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HAL Hal-[Skt. hala, rt. hal = to plough] (har)the country plough. For the various kinds of ploughs see adhahal, bakhar, chaukath, dabehri, dabihar, kachcha hal, khupra, khutahara, lotan, nagra, pakka hal. Do hal rao: ath hal rand ; Char hal ka bara kisana; Do hal kheti; ek hal bari; Ek bail se bhali kudari. 118 [Ten ploughs, a knight; eight ploughs, a squire; four ploughs, a thriving farmer; two ploughs are mere cultivation: one plough for a garden; but if you have only one ox, the spade is better.] Ek har hatya; do har kaj; Tin har kheti: char hal raj. [One plough is cruelty; two work; three husbandry; four a kingdom (i.e., he who has only one pair of oxen will overwork them; two will give him plenty to do.] Kikar patha; sirsi hal; Haryane ka bail; Thojha hali laeke, baitha chausar khel. [Though the body of your plough be acacia wood, the beam of mimosa, and your oxen of the Haryana breed, if you have a Jhojha for your ploughman, he will sit down and play pitch and toss. West districts. Sab kar har tar, Jo khasam sir par. [All work is under the plough if the master is over it.] The parts of the plough are as follows:- (a) the beam-to the west, hal, haras; to the east, har, haras, haris, harsa, harsi. (b) the body to the west, hal, har, kudh, kur, patha, agvasi; in Farrukhabad, kurha; in West Oudh and Rohilkhand, nisi, patho; in the east districts, jangha. (c) the handle or stilt usually hatha, hathili, hatheli, hateli, hateri, mutthiya, hathina, kili; to the east, parihath; in the Duanb and Rohilkhand, pareta, paretha. The top of the handle is chiraiya in Farrukhabad. (d) the notches on the beam by which the adjustment is altered in the east districts, arband, khura; in Kumaun, kila; in the west districts, ag, nahal, narhel, narheli, barnel, banel. (e) the sole in which the share is fixed-in the Upper Duab, panhari, panihari, parhari, parihari; in the east districts, khonpa, khonpi, khopo, khopi, khod; in the Lower Duab, chauhin; in Bundelkhand and the adjoining Duab districts, ankuri. (f) the share-usually phal, phar, phara, pharo, pahli, phari; the front part is in some places nasi; the circular piece of iron on the share to prevent its going too deep is in Oudh garvahi; and in other places chau, chhalla, phalpari, karna, karba, kanti, For the sharpening of the share see chandvana. (g) the pegs or wedges used to fasten the various parts together :- (1) the wedge fastening the beam into the body-generally og, pachar, pachari; in Oudh and Rohilkband, barail, birail, biraili; in the Duab and adjoining parts of Bundelkhand, ghangro; in Kumaun, HAL kila; in Bundelkhand, gadil, gandil, gandili. A second wedge is sometimes added, known as killi, kilri jot, manchi; in Kumaun, saila; in Oudh, machhotar. (2) the wedge or peg connecting the beam and body-usually dant; in the east districts, taraili; in the Dunb and Rohilkhand, pachhmasi, pachhvansa, pachhvansi. (3) the wedge which holds the share and sole in the body-to the east, pata, phannd; to the west, agaili, agvasi, agmasi, pachhel, pachhelu, pachhru, pachhvansa. (h) the single yoke-that with one bar-properly jud; and the yoke with double bars, jur, judr. But the terms jud, jur, to the west; juar, juuth, juathi, kanavar, to the east; manchi in Oudh; are used indiscriminately for both kinds of yokes. Where the double yoke is used, the upper bar is to the west jud and to the east balld; and the lower bar, juuth, jotha, palla, pata. The lower bar is to the west taroncha, tarmachi, tarvansi, taronchi, tarvanchi; in the Central Duab, macheri; to the east, tarayal or trail. The outer pin which joins the two bars is sail, saila; to the east, gulla; but this is often used of the inner bar, which is properly gat, gat, gata, gata, sambhal, samhal, simhal, pachai, pachar. The strings connecting these pins are to the east jodham; to the west, jot, jota, joti. The rope fastened to the yoke in the centre is in the east districts barha, nar. (i) the leather thongs which attach the yoke to the beam of the plough-to the east, divali, duali: the duuli are usually of leather, the others of rope; and elsewhere, nar, nara, nari, nareili, harnadha, nadha, nadhi, nandhi, nahna, jogra, barha. (j) the ropes which go round the necks of the oxen-to the east, jeoru, jeori, jevri, jenvar; to the west, jot, jota, joti, jotiyord. The rein or rope by which the oxen are guided is pagha; and the notches at the end of it, nurka. (k) the projecting knob in the middle part of the yoke is to the east khaddi, mahadeva; in East Oudh, kauri; in the Central Duab, saul; in Rohilkhand, kachhvd. (1) when the plough is fitted with mould-boards, it is called in East Oudh sir; if made of one piece of wood, the mould-boards are roh; and if of two, pakhli to the west and kani to the east; in Allahabad, kau. A bundle of grass fastened to the share for the purpose of widening the furrow for sugar-cane is to the east ledi. (m) the drill plough is bans, hansa : the bamboo pipe usually bans, bansa, akri, nal, nali, nari, samai; to the west, ornd, waira, wairna, kur, kuch, kudhiya; in parts of Bundelkhand, por; in Allahabad, mala, bansa; in Farrukhabad, nali, sel, bans. The cup at the najaro, chanti, chandi. ty Indira Gandhi National Centre Tor the Arts