealt with "Muslim Influence" on Hindu religion in his Outlines of the Religious Literature of India' and assigned it to a period between A. D. 1350 and 180 (Chap. VII). This chapter on "Muslim Influence" includes a note on the Gorakhnathis and their literature. The Hathayogapradipika³ a standard manual dealing with the theory and practice of the Hathayoga forms part of this literature as the Gorakhnathis are great adepts in the practice of Hathayoga. Evidently, therefore, the date of the Hathayogapradipika according to Farquhar must lie between 1350 and 1800 A. D. though he regards the Hathayogapradipika as the earliest of the three modern Hathayoga texts viz. the Hathayogapradipika, the Gheranda Samhita" and the Siva Samhita." Dr. Farquhar's view about the modern character of the Hathayogapradipika, 1. Indian Historical Quarterly, Vol. XVI (1940), pp. 306-313. Published by Oxford University Press, London, 1920. 2. Ibid., pp. 348-349. 3. Iibid., p. 348 - Dr. Farquhar observes :- "On the Hathayoga and the Goraksa- sataka which are mentioned above as works attributed to Gorakhnath, three more modern works depend, the Hathayogapradipika by Svatmarama Yogindra, the disciple of Srinath, the Gherannda Samhita and the Sivasamhita. The first is the earliest of the three. The Pradipika and the Gheranda Samhita deal with the same subjects but only part of Sivasamketa is devoted to Hathayoga; the rest of it is more like a treatise on Saktayoga. " 4. Text and Eng. Tr. in the Sacred Books of the Hindus, Panini Office, Allahabad. Text and Eng. Trans. in 1 PH series, Adyar. - 5. Text and Eng. Trans. in the Sacred Books of the Hindus. German Trans. in Fakir and Fakirtum by Richard Schmidt, Berlin, 1908. Text and Eng. Trans. in TPH series, Adyar. 6. Text and Eng. Trans. in SPH by S. C. Vasu. 379

is further supported by the remarks of Dr. P. C. Bagchi' on the list of the Mahasiddhas² mentioned in the Hathayogapradipika. These remarks read as follows :- " Svatmarama Yogindra in his Hathayogapradipika ( I, 4 ff.) extols him, (i.e. Matsyendranatha ) along with Goraksanatha as the first connoisseur of the science of Hatha. In the same book is also given a list of the Mahasiddhas who are believed to have controlled the influence of time by their spiritual attainments. The name of Matsyendra stands in that list, second only to Sri Adinatha i.e. Siva. This list does not seem to be very old as like all the late traditions it considers Minanatha as different from Matsyendra. It contains the names of some Siddhas whom we know from the Buddhist tradition of the 84 Siddhas. Some of these names occur in this list in very currupt forms : eg. Naradeva for Nadapandita, Tintini for Dhendhana, Virupaksa for Virupa etc. This shows that the list of the Hathayogapradipika belongs to a period when the memories of the great Siddhas had already become old."3 1. Kaulajnananirnaya ( Calcutta Sanskrit Series ) 1934, Intro., P. 19. 2. I record for ready reference the list of Mahasiddhas from the TPH ( Adyar ) edition of the Hathayogapradipika :- adinatha ( pp. 2, 8, 96,202) ; adinathena sambhuna (p. 155 ); srigurunartham ( p. 4 ) ; matsyendragoraksadyah (p. 7 ) ; matsyendra (p. 2 ) ; sabara (p. 3 ) ; anamda bhairava (p. 4 ) ; caurangi (p. 5 ) ; minah (p. 6 ) ; goraksah (p. 7 ) ; virupaksa (p. 8 ) ; bilesaya (p. 9 ) ; santhana (p. 10 ) ; bhairava (p. 11 ) ; siddhih ( p. 12 ) ; buddhah ( p. 13 ) ; kanthadih ( p. 14 ) ; korantakah (p. 15) ; suranandah (p. 16 ) ; siddhapadah (p. 17 ) ; carpatih (p. 18 ) ; kaneri (p. 19 ) ; pujyapadah (p. 20 ) ; nityanathah ( p. 21 ) ; niranjana ( p. 22 ) ; kapali (p. 22 ) ; bindunathah (p. 24 ) ; kakacandisvara (p. 28 ) ; allamaprabhudevah (p. 29 ) ; ghodacoli (p. 30 ) ; tintinih (p. 31 ) ; bhanuki ( P. 32 ) ; naradevah (p. 33 ) ; khandah ( p. 34 ) ; kapalikah (p. 35 ) ; yogasastravisaradah ( p. 18 ) ; yogipumgavaih (p. 36, 58 ) ; vasisthadyaih munibhih (p. 19 ) ; matsyendradyaih yogibhih (p. 19 ) ; matsyanathoditam asanam (p. 22 ) ; sivena kathitani ( 84 asanani ) (p. 26 ) ; acaryaih (p. 64 ) ; acaryanam kesamcit (p. 67 ) ; kesam cinmatam (p. 103); mahasiddhaih ( p. 99 ); kapalike khandamate (p. 140 ) ; hathatantranam (p. 130 ) ; matamtare (p. 184 ) ; purvacaryaih mahatmabhih (p. 200 ) ; goraksanathena (p. 201 ) ; kevalam hathakanah (p. 208) ; rajayogamajanantah | 3. Kaulajnananirnaya, Intro., p. 19. According to Dr. Bagchi (p. 32 ) Matsyendranatha ( referred to in the Hathayogapradipika) probably flourished towards the beginning of the 10 th century A. D. in Candra- ( Continued on next page )

Though both Dr. Farquhar and Dr. Bagchi regard the Hathayogapradipika, as comparatively a modern work, no attempt has been made by them to fix the chronological limits for the Hathayogapradipika. I shall, therefore, try to indicate these limits on the strength of data available to me. The Hathayogapradipika is represented by numerous Mss' in the different Mss libraries in the world and has been printed with Bengali and Hindi translations together with Sanskrit commentaries from Calcutta and Ahmedabad 2 besides the English translations from Adyar and Allahabad already referred to in this paper. These facts are sufficient to establish the popularity enjoyed by the work. The Hathayogapradipika propounds a combination of the Hathayoga and the Rajayoga.* (Continued from previous page) dvipa which is tentatively identified by him with Sandvip island in the deltaic region of Bengal. Matsyendranatha may have passed a part of his career in Kamarupa which then had risen to be a great centre of mysticism. 1. Aufrecht in his Catalogus Catalogorum records the following Mss. Part I, 753-Jones 411. Cop. 9. IO 1725. L. p. 195. Oxf. 233 b. Hall p. 15. L. 250. 766. 1513. K. 138. B. 4, 6. Ben. 66. Bik. 567. Haug 44. Katm. 5. NW, 416, Oudh XIV, 88. XVII, 54. NP. V, 198. Burnell 112 a. P. 12. Bha. 221. H. 224. Oppert 1067. II, 2806, 5091. 6524. Rice 192. Peters 3. 391. BP. 304. Quoted by Ramananda, Oxf. 72 b, by Sundaradeva, Hall p. 17.- Commentaries: -(1) by Umapati NW. 434, (2) Jyotsna by Brahmananda L. 1513. Khn. 86, Oudh XIV, 88. (3) by Mahadeva, NW. 434, (4) by Ramanandatirtha NW. 436, (5) by Vrajabhusana NW. 434,- Part II, 181 BL. 167. Fl. 85 (inc) GB. 119, Gov. Or. Libra. Madras 112. 10355, 1725. 3101. Oudh XXI, 126. Peters 4-23. Stein 133. Part III, 155 AK. 733. AS. p. 238. Bd. 615. CS. z. 164, Lz. 905, 906, 907 (Upadesa 4). Peters. 6. 316. Tb. 75. Commentary by Brahmananda Bd. 615. Tb. 75. Des. Cata. of Madras Mss., IX (1910), Nos. 4391, 4392, 4393, 4394, 4395, 4396; Des. Cata. of Taniore Mss., XI (1931), Nos. 6710, 6711, 6712, 6713, 6714; List of Ujjain Mss., 1936, p. 69. No. 1572 dated Saka 1745 (= A. D. 1823), No. 1573 ( commentary by Brahmananda). 2. Vide p. 4914 (Remarks) of Des. Cata. of Tanjore Mss. XI (1931). 3. Hathayogapradipika (TPH, ed.). p. 208.

Its author calls himself as Svatmarama' and Svatmarama Yogindra styled as "Sri-Sahajananda-Santana-Cintamani." 2 No further information about the author or his guru is furnished by the Hathayogapradipika.³ We must, therefore, search for references to Svatmarama and his Hathayogapradipika, elsewhere. In a work called the Hatharatnavali the author appears to refer to Svatmarama, the author of the Hathayogapradipika, in the following verse :- hathavidyam hi matsyendragoraksadya vijanate | atmaramo'pi janite srinivasastatha svayam || 3 || Atmarama mentioned in this verse appears to be identical 1. Ibid., p. 7. 2. Ibid., p. 45. 3. In my article on the 'Uddiyana Bandha of Hathayoga' (Journal of the Orissa Academy, Vol. II, 1938, No. 1, p. 56 ) I have reproduced the following entry from the unpublished work of the late Vora Jatashankar Harajivan called the kavikavyakalakalpana (p. 648 ):-- " svatmarama yogi - samnyasi, sahajanamda sisya, grhasthasramama nama minanatha, umasamkaraputrah ( 1 ) hathapradipika ( hathayogapradipika ), sloka 500, adhyaya 4, vi0 sam0 1687 mam karoche, ( 2 ) varnadipika || " I have no means of knowing the evidence on which the above entry is based. It appears, however, that according to the above unverified statement the Hathayogapradipika was composed in Vikrama Samvat 1687 = A. D. 1631. We shall have to see if this unverified date of the Hathayogapradipika is contradicted by any known references to the Hathayogapradipika in works of prior dates. 4. Aufrecht Cata. Catalo. I, 753-NP. V, 118. Quoted by Sundaradeva, Hall, p. 17.- By Srinivasa, Burnell 112 b. SB., 349. The remarks on Ms No. 6715 of 3 (Tanjore Cata., XI, 1931 p. 4923), in the Tanjore Mss Library read as follows:- "In the Introduction to the work he (the author) mentions himself as one of the four great advocates of Yoga along with Matsyendra, Goraksa, and Atmarama, as well-versed in all branches of knowledge, as an author of commentaries on Sasadhariya, Manikanthiya, and one Vedanta Paribhasa (other than the work of Dharmarajadhvarin) and as the son of a great astrologer Timmajyautisika and Somamba. He styles himself as the conqueror of great logicians like Mahadeva Misra. It may be inferred that he was an Andhra Brahmin."

with Svatmarama, the author of the Hathayogapradipika. As the date of the Hatharatnavali of Srinivasa' has not been fixed, so far as I am aware, the above reference to Svatmarama does not help us to fix any limit to the date of the Hathayogapradipika. A work called the Sivatattvaratnakara composed in A. D. 1709 ( = Saka 1631) appears to have made use of the Hathayogapradipika.² We may, therefore, fix A.D. 17093 as one terminus to the date of the Hathayogapradipika. Let us now see if we can push back this limit of A.D. 1709 on the strength of reliable documentary evidence, especially the evidence of the dated Mss of the Hathayogapradipika. The Bhandarkar Institute, Poona (Govt. Mss Library) contains about 10 Mss of the Hathayogapradipika. One of these Mss. viz. No. 399 of 1895-1902 is dated Samvat 1751=A.D. 1695. This date, therefore, may enable us to push back the date of the Hathayogapradipika say before A.D. 1650 or so. This chronological limit does not so far conflict with the unverified statement of Vora Jatashankar that the Hathayogapradipika was composed in A. D. 1631. The other terminus for the date of the Hathayogapradipika according to Farquhar would be about A.D. 13504 as he includes the Hathayogapradipika in the literature 1. Srinivasa describes himself as follows in verse 2 at the beginning of his Hatharatnavali :- " vede vedantasastre phanipatiracite sabdasastre svasastre tantre prabhakariye sasadhararacite nyayaratnarnavenduh | samkhye sarasvatiye kanabhugabhihite tattvacintamanijno srimajjyotirvidagresaranaratanujo rajate srinivasah || 2 || 99 The logician Sasadhara flourished about 1125 A. D. according to S. Vidyabhusana (History of Indian Logic, Calcutta, 1921, p. 396 ). " 2. Des. Cata. of Madras Mss., Vol. X, p. 3908. sivayogam sivalokam hathayogapradipikam . " The Sivatattvaratnakara, an encyclopadic Sanskrit poem was composed by the Keladi chief, Basava Raja, whose ancestors were subordinates of the emperors of Vijayanagara. The work was completed in A. D. 1709. S. K. Aiyangar, Sources, of Vijayanagar History, Madras, 1919. 3. The India Office Ms No. 1836 of the Hathayogapradipika was copied at Ahmedabad in Samvat 1759 ( = A. D. 1703)-Vide I. O. Cata., Part IV, 1894, p. 600. 4. This terminus of A. D. 1350 for the date of the Hathayogapradipika is not quite improbable. The Hathayogapradipika mentions matsyendra, caurasi, mina, and goraksa (Continued on next page)

produced during the period of Muslim influence on Hindu religion (13:0 and 1800 A.D.). If Farquhar's view is correct the date of the Hathayogapradipika must lie between A.D. 1350 and A. D. 1650, a period of 300 years. The Yogacintamani of Sivananda Sarasvati contains numerous quotations from the Hathayogapradipika. According to my data Sivananda's work stands midway between about 1500 and 1850 A.D.2 The Hathayogapradipika is also quoted by Sundaradeva in his Hatha-Sanketa-Candrika³ but (Continued from previous page) who appear to be identical with Nathapanthi Yogis of the same name. According to Mr. T. C. Das Gupta (Aspects of Bengali Society, Cal. Uni. 1935, p. 155) Nathism was borrowed from Mahayana Buddhists and was current in Bengal about the 11 th century A. D. In the songs of Raja Govinda candra composed in the 1 st half of the 11 th century (say between A. D. 1000 and 1050) Mayanamati, the mother of Raja Govindacandra, is stated to have been initiated into mahajnana by Goraksanatha" and that she visited the pathasala of Goraksanatha containing 1600 disciples (Ibid., p. 188 ). If these references have any historical value they appear to make Goraksanatha a contemporary of Raja Govindacandra about 1050 A. D. and hence the date of the Hathayogapradipika must be sought for after A. D. 1100 or so. hathapradipikayam 66 1. Vide the Yoga Cintamani Ed. by Haridas Vidyavagisa, Calcutta Oriental Series. The quotations from the Hathayogapradipika, are introduced by the name "on the following pp. of the Yoga Cintamani 10, 14, 16, 31, 34, 37, 39, 40, 44, 47, 87, 88, 98, 106, 129, 131, 134, 136, 140, 142, 143, 147, 155, 157, 158, 211, 272 (Vide my article on this work in Yoga, Vol. IV, No. 26-28, p. 11 ). 2. Yoga, Vol. IV (Nos. 26-28), p. 14. 3. Hall: Bibliography, Calcutta, 1859, pp. 17-18 - Sundaradeva was the son of Visvanatha Deva. They were of Kasyapa gotra and were Marhattas of Benares. Sundaradeva's spiritual guide was Pur- nananda. The Hatha-Sanketa-Candrika quotes from the following works : - hathapradipika or hathadipika, yogacamdrika, yogacimtamani, sanatana siddhanta, yogasarasamuccaya, samketasiksa, yogasamgraha, yogarahasya, viraktasarvasva, nadisuddhi, saktibodha, saktijagara, hathayoga by goraksanatha, pavanayogasamgraha, tantraraja, sutasamhita, hatharatnavali, sivasamhita, tripurasamuccaya, kumbhakapaddhati, Suresvaracarya's manasollasa, svarodaya, jivanmuktiviveka, siddhamtasekhara, yogatatva prakasa or 0 prakasaka, yogatattvavali, yogasikhopa for nisad, isvaragita, namdipurana, atmapurana, brahmavidyopanisad, yogadipika, vayusamhita, yogayajnavalkya, kalikapurana, jaigisavyayogasastra, amrtabimdupanisad, yogasara, yogabija, (Continued on next page)

the date of this work being unsettled this reference has immediate chronological value for our present inquiry. The dates of the commentators of the Hathayogapradipika viz. Umapati, Mahadeva, Rama. nandatirtha being also unsettled we are unable to make use of their commentaries for fixing the limits for the date of the Hathayogapradipika. Brahmananda, author of the commentary Jyotsna on the Hathayogapradipika, is a late commentator as he was the disciple of one Merusastrin, who was alive in A.D. 1859.' There is a treatise on Hathayaga in Hindi called Jogapradipika' by one Jaiyatarama or Jayatarama. It appears to have been composed in Samvat 1784 (A.D. 1729). To what extent Jaiyatarama's Jogapradipyaka is indebted to Svatmarama's Hathayogapradipika I am unable to say at present as I have not studied this Hindi treatise. Even if it is modelled on the Hathayogapradipika, its date of composition viz. A.D. 1727 does not conflict with the date of the Hathayogapradipika, as recorded by Vora Jatashankar viz. A.D. 1631.3 In the list of teachers recorded in the Hathayogapradipika, one Nityanatha is mentioned as Mahasiddha. If he is identical with Nityanatha (Continued from previous page). hemadri, keralatamtra, nakulisayogaparayana, isvaritamtra, yogabhaskara, sparsayogasastra, siddhasopana rasapradipa, amanaska, sadasivagita, isvaraminanathasamvada, yogahrdaya, tamtracudamani, and vidyaranya . 1. Aufrecht, Cata. Catalo. I, 388 b. Vide also my article in Yoga, Vol. III (17-20) pp. 4-5 where I have recorded a list of works and authors quoted by Brahmananda. - 2. See Ms No. 117 of A 1883-84 in the Govt. Mss Library at the B. O. R. Institute, Poona folios 101. This Ms ends as follows: samvata satarasai asi adhika caturadasajnana | asvana sita dasami vijaipurna gramthapramana || 780 || iti srijoga pradipyakayam jaiyataramena viracitayam samadhivarnana nama astamokhandasampurna | subhamastu || " Samvat 1784, asvina Sita Dasami is equal to Wednesday, 13 th September, 1727 (Indian Ephemeris, Vol. VI. p. 257). 3. The dates of the Mss of works relating to Matsyendranatha and his school as noted by Dr. Bagchi (pp. 60 ff. of his Intro. to Kaulajnananirnaya) do not conflict with our limits for the date of (Continued on next page) 8.3.1.H.25

:386 STUDIES IN INDIAN-LITERARY. HISTORY 99 2 Siddha the author of tantrika and vaidyaka works' and in particular of the work Rasaratnasamuccaya which "agrees with the work attributed to Vagbhata we can support the earlier terminus of A.D. 1350 for the Hathayogapradipika presumed by Dr. Farquhar in his Outlines etc. The Rasaratnasamuccaya, be it of Vagbhata or Nityanatha Siddha, belongs to about A.D. 1300 according to Dr. P. C. Ray³ and it mentions the names of kapali, suranamda, khanda, kapalika, bhairava, manthanabhairava, (or manthana and bhairava ) kakacandisvara, which are also found in the Hathayogapradipika. All these teachers were probably experts in the fat or alchemy and . According to Dr. Mukherji Nityanatha Siddha is posterior to Dallanacarya who is assigned by scholars to the 12 th century. If this Nityanatha Siddha, the writer on alchemy to whom is attributed the authorship of the work Rasaratnasamuccaya, is identical with his name-sake mentioned as a teacher of in the Hathayogapradipika, the date of the Hathayogapradipika must be assigned to a period after the 13 th century i e. after A.D. 1300 or so and hence in the present state of our data we may fix A.D. 1350 as the tentative earlier (Continued fram previous page) the Hathayogapradipika viz., A. D. 1350 and 1650. The works relating to Matsyendranatha and his school are:- - (1) srikamakhyaguhyasiddhi ( 2 ) akulagamatantra - Nepal Ms dated A. D. 1671, (3) goraksasatakam a Nepal Ms belonging to a late age, (4) 43 - - -Nepal Ms dated 1730 A. D., (5) fa-Nepal MsBengali writing of the 16 th and 17 th centuries (6) H 10 th an Ms dated A. D. 1395 Vide H. P. Shastri's Nepal Catalogue. I, pp. 111-112 and II, pp. 70, 82). This Ms contains a list of teachers of the Kaula school as also their birth-places. His mentioned in this list as Dr. Bagchi points out. The 14 th teacher in this ist is from maharastradesa . His original caste was ksatriya . 1. Cata. Catalogorum, I, 295. 2. Ibid, p. 496 - rasaratnasamuccaya . 3. History of Hindu Chemistry, Vol. I, (1902) Intro. p. lviAccording to Dr. P. C. Ray the author of the Rasaratna-Samuccaya was contemporary of Roger Bacon who died in A. D. 1294. 14 Journal of Ayurveda, (Calcutta), July 1935, p. 17. 5. Vide 16 of Hoernle's Osteology, Oxford, 1907.

terminus to the date of the Hathayogapradipika, the later terminus' being about A.D. 1650 as stated above on the strength of the dated Mss of the Hathayogapradipika. 1. Vijnanabhiksu (c. A. D. 1550-1600) in his Yogasarasamgraha (Adyar Edn. 1933) refers to works on the Hatha yoga on p. 39 as follows: :- " asananadisuddhayadayastu hathayogadi granthesvasesato drastavyah " I wonder if this reference has anything to do with the Hathayogapradipika. " Naravanatirtha the commentator of the Upanisads (between 1500 and 1700 A. D.) quotes from the Hathayogapradipika at least four times (Vide p. 3 of my article in the Bombay University Journal, Vol. VII, part 2, Sept., 1938). In the Bodleian Library Cata. by Winternitz and Keith, Vol. II (1905), p. 1306 there is a Ms (No. 1306) of the Hathayogapradipika, the date of which is stated as "about the middle of the 18 th century. We are here informed of the following translations and editions of the Hathayogapradipika: (1) Text with Jyotsna Comm. Burdwan, 1890. (2) German trans. by H. Walter, Munich, 1893. (3) English trans. by Srinivasa Aiyangar, Bombay 1893. Rudrayamalatantra (Oxford Mss, 1869, p. 89) refers to hathayoga as follows:- hathayogam prakathitamidanim srnu tatkramam . The anthology Sarngadharapaddhati ( A. D. 1363) contains two chapters on (Nos. 157 and 158)-See Peterson's Edn. I, 1888, p. 662. A work called " " (Ms No. 67 of 1871-72-B.O.R. rajnam pratibodhakam prakaranam Institute) quotes from the Hathayogapradipika-folio 20-" goprasnamaha hathapradipikaya etc." This work mentions are on folio 14 and is therefore later than A. D. 1600. Hathayogapradipika is again mentioned on fol. 26.