Notes

¹ C. Minakshi; Administration and Social Life under the Pallavas, Madras, 1938, 1977; and T.V. Mahalingam; South Indian Polity, University of Madras, 1967.

² Discussion of this connectivity found in Thomas R. Trautmann, ‘Traditions of Statecraft in Ancient India’, in R.J. Moore, (ed.) Traditions and Politics in South Asia, New Delhi, 1979, p.102

³ Known also as Uttravetam (The ultimate Veda), Poyyamoli (The false-less word), Teyvanul (The divine book), Potumarai (The common Veda), Muppal (The three-fold path), and Tamilmarai (The Tamil Veda).

⁴ K.A.N. Sastri, The Colas, 1975, Madras, p.67

⁵ W.H. Drew & John Lazarus, Tirukkural, Asian Educational Services, New Delhi, 1991

⁶ K.A.N. Sastri, op.cit., p.66

⁷ B. Stein, All the Kings Mana, pp. 3, 10, 11

⁸ K.V. Zvelebil, The Smile of Murugan: On Tamil Literature of South India, E.J. Brill, Leiden, 1973, 23 ff; G. L. Hart, The Poems of Ancient Tamil: Their Milieu and their Sanskrit Counterparts, University of California Press, 1975, 147 ff

⁹ C. Minakshi, op.cit., pp.3-11

¹⁰ M.G.S. Narayanan opines that the later Cheras of Makotai follow the matrimonial line so they did not keep genealogies, discussed in Political and Social Conditions of Kerala under the Kulasekhara Empire. c. 800-1124 A.D’,

¹¹ C. Minakshi, op.cit, p.29, v. 2. II 4-6 in Kuram Plates of Paramesvaravarman, T.N. Subrahmanyan, (ed.) Thirty Pallava Copper Plates (Thirty Pallava Copper Plates, Madras 1996), Madras, 1996, p.46.

¹² R. Thapar, Ancient Indian Social History, p. 340

¹³ Bahur Plates, Thirty Pallava Copper Plates, Madras 1996, p. 268.

¹⁴ Thirty Pallava Copper Plates, Madras 1996; pp.27 & 12

¹⁵ J.C. Heesterman, ‘Power and Authority in Indian Tradition’, in R.J. Moore, (ed.) op.cit. p.65

¹⁶ Thirty Pallava Copper Plates, Madras 1996;pp.26-27

¹⁷ SII. Vol. I, p.12

¹⁸ Tamil Varalatruk Kalagam (ed.) Pandyar Ceppedukal Pattu (PCP), Madras, 1967, pp. 95-96, II. 6-11.

¹⁹ PCP, pp.101-2, II. 71-81.

²⁰ Kesavan Veluthat, The Political Structure of Early Medieval India, Orient Black Swan Delhi, 2012, pp. 51, 79.

²¹ Travancore Archaeological Series, (Travancore Archaeological Series), vol. III, pt. 1, pp.87-158

²² SII, Vol. III, pt. 3 pp. 382-439

²³ Epigraphica Indica, Vol. XXII, pp. 213-66.

²⁴ Epigraphica Indica, Vol. XV, pp. 44-72.

²⁵ G.W. Spencer, 'Heirs Apparent: Fiction and Function in Chola Mythical Genealogies', Indian Economic and Social History Review, Vol. XXI, no. 4, 1984, pp. 415-32

²⁶ Kesavan Veluthat, op.cit. p.48

²⁷ Kuram Plates, Thirty Pallava Copper Plates, Madras 1996, p.47; Kasakkudi Plates, Thirty Pallava Copper Plates, Madras 1996, p.159

²⁸ Unne Guravaya Palaiyam Plates, Thirty Pallava Copper Plates, Madras 1996, p.71

²⁹ Unne Guravaya Palaiyam Plates, Thirty Pallava Copper Plates, Madras 1996, p.71

³⁰ M.G.S. Narayanan and k. Veluthat, "Bhakti Movement in South India", in S. C. Malik (ed.), Indian Movements: Some Aspects of Dissent Protest and Reform, Simla, 1978

³¹ PCP, pp.6, 85, 87, 182, passim

³² K. Kailasapathy, Tamil Heroic Poetry, London, 1961.

³³ K.A. Nilakantha Sastri, The Colas, p.8; the story of the Sibis found in Puram 46.

³⁴ Ibid. and Larger Leiden Plates and Anbil Plates, cited above.

³⁵ R. Thapar, ‘Genealogy as a Source of Social History’, in R. Thapar, Ancient Indian Social History, Delhi, 1978, pp.326-60

³⁶ Kesavan Veluthat, ‘The Status of the Monarch: A Note on the Rituals Pertaining to Kingship and their Significance in the Tamil Country, 600-1200 A.D.’, in IHC Proceedings, 1982, p.61

³⁷ Thirty Pallava Copper Plates, Madras 1996, p.27, 1.14

³⁸ Thirty Pallava Copper Plates, Madras 1996, p.164, p.78.

³⁹ K.A.N. Sastri, op.cit. p.186

⁴⁰ Kulluka on Manu II, 31, 32, & R.S. Sharma, Sudras in Ancient India, 2^nd Edn., Delhi, 1980, pp. 219-220

⁴¹ T.V. Mahalingam, op.cit. p.46

⁴² K.G. Krisnan, Karandai Tamil Sangam Plates of Rajendra Chola I by K.G. Krisnan, V.9, p. 70

⁴³ Larger Leiden Plates, op.cit. v.8, p.239; and Tiruvalangadu Plates, op.cit. vv.31-32, p. 395

⁴⁴ Ibid. p.46

⁴⁵ Tiruvalangadu Plates, v. 72

⁴⁶ SII, V-IV, no.537, V-XIII, nos. 44. 46.

⁴⁷ N.Karashima, South Indian History and Society, Bombay, 1984, p.74

⁴⁸ P.V. Kane, History of Dhrmasastra, pp.1215-18

⁴⁹ K.A.N. Sastri, op.cit, pp. 125, 186, also found in SII, V-II, no.42, 1907, p.383

⁵⁰ P.V. Kane, History of Dhrmasastra, Vol.II, pt. 2, pp. 870-72

⁵¹ Velurpalaiyam Plates, Thirty Pallava Copper Plates, Madras 1996, V-II, 8-9, p.253

⁵² Burton Stein, op.cit, p.33

⁵³ K. Veluthat, op.cit. p. 68

⁵⁴ Brajadulal Chottopadhyaya, ‘Political Processes and the Structure of Polity in Early Medieval India’, in The Making of Early Medieval India, OUP, 1994.

⁵⁵ Pallava inscriptions in Thirty Pallava Copper Plates, Madras 1996

⁵⁶ J.D.M. Derrett, ‘Bhu-bharana, bhu-palana, bhu-bhojana: an Indian conundrum’, in Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, Vol. XXII, No. 11, 1959, pp.108-23

⁵⁷ Kasakkudi Plates, Thirty Pallava Copper Plates, Madras 1996, p.160, 1.43

⁵⁸ Indian Antiquity, IX, p.47, II-7-8

⁵⁹ Travancore Archaeological Series, Vol. I, no.34, V.9, p.132

⁶⁰ Tiruvalangadu Plates, V. 57, p. 396.

⁶¹ K.G. Krisnan, Karandai Tamil Sangam Plates of Rajendra Chola I by K.G. Krisnan, V. 35, p.72

⁶² K.G. Krisnan, Karandai Tamil Sangam Plates of Rajendra Chola I by K.G. Krisnan, V.39, p. 72

⁶³ Tiruvalangadu Plates, V. 57, p.396

⁶⁴ Larger Leiden Plates, V.19, p.240

⁶⁵ K.G. Krisnan, Karandai Tamil Sangam Plates of Rajendra Chola I by K.G. Krisnan, V. 47, P.73

⁶⁶ Ibid, v.46, p. 73

⁶⁷ Kanyakumari Plates, op.cit. v.75, p.147

⁶⁸ Tiruvalangadu Plates, op. cit. v.69, p.397

⁶⁹ Ibid. V.70

⁷⁰ Thirty Pallava Copper Plates, Madras 1996, p. 125, 1.7

⁷¹ The Kanyakumari inscription of Vira Rajendra, Travancore Archaeological Series, III, p.143

⁷² Several Pallava Plates in Thirty Pallava Copper Plates, Madras 1996, p. 71, p.279, p.286, etc.

⁷³ R.Thapar, ‘Dana and Daksina as Forms of Exchange’, in Ancient Indian Social History, New Delhi, 1 978

⁷⁴ K. Veluthat, op.cit. p. 70

⁷⁵ PCP, p.192, II. 63-64

⁷⁶ Indian Antiquity, IX, 1880, p.47, II 1-7

⁷⁷ R.S. Sharma, Aspects of Political Ideas and Institutions in Ancient India, Delhi, 1991, p.307

⁷⁸ In Pallava grants, Velvikudi plates and other plates

⁷⁹ Pandya Sinnamanur Plates, Tamil Varalatruk, Kalagam, (ed.) Pandyar Ceppedukal Pattu, Madras, 1967, p.75, 1.11, and Rajaraja’s meikrirti cited earlier

⁸⁰ Kuram Plates, Thirty Pallava Copper Plates, Madras 1996, p.46,, II, 4-6

⁸¹ Ibid, p.47, II, 14-15

⁸² Ibid.

⁸³ PCP, p.6

⁸⁴ Ibid.

⁸⁵ Anbil Plates, Epigraphica Indica, Vol. XV, No. 5, vv.5-7, p.59; Larger Leiden Plates, Epigraphica Indica, Vol. XXII, No. 34, v.3, p.238; Tiruvalangadu plates, SII, Vol. III, No.205, v.4, p.393.

⁸⁶ SII, 1920, No.3, 205

⁸⁷ Epigraphica Indica, 1919-20, Vol.15, No.5, 68, trs. by T.A. Gopinatha Rao

⁸⁸ Padma Kaimal, “Early Cola Kings and 'Early Cola' Temples: Art and the Evolution of Kingship”, Artibus Asiae, 66.1, 1996, p.60

⁸⁹ Ibid.

⁹⁰ K.A. Nilakantha Sastri; The Colas, pp. 647-52

⁹¹ K.G. Krisnan, ‘Hero Stone Inscriptions of the Pallava Times,’ in R. Nagaswamy; (ed.) Seminar on Hero-Stones, Madras, quoted in S. Setter;‘Memorial stones in South India,’ S. Setter & G.D. Sontheimer (eds.) Memorial Stones: A Study of their Origin, Significance, and Variety, Darwad and Heidelberg, 1982, p.187.

⁹² H. Kulke, The Devaraja Cult, New York, 1978

⁹³ Yasushi Ogura, ‘The Changing Concept of Kingship in Cola Period,’ in N. Karashima; (ed.) Kingship in Indian History, op.cit. p.129

⁹⁴ B. Venkataraman, Rajarajesvaram -The Pinnacle of Chola Art, Madras, 1985, p.74; S.R. Balasubramoniyam, Later Chola Temples, Kulottunga I to Rajendra III, Faridabad, 1979, p. 167-71

⁹⁵ K.A. Nilakantha Sastri, op.cit. p.399

⁹⁶ B.G.L. Swamy, ‘The Golaki School of Saivism in the Tamil Country,’ Journal of Indian History, 53, 1975, pp.167-209

⁹⁷ Jun Takashima, ‘Early History of the Saiva Matha: 8^th To 13^th Century’, (in Japanese) 1989, p.48, cited in Yasushi Ogura, ‘The Changing Concept of Kingship in Cola Period’, op.cit. p.141

⁹⁸ Yasushi Ogura, op.cit, p. 133

⁹⁹ Jayankondar, Kalingattuparani, Canto 10, song 247 (Translated from Puliyur Kesikan, Kalingattuparani: Telivurai), Parinilayam, Chennai, 2008

¹⁰⁰ Ibid., song 263

¹⁰¹ Ibid, song 264

¹⁰² Ottakuttar, Kulottunga-Cholanula, (translated from Kavichakravarti Ottakuttar Iyartriya Kulottunga-Cholanula: Vilakkavurai), by Ti. Sangupulavar, South Indian Saiva Sidhanta Publishing Works Society, Tirunelveli, 1967

¹⁰³ The epigraphic references related to Stambhesvari are mostly found from the highlands of Orissa (the Kalahandi, Baudh, Sonpur, Kendujhar and Dhenkanal areas).

¹⁰⁴ Y.R. Gupte,’Kondedda Grant Of Dharmaraja,’ Epigraphica Indica, 19, 1927-28, PP. 265-71, p. 266

¹⁰⁵ Allahabad Plates of Panduvamsi king Nannaraja; Sirpur inscription of Panduvamsi queen Vasata and the Dhenkanal Plates of Sulki king Kulastambha.

¹⁰⁶ The epigraphic references related to Stambhesvari are mostly found from the highlands of Orissa (the Kalahandi, Baudh, Sonpur, Kendujhar and Dhenkanal areas).

¹⁰⁷ H. Kulke, Royal Temple Policy, op.cit. p. 130

¹⁰⁸ U. Singh suggested it as ‘changing personal predilections of the kings’, op.cit. pp.118-119

¹⁰⁹ H. von Stietencron, ‘The Date of Jagannatha Temple: Literary Sources Reconsidered,’ in Sidelights on the History and Culture of Orissa, M.N. Das, (ed.), Cuttack, 1977, p.527

¹¹⁰ S.N. Rajguru, op.cit., 3, pt. 2: L II

¹¹¹ H. von Stietencron, op.cit., pp.22-23

¹¹² H. Kulke, ‘Early Royal Patronage of the Jagannatha Cult,’ in The Cult of Jagannatha and the Regional Tradition of Orissa, pp. 139-56, New Delhi, 1978, p.13956