42. The Dates of Narayana Dikshita and other Commentators

42. The Dates of Narayana Dikshita and other Commentators of the Vasavadatta of Subandhu + Aufrechtrecords the following information about a commentary on the Vasavadatta by Narayana or Narayana Diksita :- " vasavadatta, a romance by Subandhu. Commentary by Narayana, B. 2. 106. Radh 22." " K. 567." by Subandhu, comm. by Narayana Diksita, A. I propose to analyse the only available Ms 2 in the above list of Aufrecht viz. A. K. 567, which is identical with No. 567 of 1891- 95 in the B. O. R. Institute - Govt. Mss Library. The Ms belonged once to a man of the name as stated in an endorsement³ on a leaf at the beginning of the Ms. The Ms begins as follows:- 66 Folio 1 - " || sriganesaya namah || payadyogo sahasrena kridan gopalako harih | prakasataghatena bhimdano dhvamtakumjaram || 1 || " I Annals (B. O. R. Institute ), Vol. XXI, pp. 128-144. 1. CC I, 566 and CC III, 120. Out of the three Mss recorded by Aufrecht two belonged to private individuals; only the 3 rd Ms. (AK 567) is deposited in the Govt. Mss Library (B. O. R. Institute under No. 567 of 1891-96. No description of this Ms has been recorded by Prof. A. B. Kathawate in his report which includes this Ms among Mss acquired for Govt. " 2. The fourth Ms of Narayana's commentary is also recorded by Aufrecht (CC II, 224) as Ulwar 967. " This Ms is not accessible to me. Peterson in his Catalogue of Ulwar Mss (1892), p. 42, describes this Ms as follows:-" 967, A commentary on the Vasavadatta, called Sarvankasa by Narayana Diksita." 3. This endorsement reads:- muralidharatmajavamsadharacakravartinah ". 263 pustakamidam vasavadattatippanasya

Folio 2 - " sidasina (?) gunavaridhirimdasaumyah somabhibhuti sata sadhi sa ... kumarah | ... tha tatani | cinicakara camanairupakanyakubje tasmadajayata jitemdriyavrmdavamdyo | ... ta mukhyarekhah | nitrikrtah ksitipatih ksamita ca pujyah | sarvopakari ghuridiksita visvarupah | ...... sisu prabodhavimalatika krta sajjanaih sanukro .. sadhiya subamtyajanita yoseva posya svayam ( ? ) narayanadiksitena bahusah srutva gurubhyastano- drstva kosadasadvayim rasamayangramthasca sabdakaran | subamdhuracitasyasya ... slistarthasya visistata | sistavrtasya pustasya bamdhuvaskriyate maya || karavadarasadrsamakhilam bhuvanatalam yatprasadatah kavayah | pasyamti suksmamatayah sa jayati sarasvati devi || " The colophons of some of the chapters may be reproduced here :Folio 23 - " srinarayanadiksitam haripadadvamdvaravimde ratam - 11 savitri susuve sukarmanicayam srivisvarupascayam | te .........tah suvistaravati vyakhya krta cadhuna samksiptaptanivaritena parato gramtha ......... || iti srinarayanadiksitakrtayam vasavadattatikayam ...|| " Folio 46 - " srinarayanadiksitam haripadadvamdvaravimde ratam - - savitri susuve sukarmanicayam srivisvarupascayam | teneyam bahu cimtayakulahrda vyakhyakrta sajjanaih svikaryam paradosamudranadhiyobhyasaspadaste yatah || || iti srinarayanadiksitaviracitayam vasavadattatikayam dvitiyah praghattakah || " Folio 75 - " ( srinarayanadiksitam haripadadvamdvaravimde ratam savitri susuve sukarmanicayam srivisvarupascayam |

Last folio 83 66 265 ( ye ) na mlecchabhiya vimohitadhiya ' vyakhyam krtam sajjanah | svikurvamtu yatah paranuganita ......likrte kavratah || || || || iti srivasavadattatikaryam trtiyah praghattakah || 3 || " - - The Ms ends - srinarayana diksitam haripadadvamdvaravimde ratam savitri susuve sukarma ( nicayam sri ) visvarupascayam | tenauddhatyavivarjitena gunina samksipya narayani- namniyam racita rada ( tham ? ) visada vyutpattivrdhyai satam | 11 iti sridiksitanarayanaviracitayam vasavadattatikarya caturthah praghattakah samaptah || 4 || " The parentage of our author as disclosed by the foregoing extracts may be represented as follows: visvarupa ( diksita ) hailing from kanyakubja ( married savitri ) Son narayana diksita, the author of narayani tika on subandhu 's vasavadatta . Narayana states that he used no less than 20 lexicons and numerous works on rhetorics and poetics in the composition of his present commentary. It is natural, therefore, that this commentary is rich in citations from these and other works as will be seen from the following list 2 of works and authors mentioned by him :- 1. The expression " mlechabhiya vimohitadhiya " applied by our commentator to himself suggests that he lived at a place and time full of insecurity to life and property and the consequent disturbed condition of mind. The fear of Mlecchas or Mohammedans referred to in the above expression did not, however, deter our author from completing the learned commentary before us, with the help of no less than 20 lexicons ( kosadasadvayim ) and numerous works on poetics ( rasamayan gramthan etc.) as he informs us in the beginning of his commentary. It was such zest for study that was responsible for the unbroken continuity of learned pursuits, glimpses of which we met occasionally in the casual references of mediaeval writers. 2. I have included in this list some specimens of vernacular equivalents for Sanskrit words explained by Narayana Dikshita. These equivalents are generally introduced by the expressions : " iti loke ", ' iti prasiddhih " iti khyatah " etc. 66 " 66

H: 2, 3, 14, 26, 28, 35, 36, 37, 41, 42, 44, 45, 49, 53, 56, 60, 66, 77, 79, 80, 81, 82, bhasyakaravacanat, 3. ajayasasvatau, 3, sasvata ( about 6 th Century A. D. ), ( 22 ), 24, 37, 50, 53. ajaya 6, ( 30 ), 74, ( Before A. D. 1140 ). nighamtukah 3, 7. ekaksara nighamtukah 4, damdi (8 th Century ), 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 36, 45, 62, 63, 70, 77, srmgaranamve, ' 4 - " tatha ca srmgararnave - tamagratah prsthata eva tam ca parsvadvaye tamupari sthitam tam | tadbhavasammohita cittavrttih pasyami tam sarvagatam animdyam || bharatah ( Between 200 B. c. and 300 A. C. ) 4, 5 ( bharatasutram ), 48. visvah ( A. D. 1111 ) 5, 6, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 22, 25, 35, 36, 49, 54, 56, 59, 61, 70. vamanapurane, 5. kavyaprakasavacanat ( about 1100 A. D. ) 5, 8. vopalitah (Before A. D. 950 ) 6, 49, 60. haimamala ( of Hemacandra - 1088-1172 A. D. ) 6, 64. vaijayamti, ( about 1050 A. D. ) 6, 25, 33, 38, 42, 44, 45. jayamti kosah 38 - " veni jalapravaha syarakesabamdhavidhau tatha | - samgame sarpanirmoke simamte ca prayagake || iti jayamti kosah " jayamtah " 61, 79, ( jayamta = jayamtikosa possibly ). ekaksarasamgrahah 6. sarasvatikamthabharanam ( 11 th Century ) 7, 8, 54 ( kamthabharana ). rucakah ( or ruyyaka - about 1150 A. D. ) 7, 9, 12, 13, 14, 17, 51, 70. vamana ( about 800 A. D. ) 8, 10. 1. No work on poetics of this name " srmgararnava " has been recorded by Aufrecht. Prof. Kane mentions a work called the " srmgara- ratnakara " in his Index of works (Sahityadarpana Edn., 1923, p. CLXXVI ). I am unable to say if srmgararnava is equal to srmgararatnakara . 2. No lexicon of the name recorded by Aufrecht. " jayamta " or " jayamtikosa " has been

vaisesikah, 8. purvacaryah, 9. COMMENTATORS OF THE VASAVADATTA 267 bhamaha - udbhatadayah alamkarakarah, 9, 17 ( bhamaha ) - ( 6 th or 7 th Cent. ). udbhatadibhih ( 18 ), ( about 800 A. D. ). alamkara sarvasva, 9, 10, 12, 52. kumarabhatta ' : - 10 - - " atastena gunavisistadi racanatmika ritih kavyajivitatvenokta | atra prathame'rthe bharativrttih anyesvarthesu kausiki vrttih | viradbhutaprahasitairiha bharatisyat ... .........vargaditadbhutaviraraudraih | srmgara hasya karunairapi kausiki syat ista bhayanaka ( a ? ) ta camdragomi, 12, (A. D. 470 ). uktam ca kadvaye, 20. sra uktam ca gunapatakayam, ( 21 ). " (iti ) kumarabhattah " vala tambulavala phalarasasurasa harasanmanaharya muktalamkara harapramukhavitaranairadyate yauvanastha | sadbhavarachagadhodbharatasukhita madhyama ragalubdha mrdvalapai prahrsta bhavati gataya gauravenatiduram || " 1. Visvanatha ( 14 th Century A. D.) in his Sahityadarpana (VI, 122 ) refers to Vrttis : Kaisiki and Bharati as follows :- " atha vrttayah - srmgare kaisiki, vire satvatya rabhati punah | rase raudre ca bibhatse, vrttih sarvatra bharati || 22 || " I wonder if I mentioned by Narayana Diksita is identical with kumarasvamin, the author of ratnapana commentary on the PrataparudrayaSobhusana ( about A. D. 1300-1325 ). Kumarasvamin was the son of Kolacala-Mallinatha. The new date for Mallinatha is A. D. 1430 (see New Indian Antiquary, Vol. II, p. 442 - Dr. Raghavan's article ) and hence his son Kumarasvamin should be assigned to A. D. 1450. 88 2. No work of the title gunapataka "has been recorded by Aufrecht in his Catalogus Catalogorum or by Profs. S. K. De and P. V. Kane in their Histories of Poetics. The work appears to have been older than A. D. 1200 as I propose to show on evidence in a special paper later. Prof. Kane informs me under date 23 rd February 1940 :- "I do not remember to have heard the name of a book called gunapataka . " Dr. S.K. Belvalkar also informs me to the same effect.

krsnamah, 21 ( about A. D. 1150). murarih kavih, 22, (about A. D. 800 ). carvaka, 27. mahabharate, 29. iti daksinatyah pathanti, 30. halayudhah (about 950 A. D. ) 33, 34, 35, 38, 41, 42, 44, 51, 52, 53, 61, 63, 66, 69, 79, 82. haravali (Before A. D. 1159), 34, 40, 46, 49, 52, 53, 55, 56. dharanih 37, ( Before A. D. 1159). uttaratamtre, 1 39, 45, 48, 54, 55, 56, 62, ( See Sivarama on Vasavadatta, pp. 184, 242 ). utpalini, 40, 45, 53. 88 datyuhah kalakamthaka ityamarah dauka iti loke " - 44. kamasastrasu, 44, 53. varahamihirah, 45. mallanagah, 46. ramasah 47. 66 sulabhamjana " iti prasiddhah, 48. vimdhyavasini, 40, 48, 56. smrtih, 53. samvatsare jyotisi, 55. 88 'gulikah gula iti prasiddhih, " 60. " tuladharo vastu parinamakari rajapurusah | vaya iti khyatah, " 61, visnupurana, 65. panini vyakaranena, 74. 66 'siddaliti prasiddhah, " 79. " atarpanam | aipana iti khyatah, " 79. samudrikah, 79. 66 sahara iti khyatah, " 80. " 1. Vide Aufrecht CC I, 63 - " uttaratamtra probably part of a dictionary. As some of the commentators of the Vasavadatta quote from this vocabulary and as it appears to have been lost, it is worth while collecting and putting on record all quotations from it wherever found. The list of Sanskrit lexical works given by Prof. Ramavatara Sarma at the end of his Introduction to the Kalpadrukosa I, 1928 (Baroda), pp. LV-LXII mentions no work of the name uttaratamtra ." "

sabhaparvani, 81. 66 dvamasayuti kaudedheka iti prasiddhah, " 82. " kamthalakam gauni | kathala iti prasiddhah, "82. In the above list of references the mention of and his of about 1150 A. D. enables us to fix A. D. 1200 as the earlier limit to Narayana's commentary. The references to H² on folios 6 and 64 of our Ms further enable us to push this limit forward up to A.D. 1250 or so, as we know that Hemacandra was born in A. D. 1089 and died at the ripe old age of 84 years in A. D. 1173.3 The later limit for Narayana's date cannot be definitely fixed at present but judging by the condition and script of the Ms before me I am inclined to believe that the Ms was written about A. D. 1600 or 1650. Secondly our commentator, who boasts that he has used no less than 20 lexicons in the preparation of his commentary, does not refer to late lexicons. If the reference to THE is proved to be made by our author to a the son of Mallinatha (A. D. 1430) we may be in a position to assert that Narayana is later than A.D. 1500 or so, but as no other work of is so far known except the commentary on the Prataparudrayasobhusana and as the verse ascribed to c is not found by me in this commentary no conclusion of a definite nature can be arrived at on the strength of this reference to E. Perhaps a study of other commentaries* 1. Vide p. 194 of Sanskrit Poetics by Dr. S. K. De, Vol. I (1923). Dr. De fixes the literary career of Rucaka or Ruyyaka" in the 2 nd and 3 rd quarters of the 12 th century." 2. Vide p. xxxvi of preface to Kalpadrukosa, Vol. I ( Baroda, 1928) - Hemacandra composed desinamamala, abhidhanacintamani (also called abhidhanacintamaninamamala ) and other lexicons. 3. See Kavyanusasana ( Parikh and Athavale, 1938) Intro. p. CCLXVII and CCXIC. 4. Aufrecht mentions the following commentaries Vasavadatta :- (CC I, 566 ) - ( 1 ) - tatvadipini by Jagaddhara (2) (3) Comm. by Narasimhasena dw on the by Narayana (see No. 16 below) ( 4 ) curnika by Prabhakara (Continued on next page)

on the Vasavadatta may give us a definite later limit for Narayana in case his commentary is referred to in these commentaries. For the present we may tentatively fix Narayana's date between A. D. 1250 and 1550.' (Continued from previous page) ( 5 ) tattvakaumudi by Ramadeva ( 6 ) vyakhyayika by Vikramarddhi Kavi (7) kamcanadarpana by Srigaragupta (8) comm. by Sivarama ( CC II, 138)-(10) Comm. by Timmaya Suri (9) ,, by Sarvacandra (11) ( 12 ) " " ( 13 ) (CC III, 120) (14) by Sarvaraksita Siddhacandragani Suksmadarsin ; by Kasirama (15) vasavadattapatrika vidagdhavallabha (16) Comm. by Narayana Diksita (Vide No. 3 ( 17 ) " by Ranganatha above) (18) vasavadattasthulatatparyartha Adyar Mss Catalogue ( Part II, 1928 p. 2), records a Ms of vyakhya called bhavadipika ( 24 A 9 70 ). I cannot say if this com mentary is an additional commentary or is identical with any of the above commentaries. 1. The Govt. Mss Library (B. O. R. Institute) contains of a comm. on the Vasavadatta called facHT (No. 464 of 1887-91). I have gone through this Ms cursorily. This commentary refers to the following works and authors :- visva, amara, dharani, ekaksarakosa, bharata, sarasvatikamthabharana, puranavarta, puranacaryah, medini (fol. 16) haravali, medini ( 11 ) svapnadhyaye ( 13 ), medinikara ( 18 ), sasvata, bharatakatha, utpalini, " dauka iti prasiddhah " ( 23 ), medini (23), varahamihira, malanagah ( 24 ), vamanah ( 26 ), medini- kara (27 and 30 ), katyayana ( 31 ), uttaratamtra ( 31, 32, 33, 39 ), ratnakosa (33, 40 ) jaimini ( 32 ), kalidasa (34), gitagovimda ( 39 ), jayadeva ( 43 ), nanarthah (46 and 50), (50), f (55). The Ms ends :- iti sri vidagdhavallabha nama vasavadattakhyapanjika samapta . " "No information about the author is found in the Ms. Many of the works (Continued on next page)

Narayana Diksita's commentary is one of the 17 commentaries on the Vasavadatta. I have had occasion to peruse cursorily only a few of them. Some indication of their chronological limits may be given below :- (1) Narayana Dikshita after about 1250 A. D. (2) Vidagdhavallabha - after about 1350 A. D. (3) Siddhicandragani' - Contemporary of Emperor Akbar (A. D. 1542-1605). (Continued from previous page) The refermentioned by c are found in the above list. ences to medini or medinikara found in this commentary are absent in jayadeva gitagovimda Narayana's commentary. The poet c and his mentioned by this commentary furnish us the earlier limits to its date which should be about 1300 A. D. as is assigned by scholars to the 13 th century (Dr. De : Poetics, I, 219). 1. Vide IHQ, IX (1933), p. 138- Siddhicandra, the disciple of Bhanucandra was a teacher of Akbar. The title Khusfaham was conferred on Siddhicandra by Jahangir. Siddhicandra refers to Akbar in the following verse of the Vasavadattavivarana (Ms No. 781 of 1886-92):- " Folio 1 akabarahvana mahimahendra- yo spi pathatpathakasarvabhaumah | sahasranamani sahasrarasmeh sauvarnasimhasanasamsthitah san || 7 || " Siddhi candra.also refers to Jahangir in verse 10 at the beginning of this commentary as " jiramgiranarendracandra . " In the colophon Bhanucandra is called the teacher of Akbar in reading suryasahasranama ( " akabbara- "). For further details of Akbar's interest in Sunworship see Dr. Hiranand Sastri's article in the IHQ referred to above. Siddhicandra refers to the following authors and works in his vasavadattavivaranah- malatimadhava, kavyaprakasa, visva, nighamtu, amara, purana, sasvata, masika, abhidhana, halayudha, haravali, srmgaratilaka (fol. 15 ), dharani, haimamala, anekartha, vaijayamti, varahamihira, damdi, kamasastra, jaimini, bharata, kosa, nitisastra, jayamta (43). Prof. H. D. Velankar notes two other Mss of Siddhicandra's commentary on the Vasavadatta besides the one I have used above. These Mss are indicated by him as-" JG. p. 332" and "VA 15 (38)."

(4) Jagaddhara - Between A.D. 1300 and 1400' (5) Sivarama Tripathin² - Between 1700 and 1725 A. D. (6) Ranganatha³ - later than Prabhakara, the author of the Curnika on the Vasavadatta. Prabhakara is earlier than A. D. 1685. (7) Prabhakara tioned by Ranganatha). Before 1685 A. D. (His Curnika is men- (8) Sarvaraksita - Earlier than Sarvacandra. - 1. Vide my article on the Date of Jagaddhara (JUB, IX. Pt. 2, pp. 116-125). There are 2 Mss of Jagaddhara's comm. in Govt. Ori. Mss. Library, Madras (Cata. XXI, 1918-Nos. 12421 and 12422). 66 - - paribhasendusekhara 2. Aufrecht CC I, 652 Sivarama quotes cH in the Laksmivilasa which suffices to place him in the beginning of the 18 th Century." Vide also S. K. De: Sans. Poetics, I, p. 318; and JAOS, XXIV, 57-63. The Bib. Indica Edn. of the Vasavadatta (1859) includes Sivarama's commentary. The editor Fitzedward Hall used three Mss of this comm. for this edition (vide p. 44 of this Preface). Hall fixes the earlier limits for Sivarama's date as A. D. 1373, the date of the lexicographer Mahipa but observes that Sivarama must be more modern." 66 3. Vide CC III, 120-" AK 566 = No. 566 of 1891-95 ( B. O. R. Institute). This Ms is called It ends:- " yatsamdigdhamatislitam klistam camulabhasitam | tadbodharthamasauyatnastena prinatu me harih || iti ramganathoddhatovasavadattatippanasasarah || 69 || " Ranganatha refers to the following works and authors: -dharani, visva bharata, curnikavyakhya (fol. 11 ), utpalini . Possibly curnikavyakhya mentioned by Ranganatha is the by Prabhakara on Vasavadatta (CC I, 566). Kielhorn records a Ms of T dated Samvat 1741 = A. D. 1685. C. P. Mss. Cata. 1874, p. 76 ). 4. Vide p. 48 of Cata. of Sans. Mss (Private Libraries in the Bombay Presidency, 1893), Ms No. 100 described here by R. G. Bhandarkar is Prabhakara's Comm. o. This Ms is dated Samvat 1903 = A. D. 1847. In the colophon the author is called mimamsakavaryabhattaprabhakara . " - " " 5. Vide CC II, 134 Stein 81 - No. 301. Sarvacandra in hist (I. O. Cata. VII, 1904, p. 1557) mentions"- vyakhya "(fol. 61 b). I presume that this is a reference to the commentary of Sarvaraksita.

and later than (9) Sarvacandra After A. D. Sarvaraksita. 1 In the I. O. Ms No. 996 of Sarvacandra's commentary on the Vasavadatta there is a reference to Vopadeva (fol. 52") who is, I think, identical with the grammarian Vopadeva, the protege of minister Hemadri (A. D. 1260). We may, therefore, fix A. D. 1300 or so as the earlier limit to Sarvacandra's date." (10) Ramadeva² - Before A. D. 1470. A grammarian of the name cf is quoted in Madhaviya Dhatuvrtti (c. A. D. 1350) according to Aufrecht (CC I, 515). Aufrecht also states that this grammarian is "Later than Haradatta.'" If this Haradatta is identical with Haradatta³ the author of the Padamanjari (c. A. D. 1100) the date of Ramadevamisra mentioned in the Madhaviya-Dhatuvrtti must lie between A. D. 1100 and 1350. I am, however, unable to identify this latter with his namesake, the author of the a commentary on the Vasavadatta, the only Ms of which is dated A. D. 1470. Perhaps may be possible to identify these two authors at a later date. it 1. Sarvacandra quotes the following works and authors:- uttaratamtra, utpalini, dhatupradipa, nagarasarvasva, nitisastra, bhattasubhanka, bhaguri, raksitavyakhya, ratnakara (? vrttaratnakara ), rantideva, rasabha ( ? rabhasa ), rudra, vamana, vimdhyavasin, vopadeva, sabdaprakasa, sabdarnava, sarasvatikanthabharana, subhuti . Many popular and vernacular terms are also met with in the commentary of Sarvacandra (Vide p. 1557 of I. O. Cata. VII, 1904). 2. Vide CC I, 566 - a comm. on Vasavadatta by Ramadeva L. 2434. This is the only Ms of the work which has been described by Rajendralal Mitra (p. 195 of Notices, VII, 1884). This Ms was in the possession of one Babulal Pathak of Mujona (Zilla extent of 1584 Darbhanga). It consisted of 48 folios and had an Slokas. Mitra points out that this commentary is not named by Hall in his Edition of the Vasavadatta. This Ms begins:- "GERIA sajalajaladasyamam pitavasasamacyutam | nandasunum namaskrtya tanyate tattvakaumudi || " Colophon :- iti sriramadevamisraviracita vasavadattatika tattvakaumudi samapta | lasam 352 || ". The date of the Ms is Laksmana Samvat Era 352 = A. D. 1470 (352 +1118). If this date is correct Ramadavamisra is earlier than A. D. 1470. 3. Belvalkar Systems of Sanskrit Grammar, p. 40. 8.1.L.H. 18

(11) Timmayasuri¹ This commentator hails from South India. I have no means of determining any limits for his date at present. (12) Narasimhasena²-between A. D. 1450 and 1500, if he is identical with his namesake, whose son Visvanathasena was at the court of Gajapati Prataparudra of Orissa (A. D. 1497-1539). If this identity is corroborated by further evidence it will make this author of the Vasavadatta commentary: a contemporary of Purusottamadeva (A. D. 1470-1497). " 66 kavikula Aufrecht 1. Aufrecht (CC II, 133) notes. one Ms of Timmayasuri's commentary viz. "Govt. Ori. Ms. Library, Madras 84." The Cata. of Madras Mss, XXI (1918), p. 8330 describes a Ms of Timmaya's comm. called . In the colophon the author is styled as lokabandhu . The Ms is written in Telugu characters. (CC I, 231) mentions one fc as the author of a commentary on Agastya's Balabharata ( Burnell, 1596 and Oppert II. 5745.) The date of this fac is "beginning of the 16 th Century." A third namesake of our commentator is mentioned as the author of a work called krsnabhyudaya . He is called timmayayajvan ( Vide p. 303 of Krishnamachariar: Classical Sans. Literature, 1937). The identity of these three commentators of the same name fc need to be studied with a view to fixing their chronology. one Ms of 2. Aufrecht (CC I, 566 and 278) records only Vaidya Narasimhasena's commentary on Vasavadatta viz. 156 b" This Ms begins,- 66 srigurucaranambhojam pranamya pitroh padam vaidyah | vasavadattatikam vilasat srikam karoti narasimhah || " " Oxf. Aufrecht also mentions (I, 278) an author of the name, on of tapana, son of umapati, father of visvanathasena, who composed pathyapathya- (L 2939). The following points of identity between the two narasimhasena s may be recorded here :fa I. narasimhasena a. of vasavadattatika - (1) calls himself . In the margin of the Oxford Ms he is called vaidya narasimhasena . 2. The Ms of his comm. is in Bengali Script. - II. narasimhasena, father of visvanathasena - ( 1 ) He is called narasimhasena by his son visvanathasenah- (Continued on next page:)

(13) Trivikrama' - After about 1100 A. D. (14) Srngaragupta² - (Continued from previous page) 275 66 srigaurinarasimhasenatanayo nihsesatantrodbhavam | pathyapathyaviniscayam vyatanuta srivisvanathah sudhih | " (2) The Ms of is also in Bengali script. " (3) visvanatha was at the court of Gajapati Prataparudra of Orissa as stated in the colophon of which reads as follows:- iti srisuryavamsavatamsena gajapatiprataparudrena pratipaditah tapanamahapatreti dvijapita- mahanama padavikasya visvanathasenasya krtau pathyapathyaviniscayah samaptah " ( Vide p. 49 of Mitra's Notices, Vol. IX, 1888). The solar dynasty () to which Gajapati Prataparudra belonged ruled Orissa between A. D. 1435 and 1540 (Vide p. 213 of Orissa in the Making by B. C. Mazumdar, Calcutta, 1925. Gajapati Prataparudra ruled from A. D. 1497 to A. D. 1539 ( Vide p. 413 of Kane: Hist. of Dharma.I). His predecessor Purusottama-deva ruled from A. D. 1470 to 1497. If visvanathasena was at the court of Gajapati Pratapa rudra between A. D. 1497 and 1539 we may safely presume that his father contemporary of Purusottamadeva between A. D. 1470 am inclined to believe that the two persons of the narasimhasena, both of whom were Vaidyas of Orissa or identical. was a and 1497. I same name Bengal, are 1. Aufrecht (CC I, 566) records a Ms of a commentary on the Vasavadatta called "Vyakhyayika by Vikramarddhi Kavi, Burnell 162 a." This Ms has been described in the Des. Cata. of Tanjore Mss, Vol. VII (1939), pp. 3018-20 (Ms No. 4020). The correct name of the author is not Vikramarddhi Kavi but fac as stated in a verse at the beginning (trivikramena kriyate medhavikulajanmana ). In the extract quoted in the Tanjore Catalogue (p. 3019) there are some quotations from the lexicon c (c. 950 A. D. ). We may, therefore, presume that this commentary is later than about 1100 A. D. Perhaps an analysis of the only Ms of the work in the Tanjore library may furnish better chronological limits for this author than what I can do at present, relying mainly on the particulars gathered from the Catalogues. Madras Cata. XXI (1918) p. 8329 describes a Ms of Trivikrama's commentary. Adyar Mss Catalogue, Part II (1928), page 2 mentions a Ms of this commentary ( 29 G 5105-c:). 2. Aufrecht (CC I, 566) records only one Ms of this com- (Continued on next page:)

srmgaragupta mentions the names of his ancestors viz. nagagupta, harigupta, dharmagupta . dharmagupta ' appears to be the name of his father. It is difficult to locate the history of this family or identify these names in any contemporary works. " (15) Suksmadarsana² (name of the commentator is not given). The name Suksmadarsin "recorded by Aufrecht as commentator's name appears to be incorrect. (Continued from previous page) mentary viz. "Report XII" = No. 186 of 1875-76 in the Govt. Mss. Library (B. O. R. Inst.) This Ms begins :- om svasti || sriganesaya namah || srisaradayai namah || katham vasavadatakhyam subamdhuryam mahakavih | vyadhat samgaraguptosyah karoti laghupamcikam || " The Ms ends :- 68 'iti vasavadattavivrtih samapta | krtiriyam srmgaraguptasya iti sivam || nagaguptajjato hariguptaddharmaguptatanayadyah | vasavadatavivrtim cakara samgaragupta imamiti sivam || " The Cata. of Mithila Mss, Vol. II (1933, Patna), p. 141, records another Ms of laghupanjika ( No. 137) of srmgaragupta in Devanagari characters. dharmagupta, 1. Aufrecht (CC I, 268) mentions one (Son of who wrote in A. D. 1360. (Bendall Cata. p. 87). This gupta appears to be different from his namesake mentioned by srmgaragupta as his father or ancestor. An author of the name is mentioned in samksepasamkarajaya (Oxf. 258 b.). The name dharmagupta appears to be an old one. c, a Sramana of Southern India, translated several Buddhist works into Chinese between A. D. 590 and 616 (Vide p. 44 of Duff's Chronology of India ). In an inscription of about the 6 th Century A. D. from Gaya District, Bihar and Orissa, a Sakya mendicant of the name c is mentioned (Vide p. 246 - No. 1738 of Inscriptions of Northern India (Epi. Ind. XX) by D. R. Bhandarkar. 2. Aufrecht (CC I, 134) records this commentary by the entry: "Comm. by Govt. Ori. Library, Madras, 84." See, however, p. 8331 of Madras Catalogue, Vol. XXI, (1918) where this Ms is described. The author prefers to remain anonymous while the (Continued on next page)

(16) Kasirama' Before A. D. 1800. (17) Vasavadatta-Sthulatatparyartha available. No information In the foregoing brief record of commentaries on the Vasava. datta I have not included some more commentaries found in Catalogues as they were anonymous. Scholars interested in the study of the Vasavadatta may do well to study many of these commentaries, which though of later times are likely to throw unexpected light on some of the obscure words in the text of the Vasavadatta which is full of words with double meanings and hence has taxed the heads of many commentators as would be seen from the numerous commentaries mentioned in this paper. Hall in his edition of the Vasavadatta (Bib. Ind. 1859) refers to the following commentaries on the Vasavadatta :- - (1) By Jagaddhara Hall had 7 Mss of this commentary called af, one of which was in Tailanga characters. He gives the (Continued from previous page) name of the commentary is given as "" in two verses in the colophon one of which reads as follows:- " vyakhya vasavadattaya racita yena kenacit | kavicittapramathivyah samapta suksmadarsana || " 1. Aufrecht ( CC III, 120) records only one Ms of this commentary viz. "I. O. 543." The description of this Ms as recorded on p. 1556 of India Office Catalogue, VII, 1904, states that the MB contains detached annotations on the text hardly deserving the name of a commentary. The Ms ends :-" iti sri kasiramavacaspatikrta vasavadattatika samapta . aI. " The paper on which the Ms is written is Euro- ). The Ms is written in Bengali pean (bearing "water-mark 1805" characters. One H, son of Nyayalamkara wrote a commentary on the of (Vide p. 768-9 of I. O. Cata. IV, 1894). I am not sure if this mentator of the Vasavadatta. is identical with the com- 2. Aufrecht (CC III, 120) records only one Ms of this commentary. It is described in I. O. Mss Catalogue VII, 1904, p. 1558 (No. 4080). The Ms is written on European paper by one Bholaanatha Sarman of Viranagaragrama. No details about the work or author are recorded in the Catalogue.

following estimate of Jagaddhara's commentary on comparing it with that of Sivarama, published by him :- (Preface, p. 45)-" Jagaddhara, as compared with Sivarama, though he oftener takes note of various readings is more diffuse, is equally fanciful, and resorts less frequently to authority in justification of his comments. His errors are freely exposed by his successor and not invariably with unexceptionable courtesy. As I understand from his introduction he was not the first annotator of Subandhu -None older, however, seems to be now known." " (2) By Narasimha - Hall had only one Ms of this commentary. Particulars about this author and his work as given by Hall may be briefly noted here :- (i) N (= Narasimha) was a physician. (ii) N was presumably a native of Bengal. (iii) The Ms of N's commentary with Hall was in Bengali characters. (iv) N's commentary is of small value as it deals more with figures of rhetoric than with anything else. (v) Nothing positive can be said about N's age.2 1. Hall states that the date of Jagaddhara can be determined from the following quotations in his work :- (1) gitagovinda, ( 2 ) dhatusamgraha, (3) sabdabheda, (4) sabdaprakasa, (5) ratnavali, (6) uttaratantra, ( 7 ) vala, (8) vindhyavasin and ( 9 ) mattanaga . Speaking of sabdaprakasa Hall observes: "I have seen an imperfect copy of a sabda which was digested by some Muhammadan of note, vaguely " spoken of as khana nrpati ." The copy was transcribed in Samvat 1575" ( = A. D. 1519). Preface, p. 46. is a part of T- bhedaprakasa which is a supplement to visvaprakasa of mahesvara ( A. D. 1111). Vide p. xxvii of Intro. to Kalpadrukosa, I (1928, Baroda). Gitagovinda of Jayadeva is assigned to the 13 th century (Vide p. 219 of S. K. De's Poetics, Vol. I). I have tried to prove in my article on Jagaddhara's date that he flourished after A. D. 1300. This earlier limit harmonises with Jagaddhara's reference to a pointed out by Hall and also with the fact that Jagaddhara wrote a commentary on the Gitagovinda of which there are several Mss (See Mithila Mss Cata. II, 1933, Patna and Des. Cata. of Madras Mss, XX, p. 7997). 2. Vide my remarks about Narasimhasena made on pp. 274-275 (foot-note) of this volume.

(vi) One of his few authorities is 279 (vii) "He may have succeeded² Jagaddhara and Sivarama and he probably did but he does not allude to them while he speaks of one faurar in a manner to induce the conjecture that he may once have laboured as an interpreter of our story. (3) By Krsnabhatta Arde - Hall states that a rumour had reached him of a third commentary on the Vasavadatta by Krsnabhatta Arde. In the list of this author's numerous works recorded by Aufrecht' no mention of his commentary on the Vasava- 1. This work which appears to have been a vocabulary now lost has been mentioned by many commentators of the Vasavadatta like narayana diksita, jagaddhara, author of vidagdhavallabha, sarvacandra, etc. 2. My evidence tends to support the following chronology for these commentators :- jagaddhara (A. D. 1300-1400) narasimhasena sivarama (A. D. 1450-1500) (A. D. 1700-1725) 3. In the foot-note on p. 47 of Preface Hall describes this author as "A Maratha of Benares: Son of Ranganatha and pupil of one Hari. Among his works are huge commentaries on the fy, gadadhari and jagadisi . The second is called kasika or gadadharivivrti ; and the third manjusa or jagadisatosini, The gadadhari is by gadadharabhattacarya . The jagadisi by jagadisatarkalamkarabhattacarya . They annotated respectively the whole and a part of the didhiti of raghunatha siromanibhattacarya, which consiste of notes on the first two sections of gamgesa upadhyaya 's tattvacintamani, a celebrated treatise of Nyaya philosophy." 4. CC I, pp. 118-119 - Aufrecht states that was the son of , brother of T, rupil of e, of Benares. About 74 works of this author are recorded by Aufrecht. In CC II, 23 and CC III, 26 he is called son of c. In CC II, 114 we are told that one ranganatha arada son of mahadeva wrote dasakumaracaritapurvapithikasara (Stein 81). If this is the father of the genealogy of this author would be:- mahadeva + Son ramganatha + Son krsnabhatta (arade ) If Krsnabhatta died 150 years ago i.e. about A. D. 1771 according to S. Vidyabhushan the date of T would be about A. D. 1745 while HET would have the date A. D. 1720 or so. This probable chronology as also the genealogy recorded above needs further verification " arade from the works of Krsnabhatta and other sources. Perhaps is a Desastha Brahmin surname. "

*280 STUDIES IN INDIAN LITERARY HISTORY 66 datta is found. Satischandra Vidyabhushan in his History of Indian Logic (1921), p. 486, states that "Krsnabhatta Arde was a Maratha who wrote a gloss on Gadadhari called rc and one on Siromani's atafa while residing at Benares where he died about 150 years ago. The gloss has been printed in Telugu characters." It would be seen from the above remarks of Hall on the commentators of the Vasavadatta that their number as known to Hall was three only while in our present paper we have indicated the existence in Ms form of about 20 commentaries. It is now almost 90 years since Hall edited the Vasavadatta but no serious study of the commentaries on this important text has been undertaken by scholars. I trust, therefore, that my present survey of the probable chronology of some of these commentaries and indication of the Ms material with regard to each commentary would direct the attention of scholars to this problem at no distant date so that some of these commentaries may be published by them gradually." So far the following editions of the Vasavadatta have appeared :- (1) Text with comm. by Pt. R. V. Krishnamachariar, Vanivilas Press, Shrirangam, 1906. (2) Text with a Critical [Sanskrit ] comm. by T. V. Shrinivas achariar, Trichinopoly, St. Joseph's Press, 1906. (3) Text, translated by Louis H. Gray, Columbia University Press, New York 1913 (contains a reprint in Roman characters of the Madras edition of the Southern text, 1862) Indo- Iranian Series. (4) Text with comm. of Sivarama Tripathin (Bib. Indica, 1859) ed. by Hall, Calcutta. (5) Text with Sivarama's comm., Edited by Jivananda Vidyasagara (Calcutta, 1874). - (6) Do with J. Vidyasagara's commentary, 3 rd Edition, Cal. cutta, 1907.