Chapter 12-15 - The Rekha Temple (architectural details)

General Apportionment of Parts. It has been pointed out in a previous chapter that the horizontal components of a Rekha temple have little relation to the vertical components. We shall therefore deal with the vertical and the horizontal components in separate chapters. LX. Names of vertical segments and the meaning of the terms From an examination of the accompanying plate, it will be evident that the bara of the Rekha temple Is composed of a number of broad subdivisions, each of which is capable of being resolved into a number of finer elements. The principal components of the bara are the pabhaga or the division corresponding to the foot (i. e. the base), the jangha or the shin and the baranda, which is a set of mouldings crowning the bara. The gandi (lit. the trunk of the body) or the curvilinear tower is composed of different elements along the various pagas. The construction also varies in different varieties of the Rekha temple; but in all of them, one feature is common, viz. that the outermost paga is subdivided into a number of bhumis or planes, each of which is composed of a number of mouldings surmounted by a miniature amla, called the bhumi-amla or amla of the plane. The other pagas may have sikharas or miniatures of Rekha temples carved upon them for the sake of decoration.

92 ORISSAN ARCHITECTURE After the gandi comes the bisama (lit. the irregular one), which is also called the bedi or altar. The curvilinear tower ends with the bedi, and is followed by the mastaka. The mastaka (a name which has been coined for the sake of convenience) is made up of the beki or throat, followed by the amla and the khapuri or skull; this being surmounted by a kalasa or water-pot and the ayudha or weapon of the deity to whom the temple is consecrated. It is clear from a study of the above terms that the Rekha temple has been likened to the human body. This conception of the temple is even more clear in the tradi-, tional saying of the silpins that the Rekha is male and the Bhadra female, attached to one another in a state of sexual union. But there is nothing in the silpasastras to support the traditional view except a meagre reference in (5) to a certain Rekha temple as the pungsa bimana or the male temple. The other concept which has also entered in the construction of the Rekha temple is that of a mountain. Sikhara literally means the peak of a mountain; so that, when a temple is described as having sikhatas upon it, the artist was evidently thinking of it as something akin to a mountain. LXI. A proposed classification according to the nature of the bara In the silpasastras, Rekha temples have not been classified according to their vertical components, still we shall try to do so on the basis of certain observed facts.

☑ Bandhana, upar jangha and baranda Sari Deul, Bhubaneswar

 

THE REKHA TEMPLE 93 From an examination of the temples of Bhubaneswar, it appears that all the temples which can definitely be assigned to a comparatively earlier epoch on the evidence of epigraphy or sculptural style, have a bara composed of three elements, vix. pabhaga, jangha and baranda. There are as many as sixteen or seventeen temples of this order in the village of Bhubaneswar itself. It is only in the later temples that: we find the bara being divided into five portions, namely the pabhaga, the tala jangha or lower jangha, the bandhana or the bond, the upar jangha or the upper jangha and the baranda. In subsequent quotations from the silpasasfras, it will be found that Rekha temples having three elements in their bara have a ratio of 1:3 between the length of the garbha or sanctum and the total height of the temple. But this ratio increases from 1:4 to 1: 5 or more in the case of Rekhas having five elements in their bara. It might even increase to about 1:7 as in the temples of Konarak or Puri. The fri-anga (a name coined to denote a three-segmented) bara has a wider distribution than the pancha-anga bata in Orissa. The temples of Khiching and Baud belong to the former variety 3 B so do the temples of Telkupi in the neighbouring district of Manbhum. ; 1 These temples are also characterisd by the following traits : (1) an absence of accompanying Bhadra temples, (2) an absence of sikharas in the gandi, (3) a depression demarcating the bara from the gandi, (4) an ornamental pilaster before the frontal raha paga, (5) the presence, in many cases, of an octagonal structure in place of the kalasa at the top. This object has been described as a lingam by Banerji.

9.4 ORISSAN ARCHITECTURE The panchanga variety, though more numerous, is limited in distribution. It is also exemplified by one temple in Telkupi, which is traditionally said to have been built by the Gajapati King of Puri and where, even to this day, the ceremony of Chhata-parab is performed in his name. As the inclusive area of the tri-anga type in Orissa is wider than that of the panchanga variety, which is central in distribution with reference to it, we can definitely conclude that the tri-anga is the earlier Orissan type of bara, the panchanga being a development of later origin. It may be noted in this connection that outside Orissa, the fri-anga type of bara has a much wider distribution than the panchanga type. The former appears in Bajaura in the Punjab Himalayas ; at Osian in Rajputana; in miniature shrines at Sarnath and Vindhyachal in the United Provinces; in similar miniatures at Jubbulpore in the Central Provinces; in certain temples at Omkareswar, Orchha and Ujjain in Central India and at Saripalli in the Vizagapatam district. The panchanga type of bara appears locally, outside Orissa, at Baijnath and Chamba in the Punjab Himalayas and at Khajuraho in Central India. Hence we can reasonably conclude that the trianga type of bara is something earlier and different from the panchanga type, which arose locally in certain restricted areas and never came to be as widely distributed as the earlier fri-anga type. In their present form, the silpasastras seem to have been codified after the development of the panchanga type in Orissa, when the tri-anga type had already fallen into oblivion. For there are only two references to the

Cena anat al Teatriman Gandi of Mohini Temple, Bhubaneswar

 

THE REKHA TEMPLE 95 latter in one rescension of the Bhubanapradipa and even there, it has suffered considerably from insufficiency and subsequent mutilation. LXII. Specifications of a tri-anga Rekha temple (ka) dopadma bhaga grama kathi ale 16 pista 4 pabhaga 6 jamgha 13 varandi 2 sandati carasa 2 erupere pancuratha sadhiba agu 2 bhagaka nagapani kariba 3 bhaga dalajhara (1) khakharamundika ara ade nagapatni gelavai kariba | anurathe ehimata afra | rahare ehimati pabhage gotae sikhara kariba dui pakhe jalantara kariba kariba dui pakhe gelavai simgha kariba | taha pakhe jalantara kariba | taha pakhe nagapani kariba | varanda tale pherapada | chapara muha ho sa 1010101 sri ( 1085-6 prah ) 62. In the Dui-padma temple, the garbha is 1 kathi or 16 an. in length; the pista is 4, pabhaga 6 jangha 13, barandi 2, the sandati 2 an wide. In this manner, build the temple as a pancharatha one. In front, place figures of Naga-females; (carve) petals; at the side of the khakhara-mundi, place figures of female Nagas and the gelabai scroll-work. In the anuratha paga, make it SO. In the raha paga, at the level of the pabhaga, build a sikhara; on both sides of which, place niches. On both sides, carve the gelabai and figures of lions. Beside that, place figures of female Nagas. Beneath the baranda, (carve) reversed petals pointing towards the roof. LXIII. The tri-anga Ratnasara (ka) nasara prasada hataka grabha kathi ale 16 pabhaga 4 jamgha 8 phula- mu ust varana 2 rekhagandi 25 vedi 2 veka ala kapuri hoi pa 5 kalasa 4 A

96 ORISSAN ARCHITECTURE cakra 3 | maharanvarane samrame karatua | mondole srikhandi mahasaharitijita ratnasara bhaga samapata | garbhaku bada na utha | 5| ( 142 prh ) 63. In the Ratnasara temple, the garbha being one cubit or 16 an, the pabhaga should be 4, the jangha 8, the baranda (of phula-mundi type ?) 2, the rekha-gandi 25, the bedi 2, beki, amla and khapuri together equal to 5, the kalasa 4 and the discus 3. garbha (which is 16), the wall should be It is clear from the above passage that the height of the fri-anga Ratnasara temple is 3 times the length of the garbha. In panchanga temples, this ratio rises from 1 : 4 to 1 : 5 and above. in relation to the in thickness. (See No. 17 in Chapter XV. for the horizontal specifications of this temple.) LXIV. The general apportionment of parts in panchanga Rekha temples By the height of a temple is meant the distance between the base of the pista and the top of the khapuri. The following is a list of all the different types of Rekha temples which we find in the Bhubanapradipa. e (1) (ka) suvarnakutaprasada kathi a 16 garbha pista 4 pabhaga 5 dui jamgha 8 madhye bamdhana || || varana 5 rekha 30 vedi 2 veka apala kapuri hoi & kalasa 6 cakra 4 maharanarane samrame karatua | mondo srikhandi mahasahasra- nirjita || sri || ( prh 143 ) and (cha) ( 10 puh ) | (2) (cha) deulagarbha kathi akula sola pita 6 pabhaga 6 dui yamgha 10 e madhye vandhana varanda 6 rekhagandi 30 veda 2 veka 4 amla 4 kapuri 2 |||0 khura a 2 dama 7 dori adhe cangada 2 kanti 2 pa pheni 2 muhanta 2 |0 (204 pr .) (3) (kha) deulagarbha kathi anga16la paabhaga cha | dui yamgha a 10

Paga and dhara in Mangaleswar Temple, Bhubaneswar. !

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em madhye bandheni a 2 | tripati eka ada 1 | kalana khura 3 kalasa (4) (kha) deula garbha 10 e madhye vandhana 2 | THE REKHA TEMPLE 97 varana 6 rekhagandi a 36 vedi a 2 veka a 3 ala a 4 | kapuri muhanti a 1 kapuri ma 3 ... cakra bha 5 gena | ( 24 -5, 28 prh ) kathi a16ngulaku pista 6 payabhaga 6 dui yamca rekha 32 visama 2 veka 3 tripati 1 ala 4 kapuri muhanti 1 kapuri mariba 2 |||0 umca 2 ||0 (82 prh ) (5) (ka) vivanabhaga grahakathi amgula 16 pista 5 pabhaga 6 vandhana 12||0 dui jamgha dasa amgula 10 varana 6 rekhagandi ucca 34 cedi 2 || veka tini agu dui pa 2 ||0 ala cara amgula pa 40 kapuri cari angula pa 40 || kalasa sata amgula dui pa 7 ||0 cakra cari 4 |||0 || ( 136 prh ) (6) (ka) mulasrivacha garbha sola pita 6 pabhaga 6 dui jamgha 10 e madhye vandhana 2 varana 6 rekha 36 ceka aela kapuri hoim va 12 kalasa ae cakra pa 5 ( 144 prh ) (7) (ka) srivachana divadhana bhaga grabha 16 pista pabhaga 6 dui jamgha 6 bamdhana 2 varana 6 rekhakhandi pancatirisi amgula 35 visama dui amgula 2 veka tini amgula dui pa kapuri cari amgula 4 | kalasa sata amgula dui pa 7 ||0 cakra 4 |0 ( 141 prh ) (8) (ka) duipadma bhaga garbhakathi amgule 16 pista 5 pabhaga dui jamgha 10 e madhye vandhana 2 varana cha 6 rekha 36 vedi 2 veka apala kapuri hoim 12 kalasa a 8 cakra 5 ( 136-7 prh ) (1) (kha) e mahaprasada devala garbha kathi a 16 ku ( pista 6 pabhaga ) a 6 '' yamdha ... 5vandhaniku (I+II+II)) upara yamgha a 5 ... varana 6 . rekhagandi 36 vedo ma 2 veka ucca (3) tripati 1 ala bahala 4 .. kapura muhanti 2 kapuri bahala 2 ||0 kalasa khura 2 hathipata a 2 | dori pae 10 cangada 1 ||0 kathi pae 10 camgudo ||0 ghadi vahala 2 (88-10 prh ) 13

98 ORISSAN ARCHITECTURE (10 ) deda garbhakathi amgula 16 pista 6 pabhaga 6 dui yamgha 10 e madhye vandhani 2 varanda 6 rekha 36 vima 2 veka 3 tripati 1 ala 4 kapuri muhata 1 kapuri 2 |0 mariba 3 khura 3 kalasa 6 ( 76,80,85 prh ) Besides this, (ka) prh 138, 117, 114 and 105 and (cha) prh 160-1, 1680 202, 204 give the same general specification. (11 ) (ka) maha badabhibhaga prama kathi angule 16 pista 6 angula padabhaga uca cha angula 6 dui jamgha 10 e madhye vandhana 2 varanda cha 6 rekha 36 vedi 2 ||0 veka 4 ala 4 kapuri 4 kalasa 8 cakra 5 ( 107, 110, 111, 120-5, 140 puh ) (12 ) (ka) kailasa garbha kathi akule 16 pista 6 pabhaga 6 jamdha 5 vandana 2 upara jamgha 5 varanda 6 rekha 36 vedi 2 ||0 veka 4 ala 4 ||0 kapuri 4 ||0 kalasa cakra pa 5 ( 116 prh ) Name of the temple Garbha 6 o Baranda y Mulasreebachha 16 6 6 5 2 5 Brishava Garura 16 66 5 2 5 6 Ratnasara Astasree Duipadma 16 5 6 5 ( Name ?) 16 X 6 U 5 2 22 5 Vi vi 5 6 6 Maha Baravi Maha Kailasa Garura 16 66 5256 Ratnasara Sreetaru Maha Meru 16 6 6 5 ( Name ?) 16 6 6 5 (Name ?) 16 6 6 5 (Name ?) 16 6 652 2222 ja 5 6 5 6 5 6 5 6

LI Part of gandi of the Lingaraja Temple showing Sikharas the Anuratha paga

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ས། THE REKHA TEMPLE 99 99 Name of the temple Bqq 38) (Name ?) 16 6 6 Brishava 16 6 6 Maha Meru 16 6 6 (Name ?) 16 6 6 (Name ?) 16 4 6 Kailasa 16 6 s Pista Pabhaga Tala UT VT VI VI Jangha 5 5 5 5 5 6 5 222222 5 5 5 5 in in in inn 5 5 Upara Jangha ○ Baranda 6 6 6 6 6 6 Sribachhanadi bardhana 16 6 6 412 2 412 6 Bibana 16 5 6 Bibana 16 6 6 Mula Sreebachha 16 6 6 Subarna kuta 16 4 5 4 Ratnasara 16 6 6 5 22 555575 12 5 6 5 6 5 1% 4 2 5 6 *56 36 & ? 4 4 4 8 00 ya 5 78 Gandi & Bisama Beki Amla Khapuri Khura of kalasa Kalasa Chakra Total height 2 in angulas Name of the temple Mulasreebachha Brishava Garura 36 & 2 Ratnasara Astasree Duipadma 36 & 2 (Name ?) 36 & 2 Maha Baravi Maha Kailasa Garuga Ratnasara Sreetaru 444.85 80 444.85 4 4 4 8 5 79 36 & 2 4 44 444.85 801/

100 Name of the temple Gandi & Bisama ORISSAN ARCHITECTURE Beki Amla Khapuri Khura of kalasa Kalasa Chakra Total height in angulas Maha Meru X & 2 4 (Name ?) 36 & X 4 (Name ?) X & 2 (Name ?) 36 & 2 4 (Name ?) 36 & 2 4 Brishava 36 & 2 4 Maha Meru 36 & 2 (Name ?) 36 & 2 +++ + + + + + 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 * * * * ¬ ¢ 7 4 4 4 4 4 Mmx 8 3 9 80 3 9 80 ? X 9 80 ? 834 80 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 312 2 3 7 2 2 9 80 9 80 9 80 X 7912 (Name ?) 36 & 212 4 5 4 8 5 791/2 • Kailasa 36 & 2 4 412 412 Kalasa & Sribachhanadi Chakra 5 8112 bardhana 35 & 2 3 4 4 72 42 82/2 Bibana 34 & 2 32 44 44 71/2 434 7612 Bibana 32 & 2 4 3 3 9 5 74 Mula Sreebachha 32 & 2 4 4 334. 7534 Subarna kufa 30 & 2 3 3 3 6 4 641/2 • Ratnasara 30 & 2 4 4 4 2342 ? 723/4 The ratio of the length of the garbha and the height of the temple can be thus arranged in the following table: 1. 16: 641/2 or 1: 4 2. 16: 723/4 3. 16: 74 4. 16: 7534 5. 16: 7612 6. 16: 78 7. 16: 79 8. 16: 7912 9. 16: 80 or 1: 5 10. 16: 80% 11. 16: 8112

5 116 Curvature of the gandi. §LXXV

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THE REKHA TEMPLE LXV. Different specifications for panchanga type. 101 baras of the The bara of the Rekha can be divided according to one of the four following specifications; the proportion of the pabhaga: tala jangha: bandhana: upar jangha : baranda being (1) 6:52:5;6 or (2) (3) 6:5:112: 5: 6 or (4) 6:4 1/2 2: 41: 6 or 5:4: 12: 4: 5.

XIII. The Rekha Temple : Detailed vertical specifications It must be borne in mind that all the following measurements refer to a temple of which the garbha is 16 an. X 16 an., except where otherwise stated. The unit of measurement is an an. LXVI. The Pabhaga (ka) ( ratnasara mandire ) pabhaga cha a 6 ethi panca kama kariba | khura kariba amgule = 0 suta || kalasa kariba amgule = 10 suta | pata kariba tera suta ||| - 1) sutare pae || kani kariba tera suta |||- 1) sutare pae || vasanta kariba tera suta |||-11) sutare pae || ( 120 prh ) pabhaga 6 angulaku || pavakamara khura kariba angule suta | khura mariba muculi sariki angule 14 suta || dasa suta kalasa buliva mareni angule 2 suta ||0|| | cauda kalasa angule 21 || pata bahala tera suta |||} sutare deda pa || kani bahala tera suta ||| - sutare deda pa | vasanta bahala tera suta deda pa pae (gae ?) panca kamaku cha angula 6 || ( 102-3 prh ) (kha) khuga muhanta khura bhaga 1 || - ) kalasa a 10 ghanti kanthika vasanta hoiba a 2 ||0 gae a 6 ( 88 prh ) (If the garbha is 32 should be 12 an. high. in the following manner ) an. square, then the pabhaga The 12 an, should be divided khura muhanti a 1 || ). khura mariba a 1 11=). piड़ा ksa su =). mucili 4 gae khura bahala 3 |||]. kalasa vahala a 3 ll) · ku dama bahula 1 =). dori vahala 6 suta kandha 1 ) pati ||| suta pata

5 ☑ m ma The Mastaka. §LXXX The Kalasa. §LXXXII

 

THE REKHA TEMPLE 103 a || = kani a 1 ||) vasanta a 5 || gae pancakamaku paabhaga ucca a 12 | ( 61 prh ) (cha) khura 6 kalasa 6 pata 3 = kani 3 ) vasanta 3 ) (12 prh ) QIU & FFH & REJ REJ REJ (133 T: ) pada pancakama satara bhage 17 na suta || khura 4 kumbha 4 pata 3 - kani 3 = ) vasanta 3 = ) (?) gae satara bhaga na suta 17- ) (26 prh ) khora 4 kumbha 4 pata 3 ) kani 3 ) vasanta 3 ) (133 prh ) 66. The ratio of the different mouldings of the pabhaga, viz. the khura, kumbha, pata, kani and basanfa will be according to one of the following tables : 131 13 131 13 (1) 178 15 : 16 16 16 133/8 133/8 133/8 (2) 17: 15: 16 16 16 13% 131/3 1313 (3) 178115/16 : 16 16 16 (4) 9:9: 33/16 : 33/16 : 33/16 (5) 4 : 33/16 : 33/16 : 33/16 4:4: The batter of the khura will be equal to its height If the kalasa be 15, its batter will be 118. The pabhaga illustrated in the accompanying plate has the following dimensions; the muhanti of the khura is 12, the khura is ?, the pirha 3/8, the muchuli 1/4 (?), the total height of the khura being 313/16. Its batter is 11/16 an. In the kalasa, the dama is 1 1/4, dori 3/8, kandha 1/2, pati 34, their sum being 3 1/2 an. The pata and kani are each 15/8 an. high. The basanta is 13 an. ; the sum of the five mouldings being 12 1/2 an. I

104 ORISSAN ARCHITECTURE LXVII. Another specification for the pabhaga | rasaramive vastana | khuraka vedabhagena || sesa bhagena muculi || ( 28 prh ) kariba | bhaga 1 ka | muhuta kariba kanika tina bhaga kariba | dui bhaga kalasa tini bhaga kariba | dui bhaga | tala bhaga 3 | upara bhaga tini bhaga (ka) padha़bhira (bha ?) ga janumatara | vedabhagena kumbhaka | vasantamekabhagena || eve padabhaga janima | khura tinabhaga 11- deda bhaga | khura mariba agha bhage | dui panta mabi | bhage muculi kariba | talakku bulaiba | bhaga 1 dui bhaga kariba | bhagaka kadha marisa | bhage pahata mariba | pata tina bhaga kariba | bhagaka muhuta kariba | dui bhaga pahanti mariba | bhageka kandha pati kariba | kariba || eka pahanti mariba bhaga eka dui bhaga kariba udapati bha 1 kanthi kariba bhaga 1 kani ehirupe kariba | vasanta ehirupe kariba | ( 68-6 prh ) eve pabhaga janima | khura tina bhaga kariba kalasa tini bhagaru dui bhaga talaku vulaiva | cangada ucca cari bhaga kariba | gae 10 bhaga kariba | khura tini bhaga kari bhagaka khura pasiba | khura tini bhagara bhage muhuta | khura mariba 1 || bhaga pahanta khura 6 bhaga muhutha 3 | khura mari 6 panda 2 muculi bhaga 1 | 2 muculi bhage 1 || dui bhaga gae vara 12 || ( 102 prh ) 67......khura should be 4 measures, the kumbha 4 measures, basanta 1 measure ; at the end there should be a muchuli + • LXVIII. The set-back of the pabhaga from the pista (ga) badadeula pabhaga pacha hoiba angulare dui (pa ?) (158 prh ) 68. In the principle temple (i. e. in the Rekha), the pabhaga should be set back 1/2 an. from the pista. LXIX. The tala jangha (ka) talajata pa 5 amgula | ethi vahiba khakharamundi | ( 104,120 prh ) naravirala gajaviala || ete upara jangha ( 26 prh )

THE REKHA TEMPLE 105 yamca (kha) eve yamgha janima | yamgha bhaga pratiguna avartakalam | ' ...... | ucca hoiba 6 bhaga kariba | dui yamgha mundipada kariba | bahala 2 mundi kariba bha 4 pita bahala kariba bha 1 pakhara ( khakhara ?) vahala kariba bha 4 | kalasa kariba bha 1 "" (26 prh ) jamgha bhaga janima | jamghabhaga pratidiguna | urddhabhagadata kala jamgha bhaga 12 bhagaku kariba mundipada 2 bhaga kariba | bhaga kariba | pidabhage 1 kariba | mundi bhaga jagha cari khakhara tini bhaga kariba | | | galaka ala bha 1 kariba | kapuri madhya karisa kariba | ( 70 prh ) ( In a temple of which the garbha is 32 an. X 32 an., the jangha should be 10 an. high) yamgha a 10 ru vara bhagaku mundipada 10 ) mundi yamca a 3 |0) pida vahala a 1 ) khakhara vahala a 1 = khakhara 2 || khakhara khata 3 suta kalasa || suta ( 61 prh ) Regarding the niches at the level of the fala jangha, placed where the different pagas meet, it is said that they should take off 1/4 from the sides " ( of the width of the khakharamundis ? ). (cha) jalantara pae kakhaja ( 32 prh ) antara paye kakhajari ( 234 prh ) 69. Figures of nara-viralas and gaja-viralas should be placed in the fala jangha. Khakhara-mundis should be set in the fala jangha. The height of the jangha should be divided into 12 portions, which should be distributed in the following manner. (1) The pada of the mundi 2, the jangha of the mundi 4, the pitha 1, the khakhara 4 and kalasa 1 ; or ( 2 ) the pada 2, the jangha 4, the pitha 1, the khakhara 4, the kanti and amla 1. 14

106 ORISSAN ARCHITECTURE • The illustration given is that of a khakhara mundi in a temple of which the garbha is 32 an. X 32 an. The 10 angulas of the jangha are distributed in the following manner : the pada 3/4, the jangha 31 / 2, the pitha 1 /8, the khakhara 11/8, the khakhara 25 / 8, the recess between the khakharas 3/8, and the kalasa 7/8 an. LXX. The set-back of the tala jangha (ka) pabhagaku jangha paksa hoiva dvipa ( 66 - 100 prh ) 70. The tala jangha should be set back 1/2 an. from the pabhaga. LXXI. The Bandhana (ka) bandhana 3 varandi muli vasanta 3 kama sari vahala || ( 66 prh ) bandhana dui angulaku | tini kama sari varandi noli vasamta ( 104 prh ) bamdhana dui amgula 2 e ethi tini kama kariba | varani kariba dasa suta || sutare egara visva | noli kariba dasa suta || vasanta kariba dasuta ||2) sutare egara visa | 121 prh ) sutare egara visa | (kha) vandheni 2 angula kari tini bha 3 bhandhana pusta bhagena 1 varandi toli vasantaka ( 26-7 prh ) bhaga bandhani kariba dui a 2la | arius kariba |1| bhagaka loli kariba |1| taha tini bhaga kariba | bhaga va bhagaka vasanta kariba | (70 - 1 prh ) (If the garbha of the temple be 32 an. sq., than the ) bandhani 4 mamgula kuvarandi vahala 21 - suta | loli a 1 /-) suta vasanta a 1 cari suta | gae bandhani bahala a 4 ngula | ( 61 prh ) | 1 There are two illustrations of the bandhana in (3), in which it is constituted by five mouldings of equal height (Pp. 32 and 234).

Ruined Rekha Temple at Telkupi, Manbhum i

 

THE REKHA TEMPLE 107 71. The bandhana should be formed by three or five mouldings. The mouldings should either be barandi, noli, basanta or barandi, noli, pata, kani, basanta. In the case of a temple of which the garbha is 32 an. square, the barandi should be 13 / s an, the noli 13 / s and the basanta 11/4, their sum being 4 an. LXXII. The Upar Jangha (ka) parijangha kaina nivesyat | khedanila sosobhita | upara jamgha pa 5 angula | tamhi pida munditie hoiba || ( 26 prh ) ( 104 prh ) upara jamgha panca amgula 5 ethi pida mundi kariba || ( 121 prh ) (kha) ura pacha jamgha vara bha 12 kariba | dui bhaga mundipada kariba | cari 4 bhaga mundi jamgha kariba | pida caribhaga kariba | veka ala kapuri bhageka kariba |1| kalasa bhageka kariba | 5 | ( 71 prh ) |1| (If the garbha be 32 an. square) upara yamgha a 10 ku mundi pa vahala 1 ||| suta |5| mundi yamgha 3 ) mundi pida vahala a 1 ) dutia pida vahala a 1 trtia pida vahala III) | veka pae | ala pae kalasa su 14 ta | gae a 10 | ( 61-2 prh kapuri pae | 72. Female figures ( kanya ) should be placed in niches at the junction of different pagas in the upar jangha. There should be a pirha mundi in the upat jangha. Divide the height of the pitha mundi into 12 parts ; of which the pada should be constituted by 2, the jangha by 4, the pitha by 4, the beki-amla-khapuri by 1 and the kalasa by 1 part. If the garbha be 32 an. square, then, in the mundi, the pada should be 13/4, the jangha 31 / 2, the first pitha 135 / 8, the second pitha 1, the third pitha 7/8, the beki 1/4, the amla 1/4, the khapuri 1/4, and the kalasa 7/8 an.

108 ORISSAN ARCHITECTURE LXXIII. The Baranda (ka) varanda cha angula 6 maidhyare dasakama varandi dasa suta dui pa sutare pheni dasa suta dui pa sutare | kani dasa suta dui pa sutare | vahiba || e dasakama sari vahala | dui pa sutare | pata dasa suta noli dasa suta dui pa sutare | pata dasa suta dui pa sutare | kani dasa suta dui pa sutare | noli dasa suta dui pa sutare | kera dasa suta dui pa sutare | sutare | gae dasakamaku 6 akula 6 ( 104-5 prh ) varana cha amgula || 6 || varani kariba dasa suta | vasanta egara suta dui pa ethi dasa kama kariba | dasakama sari vahala | prathame pheni dasa suta || pata dasa suta || kani dasa pata dasa suta ||3) kani dasa suta || suta suta ||1=) loli dasa suta ||3) noli dasa suta 112 noli dasa suta ||7) vasanta dasa || || =) suta | ( 121 prh ) (kha) varanda dasa bhaga kariba | dasa bha 20 r bhageka varandi kariba |1| amdha bhage 1 | loli bha 1 ge | pata tinibha 3 kariba | loli bhage 1 | pata bhage 1 | | loli bhage 1 | vasanta bhage 1 | gae barandi dasa bha 10 ku | ( 71 prh ) (If the garbha be 32 an. square) varana yanima | varana 10 ku varandi vahala a 1 pheni a 1- suta loli a 1 ) suta | vasanta a 1 =J suta | ( 62 prh ) 73. There are two illustrations of the baranda in (cha), pp. 44 and 235. In both the baranda is composed of ten mouldings of equal height. In one we find the following mouldings barandi-pheni-pata-kani-pata-noli-pata-noli-kanibasanta ; while in the other, we find barandi-pheni-patanoli-pata-noli-para-noli-kani-basanta. In practice, it is however found, that the baranda is usually composed of five or seven mouldings except in the case of temples of very large dimensions.

THE REKHA TEMPLE LXXIV. The Gandi 109 (ka) rekhara gandi chatisi 36 amgula eha dasabhui kariba visamabhuie kariba | gae egara bhui 112 |5| prathama bhui ucca tini angula 3 ||| ] tini pa | prathama bhui ua kateni sari | se bhui na kataim | dutia bhui uca | tini 3 ||| ) tini agula tini pa | ua kateni adhasutae | 3111 tritiya bhuim tini amgula 3 ||| pa || kateni sutae | caturtha bhui ucca tini akula 3 ||| ) tini pa | ua kateni deda suta | pancama bhui ucca tini amgula dui pa 3 || | uma kateni adhai suta | sastama bhui ucca tini amgula dui pa 3 || | | deड़ paku pasrva suta dui pa | uma kateni sata suta ||||||| 1 uma kateni sapatama bhui uca tini amgula dui pa 3 || ) | sri | astama bhui ucca tini akula dui pa 3 ) | ua kateni vara suta ||| ) | navamabhui ucca 3 ||) tini akula dui tini amgula dui pa | ua kateni sola sutaku amgule 1 | dasama bhui ucca pa 3 || | uma kateni calisi sutaku vyadha़ाi amgula 2 ) | visama uca adhai amgula 2 |1)| visama mariba dui amgula 2 || ( 121-4 prh ) gando kariba sathie bhaga | 60 | cha bhagare bhui (kha) eve gandi janima | bhaga | 5 | bhuike varandi kariba |5| kama bhage kariba | bhui ala bhage |1| ara bhui bha5 | varanda kariba bhage 1 | bhagaka bhui ala kariba bha 2 ga | trtiya bhui bhaga kariba | pava bhaga varanda kariba | bhuibbala bhaga kariba bha 3 | caturtha bhui cha bhaga kariba | pancabhaga varandi kariba | bhui mala bhaga 4 kariba | pascama bhui cha bhaga kariba | pancabhaga varandi kariba | bhuiala paca bhaga kariba | sasthabhui chaa bhaga kariba | pancabhaga 5 varanda kariba | bhula bhage kariba | saptamabhui chabhaga kariba | pancabhaga varandi kariba | bhagaka bhuiala kariba bhaga 7 | astama bhui chabhaga kariba | pasvabhaga kariba | bhagaka bhuiala kariba || varanda kariba | bhuiala na bhaga kariba aanda kariba | bhagaka bhuiala kariba | | navama bhui chabhaga kariba | parsvabhaga dasama bhui cha bhaga kariba | parsvabhaga ( 71 - 3 prh )

170 ORISSAN ARCHITECTURE pra 831)31-) 5 46 4 3 ) 3) 3||| 3||) 3||-) 3). (?) 1 / 2 3 4 OC uv 6 t visama rekhagandi ' 3|- )4 suta 2 36 amgula mm ha 10 11 ( 1 prh ) I prathama bhui pancasuta 5 ua nasti | dutiya bhui uca hoiba angule 4-4 visa ua kataiba sutae | trtiya bhui cara angula 4 sutae • * -). . ua katai suta - ). caturtha bhui ucca ngu4la ua kataiba dui suta ) | pancama bhui ucca gu3 || ] la dui paa ua kataiva tini suta | sastama bhui ucca gu3la pae | ua kataiba tini suta = 10 adhe saptama bhui ucca tini angula 3 tini suta = ua kataiba paya | astama bhumi ucca ti agula 3 sutaya - ). a kataiba cha suta | navamabhumi ucca tini agula 3 uma kataiba sata suta 1). dasama bhumi ucca dui angula 2 )) paye ua kataiba III) | visama uca dui angula 2 la visama | mareni gu 2 || ) la ( 5-7 prh ) 1 . prathama bhumi panca suta 5 ucca | dutiya bhumi hoiba ucca ale 6 visva 2 | ua kataiba sutaye | trtiya bhumi ucca 4 a 4 kataiba sutae - ). caturtha bhumi ucca cari angula 4 | sutaye ) | 3 | ua ua kataiba dui suta =) | | pancama bhumi ucca 3 ma || ). dui pa | 5| ua kataiba tini suta = ). | | } sastama bhumi ucca tini angula 3 paye | 6 ua kataiba tini suta = 10 vyadhe | ua kataiba ji astama bhumha uca | | navama bhumi uca saptama bhumi ucca tini angula 3 = ). 17) 6 angula = sutaye - II a kataiba cha suta · 3ua kataiba sata suta paye2 | 10 | ua kataiba vara suta ||| ) | : mareni 2 angula | ( 118-20 prh ) | dasama bhumi ucca dui angula visama ucca 2 adala 2 | visama | ....

Corbelled arch above the lintel in a ruined temple near Rameswar, Bhubaneswar

A

THE REKHA TEMPLE 111 74. (As the batter of the different bhumis has been set forth in the next article, we shall here speak only of their height.) If the garbha be 16 an. in length, the rekha-gandi should be 36 an. high. There should be ten bhumis, with an additional one called the bisama. Each bhumi should be divided into 6 equal portions, of which five should be formed by ordinary mouldings (bhumi-barandi) and one by the bhumi-amla moulding. The height of the different bhumis is given below. 1 st 2 nd 3 rd 4 th 5 th 6 th 7 th 8 th 9 th 10 th Bisama 5 47/16 4 315/16 313/16 33/4 35/8 39/16 37/16 35/16 2 5 461/4 41/16 4 31/2 314 33/16 31/16 16 33/4 3314 3 33/4 33/4 31/2 93/5 393/5 393/5 393/5 393/5 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 31/2 3/2 31/2 393/5 393/5 395 393/5 32515 3 31/2 21/4 2 31/2 212 Xx 16 16 16 In pancharatha temples, we generally find three sikharas in the anuratha paga. The first sikhara should be equal to 4 bhumis in height, the second equal to 3 and the third also equal to 3 (?) bhumis. LXXV. The curvature of the gandi There are two general rules for finding the batter of the different pagas in the gandi. The batter of the kanika paga alone might be given. As the ratio between the different pagas is known, the width of each paga at the end of each bhumi can easily be found out. In the second instance, the ratio between the batter of the different pagas might be indicated; so that, if one of them be known, the rest might also be found out.

112 ORISSAN ARCHITECTURE (ka) In the Mandara temple kanikaru ua katasba 5 bhaga || paristha caribhaga anuratharu tinibhaga anuraharu 2 bhaga raharu 1 bhaga | 53 | erupe ua kataiba | ( 37-8 and 36 prh ) In the Barabhi temple ua kanika pasar chidiba 2 angula tahim ru adha anuratharu chadiba tahiru adha anuraharu chadiba tahiru agha rughara chadiba ( 106 prh ) In the Maha Kailasa temple rekha ua tini angula kariba ||0|| 110 prh ) In the Ratnasara temple prathama bhui ua kateni sari | se bhui na katami | ( 2ya bhumira ) ua kateni adhasutae | ( 3ya bhumira ) kateni sutae | (4rtha bhumira ) ua kateni deda suta | ( 5ma bhumira ) ua kateni adhai suta | ( 6stha bhumira ) ua kateni deda paku panca suta dui pa | ( 7ma bhumira ) ua kateni sata suta |||||| sri || ( 8ma bhumira ) uma kateni vara suta ||| (hama bhumira ) uma kateni sola sutaku amgule 1 | ( 10ma bhumira ) ua kateni valisi sutaku adha़ाi amgula 2 ||) visama mariba dui amgula 2 | ) ( 124 - 5 prh ) In the Maha Barabhi temple kanikaru jete chadiba | anuratharu tahiru adha chadiba raha kakharu anuratha saru chadiba | ( 136 prh ) rahamariba adhai amgula 2 || kandha mariba 1 amgule (153 prh ) (kha) uavarana pasu devi (=vedi ) upara sari kataiba 4 ( 25 prh ) e prasada ua kataiba kathi a 4 (60 prh ) e dasa bhui kateni tini agu 3 nekhae 5 paca agu ( 214 prh ) (cha) 2 ww lekha cha a 6 agu | visama 2 || 6 nati dhe " 15 J marena ( prh 2 )

Ax ☑ Ruined brick-temple at Boram, Manbhum District showing corbelled arch over doorway

 

THE REKHA TEMPLE 113 ( 1 me bhumira ) uma nasti | ( sya bhumira ) uma kataiba sutae - ) | ( 3ya bhumira ) ua kataiba suta - ) | ( 4rtha bhumira ) dama kataiba dui suta = ) | ( 5ma bhumira ) ua kamtaiba tini gumta =j | ( 6stha bhumira ) u kataiba tini suta = 10 amdhe ( 7ma bhumira ) uo kathaiva parya ( dama bhumira ) ua kataina cha suta | - ). ( hama bhumira ) ua kataitra sata suta (10ma bhumira ) ua kataiba ||| ) ||... visama mareni gu 2 11) la ( 5-7 prh ) yehara kateni cari angula 4 tini suta adhe = 10 (10 prh ) ( 2 bhumira ) a kataibah sutaye - 1 ( 3ya bhumira ) ua kataiba sutae - ) ( 4rtha bhumira ) ua kataiba dui srta ) ( 5ma bhumira ) uma kataiba tini suta | ( 6stha mumira ) ua kataina tini suta = 10 adhe | (7ma bhumira ) ). ua kataiba ) | ( 8ma bhumira ) ua kataiba cha suta | ) | ( hama bhumira ) ua kataiba sata suta | (10ma bhumira ) ua kataiba bara suta || ) |" visama mareni 2 angula 2 (118-20 prh ) 75. The batter of the different bhumis in the kanika paga should be as follows (the measurements are given in angulas ) : nil 9 th 10 th Bisama 1 st. 2 nd 3 rd 4 th 5 th 6 th 7 th 8 th 1/32 1/16 3/32 5/32 11/32 7/16 3/4 I 212 2 nil 1/16 1/16 1/8 3/16 7/32 1/4 3/8 7/16 3/8 22 nil 1/16 1/16 1/8 3/8 7/32 1/4 3/8 7/16 3/4 2 a. In the naba-ratha Mandara temple, the ratio between the batters of the raha, anuraha, anuratha, pariratha, and kanika pagas is as 5:4:3: 2:1. b. In the sapta-ratha Barabhi, the kanika should have a batter of 2 an., the anuratha half of that, the anuraha half of that, the raha half of that. c. In the pancharatha Maha Barabhi, the anuratha should have a batter half that of the kanika. The batter of the raha should be equal to that of the anurafha, 15

114 ORISSAN ARCHITECTURE d. The sum of the batters of the gandi and the bisama should be 4 an., on each side. e. According to another version, the batter of the gandi should be 5 an and that of the bisama 21 / 2 an. LXXVI. Set-back of the gandi from the edge of the bara (ka) gandi pacha hoiba vadaku dui pa | ) ( 121, 153 prh ) vaku gandi paksa hoiba dvipa e pramane gadha़ाiba vikrima ( 100 prh ) dui pa vadaku rekha chadi vasiba ( 35 - 6 prh ) 76. The gandi should be set back 1/2 an from the bara. LXXVII. Deities presiding over the ten bhumis (kha) isame deva alamba 10 navame traka tatha | saptame rdrayanistatha 1 | sadame draganika | pancame caiva | trayabhumi murtika bhaveta |1| ( 28 prh ) astame candika bhaveta | drayani | caturthe raksasi 77. ..... in the eighth, Chandika; in the seventh, Rudrayani ; in the sixth, Rudraganika; in the fifth, Rudrayani ; in the fourth, Rakshasi ; in the third, Murtika. i LXXVIII. Meaning of the term "Rekhagunaghata" In the following chapter, it will be observed that in the specification given for each temple, a certain measurement is referred to as rekhagunaghata. The rekhagunaghata is the sum, in angulas, of the set - back of the gandi from the baranda, the batter of the gandi and that of the bisama. The following passage in (ca) explains the matter clearly.

A THE REKHA TEMPLE (ca) ( mandara bhaga 26 rathaka 7 varandi pasu paksa dui pa II ua kataiba sikhara 16 ) rekhagunaghatha 4 LXXIX. 115 2| 5 visa (ma) kataiba 1 gae cari angula 4 . ( 25 prh ) Meaning of the term "bhumi" With reference to Rekha temples, we shall often come across such statements as "the Mandara consists of 20 bhumis". In such cases, the pista, pabhaga, tala jangha, bandhana, upar jangha, baranda, bisama, beki, amla and khapuri are also counted as so many bhumis. In the present instance these altogether constitute 10 bhumis; so that there remain 10 more for the gandi itself. Similarly, if the total number of bhumis be given as 15, it should be taken to mean that the gandi of that temple consists of 5 bhumis only. LXXX. The Mastaka: height of different elements (ka) veka ucca dui amgula 2 tripati ucca amgule amgule dui amgula unca | gae cari amgula veka || .....| ala ucca cari amgula pa 4 || .. kapuri kca cari amgula || ( 124 prh ) veka tini 3 amgula tripati 1 mamgula mala paca amgula 5 kapuri 4 mamgula (153 prh ) (kha) veka tribhagacaiva 3 | bhagena trighatistatha |1| bhala veda bha 4 gena 1 kapura muhanti meka bha 1 gakam | kapuri tribhagascaiva 3 mareni bha 3 | ( 28 prh ) netra amgula galaka | 3 | tripati manjule caiva | amalana catr makula 181 ... kapuri sthapanastatha | mukha va mangala padena | tri amgula ca | pasani | '' 'Pr ( 68h )

116 ORISSAN ARCHITECTURE (If the garbha be 32 an. square then ) veka 6 amgula | tripati a 2 ala bahala a 8 |kapura muhanta bahala a 2 || kari bahala panca ya 1 . kapuri muhanti vahala ai gula | ( 100 prh ) (cha) veka ucca tini agula | tipati agule pae 110 ya | veka ucca cari agula 4 || ala ubhca cari bagula 4 la | malaku kapura muhati ti 3 ubhya agu 1 le | kapuri ucca . ( gae ) 4 agula (8 prh ) veka cari ala cari kapura cari (61 prh ) veka ucca tini angula 3 | tripati ucca angule 1 | misai cari mangula 4 | .. ॲla ucca cari adala 4 | amgula cara | ( 120 - 1 prh ) .. veki ucca tripati kapuri ubhca cari LXXXI. Amount of their set-back or projection (ka) visamaku veka pacha hoiba cari amgula 4 || tripati amgule lekhae melana dui amgula || ( alara ) melana paca amgula || 'alaku kapuri muhunta pacha hoiba deda amgula kapuri mariba tini amgula | kapuri mareniki kalasapada pacha hoi vasiva pasrva amgula dui pa | ( 124-5 prh ) * * * (kha) kapuri mariba 3 ( 25 prh ) veka pacha rahiba 4 cari agu lekha 8 atha agu (215 prh ) (cha) disamaku veka pacha hoda vasiba gu 4 || ) la.aala melana gu3la | kapuri mareni 4 . kalasa pada samacaurasa gu2 la | ( 8-6 prh ) bisamaku veka pacha cari mangula | "ammala melana tripati dharaku tini amgula paye 33 ) veka mular tripati sahite amla melana cara amgula paye 4 | ... kapuri . muhanta malaku pacha amgule 1 | kapuri mareni 4 mangula 4 | ( 120-1 prh ) .5. 80 and 81. In a temple having a garbha 16 an. square, each of the beki, kalasa and amla should be 4 an. high,

Projection on frontal raha paga Markandyeswara Temple, Bhubaneswar

 

THE REKHA TEMPLE In the beki, there may be one or 117 two fripatis, each of which should be 1 an in height. The amla should be 4 an. (but according to other versions, it may be 41 /4 or even 5 an). The muhanti of the khapuri should be 1 an and the bhavuri itself 3 an. high. The beki should be set back 4 an. from the edge of the bisama. The projection of each fripati should be 1 an. The projection of the amla from the base of the beki should be 4, or according to another version 5 an. The muhanti of the khapuri should start from a point 1 or 1 1 / 2 an behind the top of the amla. The batter of the khapuri should be 4 or 3 an. From the an. top-end of the khapuri, the pada of the kalasa should be set back 51 / 2 an. LXXXII. The Kalasa (ka) kalasapada ucca dui amgula 25| pada samacaurasa cari amgula 4 kalasadama ucca dui madala pae 2 ) | angula pae 2 1) | ghadi amgule 1 || amgula 5 | ( 125 prh ) dori dui pa || ) | cangada dui gae kalasa amgula 8 cakra pasva (kha) kalasa khura yanima | khura netra amgula caitra 3 | kalasa vasubhagaka da cakra bha 5 gena | ( 28 prh ) e madhye kantika padena | cavada duya padana |2| khura urddha angula duya |2| dama daya angule ca |2| dorikameka pade ca |1| vangada duya angule ca | ghatika angule duya |2| ( deulara garbha 32 a hoile ) khura mota kariba 8 gula | khura bahala heba am 4 gula | dori vahala a 1 11) kathi vahala amgulare pa | camgudi vahala

118 ORISSAN ARCHITECTURE a 1 ll) camgada pacha hoi valiba | ghadi amgulare dui pa | ghadi vahala cari mamgula 4 gae padaku kalasu ubhca am 18 gula | ( 100 prh ) (cha) kalasapada samacaurasa gu6 la | kalasapada ucca dui agu 2la muculi ucca pae | kalasa ucca atha agula 8 | cakra 5 agula (9 prh ) kalasa khura 3 kalasa atha 8 ( 61 prh ) kalasapada samacaurasa tepati suta 63 | kalasapada uba dui angula 2 | pamda muhanta angule 1 | pada mareni ajule 1 | mamculi ucca paye | kalasa ucca atha mangula | ethire yete gola yiva ghadi ubhca 2 mangula 2 | tamhi upare ca ca panca amgula 5 | ethire yete gola yiba dhvaja oosara pasca angula 5 | dhvaja lamba pandara amgula 15 | ( 121 pr 82. According to one opinion, the pada of the kalasa is included in the height given for the kalasa; while according to another, it should be treated as an independent element. a. In the opinion of the first school, the pada of the kalasa should be 2 an, the dama 21 / 4 or 2, the dori 1/2, 1 or 1 / 2, the changara 21 /4 or 2, the kanti 1 and the ghari 1 an. in height. The kalasa-pada should be 4 an. X 4 an. b. According to the other school, the kalasa-pada should be 3, the kalasa 8 and the chakra ( in the case of a Vishnu temple) 5. There should also be a muchuli between the kalasa and its pada, which should be 1/4 an. in height. If the kalasa-pada be 2, its muhanti should be I and the batter 1 an. It should be square, with sides equal to 315/16 or 6 an. in length. On the kalasa, which is 8 an. in height, there may also be placed a ghati, 2 an. high. The flag at the top of the temple should be 5 an. wide and 15 an. long.

XIV. The Rekha Temple : Certain details of construction LXXXIII. Thickness of the walls With reference to Rekha temples of the panchanga type, it has been said in the silpasasfras that the length from kanika to kanika on the outside should be twice the length of the garbha. (ka) madharaku soda akula madharu vada 16 angula || ( 36 pra ) bada bahala sari ( 105 prh ( 117 5 . mahavadabhi bhaga prabha kathi vyangule 16 || dui vada vahala sola 16 (107 pr .. garudabhaga prabha kanthi ale 16 vada sari vahala kariba || ratnasara bhaga prabha kanthi ankula a 16 || vada vahala ( 120 prh ) pola a 16 srivachakhandasala grabha 16 . vada sari vahala kariba || ( 140 prh ) (cha) devala garbha kathie akula 1 la | vad kathiye amgule mota 1 (10 prh ) .. hate garbhaku hata vada 1 (122 prh ) na hata garbhabhaga vada na hatha 1 (36 prh ) vada prati drigha egara hataku ka 11 (88 pra ) 83. From the centre (of the garbha) to the outside of the bara is 16 an. In the Maha Barabhi, Garura, Ratnasara and Sribachha-khandasala, the length the garbha being 16 an., the two walls should also be 16 an. If the garbha be 1 cubit, the two walls should together be 1 cubit. (The same is true of temples having 9 cubits or 11 cubits as the length of the garbha. As a matter

120 ORISSAN ARCHITECTURE Two of fact, it is a general rule applicable to all panchanga Rekha temples, except in certain specified cases. such exceptions are noted below.) LXXXIV. Two exceptions to the above rule . . . (ka) vrsabha bhaga devala kathi ale 16 kanika vada vahala hoiba 6 akula 6 || (138 prh ) vivana bhaga graha kothi bamgula 16 varda vahala cha a 6 kariba || sri || ( 136 prh ) 84. In the Brishava temple, the garbha being 1 kathi or 16 an. square, the wall should be 6 an. thick. In the Bibana, the garbha being 1 kathi or 16 an. square the wall should be made 6 an, thick. LXXXV. Construction of the interior It will be seen from the accompanying plate, which is that of a ruined Rekha temple at Telkupi in Manbhum, that after the tower has risen to a certain height, a horizontal course of stones is laid across the walls to form a roof over the sanctuary or garbha. The temple is of the fri-anga type and has only 5 bhumis in the gandi, with a bisama at the top. A similar course of stones has also been laid immediately after the third bhumi, thus forming another chamber above the garbha. According to the silpins, the lower course of stones is called garbha-muda, while the upper one is called rafna-muda. From the structural point of view, these horizontal courses serve a very useful purpose, functioning as tieplates between the otherwise insecure sides of the Rekha temple.

} Jagadis Temple, Udaipur, Rajputana cf. The Kehetrabhucaya Temple

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THE REKHA TEMPLE LXXXVI. The corbelled arch above the lintel 121 It is interesting to note that the 'architects of Orissa resorted to the method of building a corbelled arch above the lintel, on the inside the inside of the door, in order to reduce the weight to be supported by the lintel. According to the silpins of Lalitgiri in Cuttack, this particular arch is called the gama; but the term seems to have been used in a different sense in the silpasasfras. An illustration of the arch is given from a ruined temple situated in the neighbourhood of the Satrughneswar temple in Bhubaneswar. In Orissa, the corbelled arch is screened from outside view by a continuation of the ornamental face-stone; but in certain temples in Manbhum, built both of stone and of brick, these arches are not so covered up and can be seen from outside. In the latter, the lintel has actually been dispensed with. LXXXVII. The Paga and Dhara The paga has already been defined as a segment produced on the outer face of a temple, if part of the face is subjected to projection. All pagas, except the kanika at the corner, may have edges carved upon them, these being technically known as dhara. Each paga has a specified name in the silpasasfras. There are two systems of nomenclature; one of which has now fallen out of use, while the other is employed by silpins to the present day. The central paga is known as raha according to one system and as go-rafha or madhya-rafha according to the other. Both systems of nomenclature are given below in tabular form. 16

122 Triratha Pancharatha Saptaratha Nabaratha Trirafha Pancharatha Saptaratha Nabaratha ORISSAN ARCHITECTURE Raha, Kanika. Raha, Anuratha, Kanika. Raha, Anuraha, Anuratha, Kanika. Raha, Anuraha, Anuratha, Pariratha, Kanika. Goratha or Madhyarafha, Kanyasa. Goratha, Anuratha, Kanyasa. Goratha, Upatatha, Anuratha, Kanyasa. Gorafha, Uparatha, Anuratha, Pariratha, Kanyasa. The second series has been used in connection with mutilated descriptions of the temples in Sanskrit verse; so that this is evidently the one which was formerly in vogue. LXXXVIII. A note on the subsequent measurements In course of the following chapter, we shall come across certain usages peculiar to the silpasastras. Thus in the nabaratha Kshetra-bhusana temple (p. 132), it has been that it should consist of 22 bhagas or divisions. In the accompanying drawing, we find, two sets of figures beside the pagas. Of these, the figures inside represent the relative proportion of the pagas. Thus the raha is given as 212, the anuraha as 2, the anuratha as 112, the pariratha as 2 and the kanika as 3. These altogether make 11; twice that is 22, the number of bhagas ascribed to the temple. When building the temple, therefore, we should measure the outside length from kanika to kanika, divide it into 22 parts and assign to each paga, the required number of parts. The figures given above the pagas in the same drawing, which is that of half the ground-plan, indicate, in angulas, *

THE REKHA TEMPLE 11/2 123 the amount of projection of each paga from the one immediately behind it. Thus, in the present instance, the raha projects 1 1/2 an. from the anuraha, which projects 1 an. from the anuratha, which projects 12 an. from the pariratha, which finally projects 14 an. from the kanika paga. LXXXIX. A note on the distribution of sikharas In many pancharatha temples in Orissa, we find three sikharas in each anuratha paga, and one sikhara of considerable size just above the junction of the Rekha and the Bhadra, set upon the face of the raha paga. This makes a total of 24 and 1 sikharas. In such temples, the number of sikharas is given in the silpasastras as 24, so that the one at the junction is generaily left out of account. In the succeeding specifications, the number of sikharas which should adorn each particular temple is frequently given; but as their distribution has not always been indicated, it has not been possible to arrive at a satisfactory reconstruction of all the temples described herein. The meaning of the terms pusangkara or pungsakara and kuta, which have been used in this connection, are also obscure.

XV. The Rekha temple: Specifications of different examples XC. The thirty-six examples mahamandare caiva | kailasabhadrakopyasau | (kha) chatisa prasada nama | mahamermandare caiva | dividvana kesari caiva | srivachanandivardhanam | gatakuta suvarnakutasya | dapusilam ( padmasilam ? ) kritidusanam | ratnasundara vihasthaindre | chatrisabhusa sadikam |2| sarvanga sundare caiva | medanivijae tatha | sitar nicasabhavata | vatava mulasri srivacha | hamsadrividanyaksata | gardalaghuvimanakam | astasripadmakara | krpata lanalae |1| kailasa namana jantram | ratnasara naghuseka | madhavi nagari caiva | kosoli vo virati tatha |1| pradaksatri samakhyata | vasanta suralayah | 5| chattisa slokah | (20-2 prh ) 90. Names of the thirty-six temples - Maha Meru, Mandara, Kailasa, Bhadra, Dibidana, Kesari, Srivatsa, N_ndivardhana, Chitrakuta, Subarnakuta, Padmasila ( ? ), Kritidushana, Ratnasundara, Bihasta-indra, Kshetrabhusana ( ? ), Sarbangasundara, Sritaru, Nichasa, Mulasri, Hangsa, Dribidana, Garura, Laghubimana, Astasri, Padmakara, Kalpataru, Ratnasara, Laghuseka, Madhabi, Nagari, Kosoli, Birati, Basanta and Suralaya. It is interesting to note that some of the names have a geographical significance. Thus Kosoli and Birati are evidently connected with the countries of Kosala and Virat ; while Nagari probably refers to Nagara, which is supposed by some scholars to mean Pataliputra, the chief city of the Magadha Empire.

! --ZA * 2.A 1 Ground-plan of the pancharatha Kailas Temple. 0 -16 00 ttik ok

1 } T →

THE REKHA TEMPLE 125 Although the number of temples has been given here as thirty-six, we shall find that the number of temples actually described in the silpasasfras far exceeds the specified number. Nabaratha temples 1. ASTASRI : (ka) astasribhaga 10 rathaka bhumi 20 sikhara 64 pumsakara 256 kutavara rekhaguna 2 khurapista (107 prh ) (cha) atasri bhaga 11 rathaka 6 sikhara nasti sa e 15 15 | 6 ( 1883 prh The Astasri consists of 10 bhagas, 9 rathakas, 20 bhumis, the rekhagunaghata is 2 an, the number of pusangkara 256 kutabara. (It should be set upon the ) Khura pista. According to another version, the numbers of bhagas should be 11, and the temple should be without any sikharas. But Two figures are given ; in one, the ratio of the rathakas is shown as 16-5-8-5-16, in another as 51/2-9-15-15-9. these do not agree with the given number of divisions or bhagas of the temple. 2. BAHANTISARA : (ga) bahantisara bhaga 56 rathaka 6 sikhara ca 65 bhumire mundi 160 10 ( rathaka ) 10-8-6-4-4 ( melana ) 2 - 1 110 - 1 - 110 rekhagunaghatha 13 ( 60 prh )

126 ORISSAN ARCHITECTURE The number of bhagas in the Bahantisara is 56, rathakas 9, sikharas 65 (cha probably stands for chausathi, 64 ; the additional one being the sikhara placed in the raha). The total number of mundis in the bhumis is 160. In the accompanying illustration of the ground-plan, the proportion of the rathakas is given as 10-8-6-4-4; their projection being 2-11 / 2-1-1 /2 an. The rekhagunaghata is given as 13, which is doubtful. 3. BAHARGAMASARA ( this may be a corruption of the preceding name) : (kha) vahargamasara bha 56 rathaka bha 9 sikhara bha 64 bhumire mundi 100 ganda bhubhaga 10 ( rathaka ) 10-5-5-4-4 ( melana ) 2-1- 110-20 (183 prh ) In the Bahargamasara, the number of bhagas is 56, prthakas 9, sikharas 64, and the number of bhumis in the gandi is 10. In the ground-plan, the rathakas have been shown in the ratio of 10-5-5-4-4, with the following projections, 2-1-1 / 2-1 /4 an. 4. BARABHI : (kha) badabhi bha 28 rathaka bha 6 sikhara nasti rekhagunighata 4 ( rathaka ) 10-5-8-4-4 ( 184 prh The number of bhagas in the Barabhi is 28, tathakas 9 ; there should be no sikharas. The rekhagunaghata is 4 an. In the plan, the rathakas have been shown in the ratio of 10-5-8-4-4. 5. BIHARASARA : ( ka ) bihagyasara bhaga 64 rathaka sikhara 64 anurathe cari sikhara nekhae 32 kanikare tini sikhara lekhae 24 rahare dui sikhara lekhae 8 gae vausathi si

Baranda uper Jangha Bandhana Tala Jungha Pabhaga Piste Chakra Kalasa Khapuri Amta Veka Bisama Gandi Elevation of the pancharatha Kailasa Temple, Puri + + I 1 36 4 8

 

THE REKHA TEMPLE 127 64 | kumbhapista rekhaghata 2 vihagyasara bhaga samapata | ( rathaka ) 8-3-6-3-12 ( melana ) 2-1 - ||0- 110 ( 160 prh ) viharasara bhaga 64 rathaka hai sikhara 64 bhumi 20 kumbhapista rekhagunaghata 2 ( rathaka ) 8-3-6-3-12 ( melana ) 2-1-10-10 ( 147 prh ) The Biharasara consists of 64 bhagas, 9 rathakas, 64 sikharas, 20 bhumis, and is set upon the Kumbha pista. Its rekhagunaghata is 2 an. The ratio of the rathakas is 8-3-6-3-12 and the projections are 2-1-3/4-1/2 or 2-1-1 / 20 1/4 an. In the anuratha, there should be 32 sikharas, at the rate of 4 in each ; in the kanika, there should be 24 at the rate of 3 in each ; in the raha, there should be 8 at the rate of 2 in each ; thus making the total number of sikharas 64. 6. BISWAKARMA : (kha) caturaste caturaste trtiyete | | indrabhaya vivajrjite | nakaratheka bhasita | kanika kanika bhago netrabhagena | 3 | anuratho netra bhagena |2| arddhaksa | 1|10| madhyaratha grahaanyasanam visvakarma prasada | ( 65 prh ) | vatisa bhaga asana | 1 vatisa amsa karayet |32 | kenyasa pariratha vanasate |5| uparastha bhaga uparita munieta | vadanti saptamuni | The asana or ground-plan should consist of 32 bhagas. From kanika to kanika, (the length) should be divided into 32 parts. The kanyasa should be 3 ; the anuratha 3, the pariratha 5, the uparatha 11 / 2, the madhyaratha 9. ( Here the total length of the raha paga is given, instead of that of its half as in the previous examples.) 7. CHITRAKUTA : (ka) citrakuta bhaga 16 rathaka 6 sikhara 64 bhumi 20 rekhaguna 2 ( 148 prh

128 ORISSAN ARCHITECTURE citrakuta bhaga 16 rathaka hai sikhara 64 bhumi 20 rekhaghata 2 kanikare sikhara siba 32 cari sikhara lekhae 32 anurathe tini sikhara lekhae cabisi sikhara 24 rahare dui sikhara lekhae atha sikhara 8 ( 156 60 prh ) W The Chitrakuta should consist of 19 bhagas, 9 rathakas, 20 bhumis. It should have 64 sikharas and its rekhagunaghata should be 2 an. In the kanika paga, there should be 32 sikharas, at the rate of 4 in each. In the anuratha, there should be 24, at the rate of 3 in each ; while in the raha there should be 8, at the rate of 2 in each ( half ). 8. DRABIBANA : (kha) drabibana ma 32 rathaka bha6 sikhara 24 rekha uaghata 3 ( rathaka ) 4|10-1 110-5-2-3 (181 prh ) (ga) prabidhana 32 rathaka 6 sikhara 24 rekhauaghata 3 ( rathaka ) 4|10- 1 ||0- 5-6- 3 ( melana ) 2-1- 11010 (?) ( 64,185 prh ) The Drabibana consists of 32 bhagas, 9 rathakas, 24 sikharas. Its rekhagunaghata is 3 an. The pagas should be in the ratio of 41 / 2-11 / 2-5-6-3, their projection being 2-1-1 /2-1 /4 (2) an. 8. GARURA : (ka) garuda bhaga 36 rathaka hai sikhara 64 bhumi 20 rekhagunaghatha 3 padma- pista ( rathaka ) 5-10-5-10-5 mela ||0-0- X-110 ( 112 prh ) garuda bhaga 36 rathaka na 6 sikhara causathi 64 bhumie 20 rekhagunaghata adhai amgula 2 ||0 ( 133 prh ) garuda bhaga 36 rathaka na 6 sikhara cau 24 ( 64 1 ) bhumi 20 rekhagunaghata 2 11. (padma ) pista || rahajaka bhaga 10 dui anurahajaka bhaga 3 dui anurathajaka bhaga 10 dui parirathajaka bhaga 3 dui kanikajaka bhaga 10 anurathare tini sikhara

AY Rajarani Temple, Bhubaneswar

 

THE REKHA TEMPLE 129 lekhae cabisi 24 chatisi kanare sikhara | cari sikhara 4 gae sikhara causathi 64 chatisi sikhara 36 cari raha madhyare garuda bhaga samapata ( rathaka ) 5-1 110- 5- 1||0- 5 ( melana ) x - 1 - 1 - 110 ( 170 - 1 prh ) ( rathaka ) 5-10-5-1 110-5 ( melana ) 1110-1- ||0- 110 garuda bhaga 32 rathaka na 6 sikhara cauthi 64 | bhumi kodie 20 rekhagunaghatha 3 padmapistha raha- jaka bhaga 10 dui anuraha bhaga 3 dui anuratha bhaga 10 dui pariratha bhaga 3 dui kanika bhaga 10 sikhara jahi vasiba janima kanikare mundi pa 5 atha pasaku mundi carisi 40 anurathare sikhara 3 atha pasaku cabisi 24 gae sikhara mundi 64 ( 174-5 prh ) The Garura consists of 36 bhagas, 9 rathakas, 64 sikharas, 20 bhumis. It is set upon the Padma pista and its rekhagunaghata is 3 or 21/2 an. The rathakas are in the ratio of 5-11 / 2-5-11/2-5, the projections being 3/4 - 3/4-x-1/2 or x-1-1-1/2 or 11 / 2-1- 3/4-1/2 an. At the corners, there should be 36 sikharas. In the anuratha, there should be 24, at the rate of 8 in each, and in the raha there should be 4 ; thus making a total of 64 sikharas. 9. INDRA : (kha) indra bha 20 rathaka bha6 sikhara bha 24 rekhagunighata bha 2 |0 rathaka ) 3-1 ||0-1||, -2 -2 ( melana ) 1- 11-10-X (183 prh ) (cha) ityalaga bhaga 20 rathaka 6 sikhara 24 rekhagunaghata 0 2 || ( 62 prh ) ( rathaka ) 3-1 ||0-2-2 ( melana ) 2- 110 - ||0- 110 ( va 2-2- 110- x ) The Indra consists of 20 bhagas, 9 rathakas, 24 sikharas. Its rekhagunaghata is 21 / 2 an. The ratio of 17

130 ORISSAN ARCHITECTURE and their projections the rathakas is 3-11 /2-11/2-2-2 2-1/2-1/2-1/2 or 2-2-1 / 2-x an. 10. KAILASA : 6 (ka) kailasa bhaga 36 rathaka sikhara 64 bhumi 20 rekhagunaghata 3 kumbha- pistha ( rathaka ) 4- 3-4-3-4 ( 116, 175 prh ) kailasa bhaga 36 rathakah na 6 sikhara causathi 64 bhumi koड़िe 20 rekhaguna- ghata 3 kumbhapistha - ( rathaka ) 4-3-4-3-4 ( melana ) 2 - 1 ||0-1-- raha- aka bhaga 8 dui anurahajaka bhaga 6 dui anurathajaka bhaga 8 dui parirathajaka bhaga 6 dui kanikajaka bhaga 8 jahi sikhara vahiba taha janima || tini sikhara anurathare basa atha pasaku sikhara 24 kanika pase cari sikhara 4 lekhae atha pasaku batisi 32 dui sikhara rahake 2 cari sahare sikhara 8 gae causathi sikhara 64 kailasa bhaga samapata ( rathaka ) 5-10-5-1 ||0 - 5 ( melana ) 2 (1) 8110-8-10 ( 171, 175 prh ) ( rathaka ) 4-3-4-3-4 rekhaguna 2 padmapista ( 111 prh The Kailasa consists of 36 bhagas, 9 rathakas, 64 sthharas, 20 bhumis, and is set upon the Kumbha pista. The rekhagunaghata is 3 an. The ratio of the rathakas is 4-3-4-3-4 and the projections, 21 1/2 - 1 - 3/4 an. According to another version, the ratio of the rathakas is 5-11 / 2-11 / 2-5. There should be three sikharas in each anuratha making a total of 24. Beside the kanika, there should be 32, at the rate of 4 in each. In the raha, there should be 8; thus making the total number of sikharas 64. (ka) kailasa bhaga 104 || rathaka 6 || sikhara 64 || bhumi 20 || rekha- aghatagunaghata 2 |0 | ehaku bhadrapitha || ( 38 prh ) bhadrapasta kelasa bhaga - 104 || sikhara causathi 64 rathaka bhumi koड़ि 20 khagunaghata 2 ( rathaka ) 12-10-25-10-4 (241 ) ( melana ) 2-1-0-0

༣་ THE REKHA TEMPLE 131 kanikare bahiba sikhara 24 anurathare vasiba 24 raha kakhe sikhare lekhae atha sikhara | raha madhyare cari sikhara basa s varandi aru sikhara bahai | ( 156 prh ) kailasa bhaga 148 rathaka 6 sikhara 64 rekhaguna 2 ||0 bhumi 20 ( rathaka ) 12-10-25-10-35 ( melana ) 2-1- 110-10 (148 prh ) The Kailasa consists of 104 bhagas, 9 rathakas, 64 sikharas, 20 bhumis, and is set upon the Bhadra pista. The rekhagunaghata is 21 / 2 or 2 an. The ratio of the rafhakas is 12-10-25-10-35 or 12-10-25-10-4 (24?). Their projections are 2-1-1 / 2-1 /4 or 2-1-3/4-1/2 an. It shall bear 24 sikhatas in the kanika, 24 in the anuratha, 8 at the sides of the raha, 4 in the middle of the raha. The last 4 should start from the middle of the baranda (i. e. from a point below the commencement of the gandi.) There is another incomplete specification for the Kailasa, as given below. (kha) atha kailasa bhaga 46 rathaka bhaga 6 sikhara bhaga 40 rekha u ghatha bhaga 3 |0 (78h ) Now, the Kailasa consists of 49 bhagas, 9 rathakas, 40 sikharas, and its rekhagunaghata is 31 / 2 an. kailasa bhaga 48 | kailasa bhaga asthiduksavisati | kone kone varsakarayeta | kaulasa vasubhagena | anuratha tadardha |4| pariratha netra asana | 3| upararatho vanabhagena |5| kutaki cula khiinti | madhye ratha vanadvayam |5| kailasabhaga sthapana | ( 62 prh ) The Kailasa consists of 48 bhagas......the kanyasa is equal to 8, the anuratha half of that, the parirafha equal

132 ORISSAN ARCHITECTURE to 3, the uparatha 5......the madhyaratha 19 (This however makes the total 50 instead of 48). 11. KSHETRABHUSANA : (cha) ksantabhusana bhaga 22 rathaka sikhara 32 kumbha kanika kanare dasa bhaga 10 bhumi 10 cari kane 40 rathaka 6 81108110 2 | 2|0 2110 2 1 2 11- 8110 3110 2 | ||- 8110 2 1 3 guna ghata 40 3 The Kshetrabhusana consists of 22 bhagas, 9 rathakas, 32 sikhatas. At the corner of the kanika, there should be kumbhas. In ten bhumis, therefore, there should altogether be 40 kumbhas. From the accompanying figure we find that the proportion of the rathakas should be 212-2-1/2-2-3 and their projections 11/2-1-1/2-1/4 an. This temple presents a very interesting feature. It will be noticed from the ground-plan that the side of the garbha has also been indented, instead of being kept plain. Moreover, kumbhas have been set at the corner of each bhumi in the kanika paga. Now, we do not find a single instance of this type in Orissa itself. But the temples of Udaipur, Jaipur (Amber), Ujjain and other places in Western and North-western India have this feature as one of their prevailing characteristics.

A b Bhadra Temple of the nabaghanta type, Sari deul, Bhubaneswar

 

12. MAHA MERU : THE REKHA TEMPLE 133 (ka) mahameru bhaga saye vara bhaga 112 | rathaka 6 | 5 kona hoiba chatisa kona 36 | sikhara caupathi 64 | sikhara vahiba || kanakuta anuratha- kuta rahakuta anurahakuta | 36 | 36 kuta 36 | 36 sikhara vahiba | anurathare tini sikhara nekhae bahiba | cari rahare cari sikhara hoina | gabhi hathaku ucca hoiba 5 hatha ( 34 prh ) mahameru bhaga 112 rathaka 6 sikhara 108 bhumi ko 20 rekhaaghatagunaghata 1 ( rathaka ) 24-3-7-1-25 ( melana ) 2-1- 110-10 ( 148 prh ) mahameru bhaga sa 112 rathaka na 6 sikhara causathi 64 bhumi koड़िe 20 rekhaghatha 1 padmapistha ( rathaka ) 24-3-7-6-25 ( melana ) 2- 10- 1 - ||0 raha kariba bhaga 48 dui anuraha bha 6 dui anuratha bha 18 dui pariratha kariba bhaga 50 gae saevara bhaga 112 | sikharamana jahi vasiba ta janima | kanaka atha pase cari mundi lekhae vatisi mundi 32 anuramtha atha pase tini mundi nekhae cabisi 24 bada varana sariki sikhara hoiba chatisi konaku chattisiti sikhara 36 | rahare dui sikhara nekhae atha sikhara 8 chatisi sikhara chadi gandire sikhara basai causathi sikhara 64 (157-8 prh ) The Maha Meru consists of 112 bhagas, 9 rathakas, 64 sikharas. The ratio of the pagas is 24-3-7-9-25, and their projections are 2-1-1 / 2-1/4 or 2-11 / 2-1-3/4 an. The rekhagunaghata should be 1 an.. and the temple should be placed upon the Padma pista. At the sides of the kanika, there should be 32 sikharas at the rate of 4 sikharas in each (here the term mundi has been used in the sense of sikharas). In the anuratha, there should be 24, at the rate of 3 in each ; these should start from the level of the baranda in the bara. In the raha, there should be 8 sikharas, at the rate of 2 in each, ‌

134 ORISSAN ARCHITECTURE mahameru bhaga 108 rathaka na sikhara 64 khajuria kuta cha 36 ga mundi sikhara 100 ( melana ) 2 - 1 11-1-4 ( 178 prh ) (kha) mahame 112 sikhara gandire vahala 42 gunaghatha 4 rathaka 6 ( rathaka ) 12-12-10-10-12 (75-6 prh ) mahame bha 112 rathaka na ya bha 6 sikhara sata bha 100 ( rathaka ) 12-10- 12-10-12 (180 prh ) mahamer bha 1-2 sikhara gandire bahai 40 umaghatha 4 rathaka 6 ( 85 prh ) mahamer slokah | prthavya merprasadavya savabhramga karaeta ( 87 prh ) L (cha) mahamer bhaga sa 112 sikhara gandire vahaka 40 rekhauoghatha 4 rathaka 6 (27 prh ) ( rathaka ) 12-12-14-10-4 ( melana ) 10-1- |||0-10 (37 prh ) mahamer bhaga 112 sikhara gandire bahai 40 rekhakhabhaghatha 4 rathaka 6 ( 224 prh ) According to another version, the Maha Meru consists of 112 bhagas, 9 rathakas, 64 sikharas and 36 bhajuriya kutas, making a total of 100 mundis and sikharas. The ratio of the rathakas is 12-12-10-10-12, while the projections are 11/2-1-3/4-1/2 an. The rekhagunaghata is 4 an. ( kha and cha give the number of sikharas as 40.) 13. MANDARA : (ka) mandara bhaga 64 rathaka 6 sikhara 64 bhumi 20 rekhagunaghata 2 ||0 simgha- pistha ( rathaka ) 12-3-5-3-6 ( melana ) 2-1- 10-10 ( 146 prh ) mandara bhaga causathi sikhara causathi 64 bhumi ko 20 rekhaadhatha gunaghatha 2 rathaka 6 simghapistha atha kanare sikhara vasiba cabisi 24 anurathe sikhara vasiba tini sikhara lekhae cabisi 24 manurahare sikhare lekhae atha sikhara 8 raha sikhare lekhae cari sikhara gae causathi 64 || ( rathaka ) 12-3-5-3-6 ( melana ) 2- 1||0-1- 1110 (158 prh )

THE REKHA TEMPLE 135 dutiya mandara bhaga chayalisi 46 | rathaka 9 | sikhara 64 | bhumi 20 | rekha aghata dui dui pa2 |0|prathama sikhara ucca pasrva bhuiki 15 akula | sikhara ubhca cari bhumiki 12 bala | trtiya sikhara ubhca tini bhumiki na angula | gae 36 angula | ( 35-7 prh ) The number of bhagas in the Mandara is 64 and of rathakas 9. In one drawing of the ground- plan, the ratio of the rathakas has been given as 12-3-5-3-6, their projections being 2-1-1 /2-1 /4 an. ; while in another, it is 12-3-5-3-4, the projections being 2-11 / 2-1-3/4 an. The rekhagunaghata is 21 / 2 an. or 2 an. There should be 20 bhumis, i. e. 10 in the gandi. The temple should be set upon the Singha pista. The number of sikharas is 64. At the 8 corners, there should be 24 sikharas; in the anuratha, at the rate of 3, there should be 24; in the anuraha, at the rate of 1, there should be 8 ; in the raha there should be 4; the total number of sikharas thus being 64. (In the gandi ), the lowermost sikhara, being equal to 5 bhumis in height, should be 15 an. high. The second one, being equal to 4 bhumis, should be 12 an. high. The third sikharas, being equal to 3 bhumis, should be 9 an. high; thus making the total height of the three sikharas equal to 36, which is the same as the height of the gandi. 14. MERU : (ka) merubhaga 108 rathaka sikhara 64 gharusaama 128 bhumi 20 dera koड़िe 20 rekhagunaghata 3 anurathe sikhara 3 atha pasaku caubisi sikhara 24 vari rahare vari sikhara 4 kanikare tini simkhara lekhae cavisi sikhara 24

136 ORISSAN ARCHITECTURE anurahare sikhare lekhae atha 8 gae sikhara 64 mundi jalantare ghadimundi vasiba 4 cari mundi vatisi jalantare saeathaisi mundi 128 padmapistha a 1 ngula ( rathaka ) 4-5-6-5-16 ( 176 prh ) The Meru consists of 108 bhagas, 9 rathakas, 64 sikharas, 20 bhumis......The rekhagunaghata should be 3 an. The ratio of the rathakas is 4-5-9-5-19. It should be set upon the Padma pista. In the raha, there should be 4 sikharas; one in each anuraha, making a total of 8; 3 in each kanika, making a total of 24, In the jalantaras, in the bara, there should be placed 128 mundis, at the rate of 4 mundis in each. 15. NAGARI : (ka) nageri bhaga 52 rathaka (kha) nageri bha 52 rathaka 6 sikhara 40 rekhagunaghatha 3 ( sesa prstha ) sikhara bha 40 rekhagunighatha 3 ( rathaka ) 5-5-4-6-6 ( melana ) 2 - 1 ||10-10-110 (203 prh ) (cha) nageri bhaga 52 rathaka sikhara 40 rekhagunaghatha 3 ( rathaka ) 5-5-4-6-6 ( melana ) 2 - 1 ||0||10-10 ( 68 prh ) The Nagari consists of 52 bhagas, 9 rathakas, 40 sikharas. Its rekhagunaghata is 3 an. The ratio of the rathakas is 5-5-4-6-6, and their projections are 2-11 / 2-3 / 4- 3/8 or 2-11/2-3/4-1 /4 an. 16. NISARA : (ka) nisada bhaga 34 rathaka 6 sikhara 64 bhumi 20 rekhaguna 2 khurapista ( 146 prh ) nisamasa bha 34 rathaka na 6 sikhara causathi 64 bhumi ko 20 rekhaghata 2 | sikhara jahi vasiba taha janima || kanikare mundi vasiba 40 anurathare tini

THE REKHA TEMPLE 137 " sikhara lekhae 8 24 gae sikhara 64 rahajaka bhaga 12 dui anurahajaka bhaga 5 dui anurathajaka bhaga 7 dui parirathajaka varibhaga 4 dui kanika aka cari bha 4 gae bhaga 34 khurapista ( rathaka ) 6-2 ||0-3 ||0-2-3 ( melana ) 20||0-1 110-|| 0 | ( 161 puh ) catrusro krtaksetre prasadentra vevantana | goragamekaarddha uparathovanabhagamka | parotho rupamotatha | goratha rtubhagena prasada navarathena | nisadabhaga samapata || ( 60 prh ) The Nisara consists of 34 bhagas; 9 rathakas, 64 sikharas, 20 bhumis and is set upon the Khura pista. Its rekhagunaghata is 2 an. In the kanika, there should be 40 sikharas; in the anuratha 24, at the rate of 3 in each ; the total is thus 64. The ratio of rathakas is 6-21/2-31/2-2-3 and their projections are 2-3/4-11/23/4 an: Or, the goratha should be 11 / 2, the uparatha 5, the pariratha 1, (the gotatha 6). Thus ends the specifications of the Nisara temple, which is nabaratha. 17. RATNASARA : (ka) ratnasara bhaga 34 rathaka na 6 bhumi 15 rekhagunaghatha 2 sikhara nasti rahajaka bhaga 6 dui anuraha 6 dui anuratha da dui pariratha bha 4 dui kanika bhaga 10 jatire vaisa ratnasara bhaga samapata simghapista ( rathaka ) 3-3-4-2-5 ( melana ) 2-10-1-0 ( 172, 117 prh ) (cha) ratnasara bhaga 28 rathaka 6 sikhara 80 rekhagunaghata 4 (66, 184 prh ) The Ratnasara consists of 34 bhagas, 9: rathakas, 15 bhumis, and it has no sikharas. The ratio of the rathakas is 3-3-4-2-5. (But the caste of the temple is wrongly given as Vaisya.) The projection of the pagas is 2- 11/2 - 1 - 3/4 an. It should be set upon the Singha pista. 18

138 ORISSAN ARCHITECTURE According to another version, the Ratnasara consists of 28 bhagas, 9 rathakas and 80 sikharas, the rekhagunaghata being 4 an. 18. SARBANGASUNDARA : (ka) trarvamgasundara prasada bhaga 28 rathaka 6 sikhara causathi 64 bhumi koड़िe 20 rekhagunaghatha 2 jahi sikhara vasiba taha janima | kutumanake bahai chatisa si kanere chatisa sikha 36 anurathe tini sikhara lekhae 24 cari raha varisa 4 gae causathi sikhara 64 rahajaka kariba 8 anuradha kariba bha 1 anuratha kariba bhaga 4 paristha kariba bha 1 kanika kariba cari bha 4 kumbhapista sundarapista ( rathaka ) 4-1-5-1-5 ( melana ) 2-10-0- ( 161 prh ) srivagyasudra bhaga 28 rathaka 6 sikhara 64 bhumi 20 rekhaguna 2 sundarapista ( rathaka ) 4-1-4-1-4 ( melana ) 2-1- 110-10 ( 147 prh ) bhagas, The Sarbangasundara consists of 28 9 rathakas, 64 sikharas and 20 bhumis. The rekhagunaghata is 2 an. The ratio of the rathakas is 4-1-4-1-4, and their projections are 2-1-1 /2=1/4 or 2-11/2-3/4-X an. It should be set upon the Suthira pista (or according to another reading Kumbha pista). At the 36 corners, there should be 36 kutas. There should be 3 sikharas in each anuratha paga making a total of 24, and 1 in each raha making 4. The total number of sikharas is thus 64. 19. SREETARU : (ka) sritaru bhaga 32 rathaka 6 bhumi 20 sikhara causathi 64 rekhaguna- ghatha 2 rahajaka atha 8 dui anuraha 1 dui anuratha da 10 dui pariratha bhaga 5 dui kanika bhaga 8 gae bhaga batisi 32 jahi sikhara vasiba taha janima cari rahare cari sikhara 4 anurathare tini sikhara nekhae cavisi 24 kutare chatisi kr

1 20 7/AA 1/2 IA. 10gi 5 The Bhadra Temple, § XCVI XIA + 1 1 L 20 60

I

THE REKHA TEMPLE 139 sikhara 36 gae sikhara causathi 64 srivaru bhaga samapata simghapista ( rathaka ) 4-10-5-2|10-4 ( melana ) 2- 1 110-1- 1110 ( 166 prh ) sriru bhaga 32 rathaka 6 sikhara 64 bhumi 20 rekhaguna 2 ( rathaka ) 4- 110-5-2| 10-4 ( melana ) 2-1- 11010 ( 141 - prh ) The Sreetaru consists of 32 bhagas, 9 rathakas, 20 bhumis, and 64 sikharas. The rekagunaghata is 2 an. It should be set upon the Singha pista. The ratio of the rathakas is 4-1/2-5-21/2~4, their projections being 2-1-1 /2-1 /4 or 2- 11/2-1-3/4 an Of sikharas, there should be 4 in the raha, 24 in the anuratha, at the rate of 3 in each ; 36 at the kutas. Thus ends the specification of the Sreetaru temple. Saptaratha Temples 20. ASTASRI : (kha) astasri bhaga 27 rathaka bha 7 sikhara bha 34 rekhagunighata 3 ( rathaka ) 3 - 330-2-5 ( melana ) 2-1-4 (185 prh ) (cha) asri bhaga 27 rathaka 7 sikhara 64 rekhagunaghatha 3 ( rathaka ) 3- x-2 - 3 ( melana ) 2-1- 110 (71 prh ) asti bhaga 27 rathaka 7 sikhara x rekhagunaghatha 3 ( rathaka ) 3-3-2-3 ( melana ) 2-1- 110 ( 181 prh The Astasri consists of 27 bhagas, 7 rathakas, 64 (?) sikharas. The rekhagunaghata is 3 an : The ratio of the rathakas 2-1-1/2 an. 21. BIRATI : is 3-31/2-2-5, their projections being (ka) virati bhaga 22 rathaka 7 sikhara nasti ( rathaka ) 3-3-2-3 (melana ) 2-1 110 ( sesa prstha )

· 140 ORISSAN ARCHITECTURE (kha) virati bha 22 rathaka 7 sikhara nasti ( 204 prh ) (cha) vairati bhaga 22 rathaka 7 sikhara nasti ( 68, 182, 183 prh The Birati consists of 22 bhagas, 7 rathakas. It has no sikhatas. The tathakas are in the following ratio 3-3-2-3, and their projections are 2-1-1/2 an. 22. CHITRAKUTA : (cha) citrakuta bhaga 18 rathaka 3 3 gandire sikhara nati ( rathaka ) 2-2-1-4 ( melana ) 1 - X -110 (1) rekhagunaghatha 3 ||0 (45 prh ) (ka) catru suddhaksetre || 11 | vasurame vibharjite | konasaiva rasasena | 6 | thambhabhatamekabhagena | devaase kanika bhavet | prasada citrakuta | prasada saptabhi- ratha citrakuta bhaga samapata | sri | sri ( 66 prh ) The Chitrakuta temple consists of 18 bhagas. It has no stkharas in the gandi. The rekhagunaghata is 31/2 an. The ratio ratio of rathakas is 2-2-1-4, their projections being ( 2 ) - 1-1 / 2 an. 23. CHHATRIBHUSANA : ( KSHETRABHUSANA ?) (kha) chatribhusana bha 2 rathaka bha 7 sikhara bha 32 kalatare puskara kanika - pase kumbha jalatreni puskara 40 atha pase sikhara 160 ( rathaka ) 10 - 1||0- 1- 1 110 ( melana ) 1 - 110- ( 183 prh ) The Chhatribhusana consists of (11) bhagas, 7 rathakas, 32 sikharas.....At the edge of the kanika paga, there should be kumbhas.... The ratio of rathakas is 11/2-11/2-1-11/2 and their projections are 1-1 / 2-x an. (The fact that this temple has kumbhas in the kanika paga like the nabaratha Kshetrabhusana temple leads us to suppose that the name Chhatribhusana is a corruption of the word Kshetrabhusana.)

24. DuIPADMA : THE REKHA TEMPLE 141 (ka) dui padma bhaga 8 rathaka sa 7 sikhara 32 bhumi 15 rekhagunaghata 2 padmapitha ( rathaka ) 1 - 1110-1-1 10 ( melana ) 2-1-0 (138 prh ) The Duipadma temple consists of 8 bhagas, 7 rathakas, 32 sikharas and 15 bhumis. It should be set upon the Padma pista. Its rekhagunaghata is 2 an. The ratio of tathakas is 1-3 / 4-1-11 /4, their projections being 2-1-1 /2 an. 25. GARURA : (kha) gar bha bhaga 34 rathaka sikhara 80 rekhagunighatha 3 ( rathaka ) 5-5-3-4 ( melana ) 2-1 - 110 ( 185 prh ) The Garura consists of 34 bhagas, 80 sikharas and ( 7 ) rathakas. The rekhagunaghata is 3 an. The ratio of rathakas is 5-5-3 - 4 and their projections are 2-1-1/2 an. 26. KAILASA : (kha) kailasa bha 48 rathaka bha 7 sikhara bha 100 rekhagunighatha 4 ( 185 prh ) (cha) kailasa bhaga 48 rathaka 7 sikhara 100 rekhagunaghatha 4 ( rathaka ) 5-3-6-10 ( melana ) 2- X ( 66 prh ) kelasa bhaga 48 rathaka 7 sikhara 13 rekhagunaghatha 4 ( rathaka ) 5-3-6-10 ( 184 prh ) The Kailasa temple consists of 48 bhagas, 7 rathakas and 100 sikharas. The rekhagunaghata is 4 an. The ratio of the rathakas is 5-3-6-10, their projections being 2-x-x an. 27. KALPATARU : (kha) kalpatar bha 60 rathaka bha 7 sikhara bha 32 rekhagunighata 3 ( rathaka ) 10-5-5-10 ( 185 prh )

142 ORISSAN ARCHITECTURE (cha) kalpasa bhaga 60 rathaka 7 sikhara 32 rekhagunaghatha 30 (1) ( rathaka ) 10-5-5-10 (184 prh ) kalapata bha 60 rathaka 7 sikhara 32 rekhagunaghatha 3 ( rathaka ) 10-5-5-10 (184 prh ) The Kalpataru consists of 60 bhagas, 7 rathakas, 32 sikharas. The rekhagunaghata is 3 an. The ratio of the tathakas is 10-5-5-10. 28. KANIHASTHA : (cha) kanistha bhaga 28 rathaka 7 -rnare kuta kariba sikhara atha 28 ( rathaka ) 3-4-3-4 ( melana ) 2- 1 - 110 rekhaganaghatha - 4 ( 56 prh ) Th Kanihastha consists of 28 bhagas and 7 rathakas. The umber of sikharas is 28, the rekhagunaghata, 4 an. rathakas are in the following ratio 3-4-3-4, their i.cojections being 2-1~1/2 an. ** 29. KSHETRABHUSANA ( See also CHHATRIBHUSANA) : (ka) catrutre krtaksete | pancadasa bhaga kariyeta | goratha dvibhagena | aarse uparatho stita | anuratha pancadasabhagantu | astadasa konapindaka | kramadhighata kariyeta || 4 || bhumika kramata srava || kamana anurathasaiva || caturbhikonani sobhita | prasada ksetribhusananama || sapta- bhiratha samyuta | ksatribhusana prasada samapata || sri || sri || 54 || ( 86-87 prh ) prasadasaptabhi ratho sikharadhi sravosita | bhumikakramatati || taitumbho pusamkrani || karata vaisamvadhana || ksatribhusanaprasada samapata || sri || ( 6 3-4 prh ) (kha) prasada ksetrebhusana bhaga 22 ratha 7 rtuvidhi 16 krtaksetre goratha rtu 6 bhagena anuratho meka ardha ca | paristho tatacaiva | konavandha vitiksato | ( 162 prh )

16 The Dravira Temple. §XCVII

 

THE REKHA TEMPLE 143 The Kshetrabhusana consists of 22 bhagas, 7 rathakas. The goratha is formed by 6 bhagas, the anuratha by 11/2, the pariratha is ( equal to it),...... 30. KRITIDUSHANA : 6 (ka) krtidusanabhaga 25 rathaka 7 sikhara 32 bhumi rekhagunaghata 2 khurapista ( rathaka ) 3 - 3 ||0-2 |0-3 ( melana ) 1- 110-10 ( 142 prh ) kritidusana bhaga 25 rathaka 7 sikhara va 32 bhumi 16 rekhagunaghata 2 khura- pista ( rathaka ) 27 (?) 3||0-2 |10- 3 ( melana ) 1110-1- 110 | rahajaka bhaga sa 7 dui anuradha bhaga 7 dui anuratha bha 5 dui kanika 6 jahi sikhara vasi taha janima anurathare tini sikhara lekhae cavisi 24 cari rahare cari sikhara 4 ( 165 prh ) The Kritidushana consists of 25 bhagas, 7 cathakas, 32 sikharas, 19 bhumis and is set upon the Khura pista. The rekhagunaghata is 2 an. The ratio of the rathakas is 31/2-31/2-23/2-3, their projections being 1-1 / 2-1 /4 or 11/2-1-1/2 an. There should be 24 sikhatas in the anuratha paga and 4 (8?) in the raha. 31. LAGHUMANDARA : (cha) laghumandara bhaga 26 rathaka 7 sikhara 16 ( rathaka ) 3-3-3-4 ( 66, 184 prh ) The Laghumandara consists of 26 bhagas, 7 rathakas, the ratio of its rathakas being 3-3-3-4. 32. MANDARA : (kha) mandara bha 26 rathaka bha 7 sikhara 16 rekhaumaghata 4 ( rathaka ) 1-3-3-4 ( 76 prh )

144 ORISSAN ARCHITECTURE 3-3-3-4 mandara 26 rathaka 7 sikhara so 16 la rekhaumaghatha 4 ( rathaka ) 3 3 - 3-4 ( 85 prh ) mandarabhaga sasthavisatim | kailasa catucahari |4| lena paristho bhave | 3 | anuratha tata samanya | 3 | madhyaratho parimane | rasabhagena karaye | 6 | rathamadhye kutaasana | saptaratha karayeta | ( 62,180 prh ) (cha) mandara bhaga 36 rathaka 7 sikhara 16 rekhauaghata 4 ( 224 prh ) The Mandara consists of 26 bhagas, 7 rathakas and 16 sikharas. The rekhagunaghata is 4 an. The ratio of the rathakas is 3-3-3-4. 33. MAHADRAVIRA : (ka) mahadraviड़ा bhaga 28 rathaka sa 7 sikhara vatisi 32 bhumi onisi 16 rekhagunaghata 2 parijamghapistha ( rathaka ) 4-3-3-4 ( melana ) 1-0- 110 raha (jaka a ) tha bhaga 8 dui anuratha bhaga 6 dui anuraha bhaga 6 dui kanika bhaga 8 kana khajuriya kutare varana upare sikhare lekhae atha 28 cari rahare cari sikhara 4 gae vatisi 32 (168 prh ) The Mahadravira consists of 28 bhagas, 7 rathakas, 32 sikharas and 19 bhumis. It should be set upon the Pari jangha pista. Its rekhagunaghata is 2 an. The rathakas are in the ratio of 4-3-3-4, their projections being 1-3/4-1/2 an. At the corners, on the khajuriya kutas, set upon the baranda, there should be 28 sikharas. There should also be 4 on the raha, thus making a total of 32 sikharas. 34. MuLASREEBACHHA : (ka) mulasrivacha bhaga 24 rathaka sam 7 sikhara 32 rekhagunaghata 2 simghapista ( rathaka ) 3|0-3 ||0-1-4 ( melana ) 2-1- 10 ( 145 prh )

Doorway of the Kotitirtheswara Temple, Bhubaneswar

xi

THE REKHA TEMPLE 145 mulasravacha bhaga 24 rathaka 7 sikhara vatisi 32 rekhagunaghata 2 rahajaka bhaga 7 dui anuratha 7 dui anuraha 2 dui kanika bhaga 8 ga bhaga vavisi 24 simhapista ( rathaka ) 3|0 - 3||0-1-4 ( melana ) 2-1-1 anurathare cari sikhara 4 atha cadaka vatisi 32 mulasrivaksa samapata ( 163 prh ) (kha) mulasribala 34 rathaka sarvada 7 sikhare punighata 3 || 0 ( 84 prh ) The Mulasreebachha consists of 24 bhagas, 7 rathakas and 32 sikharas. Its rekhagunaghata is 2 an. It should be set upon the Singha pista. There should be 4 sikharas in each anuratha, making a total of 32 sikharas. The rathakas are in the following ratio 31/ 2-31 / 2-1-4, their projections being 2-1-1 or 2 - 1 - 1/2 an. 35. NANDIBARDHANA : (cha) nandivardhana bhaga 17 rathaka 7 5 sikhara su (?) mi 107 (100 1 ) sikhara 36 ( rathaka ) 3 - 3||0-2-5 ( melana ) 2-1-1 (181 prh ) nandividhina bhaga 10 rathaka 7 sikhara sumi (1) 100 sikhara 32 ( rathaka ) 3-3||0-2-5 (16 prh ) navina bhaga 10 rathaka 5 sikhara mundi 100 sikhara 32 ( rathaka ) 3-3||0-2-5 ( melana ) x 1- 110 (70 prh ) The Nandibardhana consists of 17 bhagas, 7 rathakas, 32 sikharas, 100 mundis. Its rathakas are in the ratio of 3-31/ 2-2-5, their projections being 2-1-1 /2 an. 36. PURNASALA : (ka) purnasala bhaga 16 rathaka 7 sikhara 32 bhumi 18 rekhaguna 2 ( rathaka ) 3- 1||0-1 |10-2 ( melana ) 2-1- 110 vedipista ( 146-7 prh ) purnasala ( nasta ) rathaka sata 7 sikhara vatisi 32 bhumi matara 18 rekhaguna- ghatha 2 vedipista ( rathaka ) 3 - 1 ||0 - 1 110-2 ( melana ) 10-1- manurathe sikhara 19

146 ORISSAN ARCHITECTURE siva tini sikhara lekhae 24 rahare sikhare lekhae cari rahare atha sikhara 8 rahajaka kariva bhaga 6 dui anuraha jaka heva 3 dui anuratha bhaga 3 dui kanika bha 4 gae bha 16 ( 162 prh ) rtuvidhi krte ksetre | netra ase goratha 3 | ra | bhaga saaradhono 1||0 || upara anuratha tadya bhave tatra bhakona vandha | sata prasadasambevantana | purnasala travikama vijaprada | yajasri vaisya vivarddhana | krayavista purestita | sri | ( 64 prh ) (cha) purnasala bhaga 16 rathaka 7 rekhagunaghata | 3||0 gandire sikhara 80 anurathare bhuimrna masire 10 ( rathaka ) 3 - 2 |0 - 1 ||0 -2 na bhage kataiva | (55, 165 prh ) | The Purnasala consists of 16 bhagas, 7 rathakas, 18 bhumis and 32 sikharas. It should be set upon the Bedi pista. Its rekhagunaghata is 2 or 31 / 2 an. There should be 24 sikharas in the anuratha and 8 in the raha pagas. 37. RATNASARA : (ka) ratnasara bhaga 28 rathaka sata 7 sikhara nasti bhumi 20 gunaghata 2 e prasada napumsaka rahajaka bhaga 8 dui anuraha bhaga 6 dui anuratha 8 dui kanika bhaga 6 gae bhaga a 28 ratnasara bhaga samapata ( rathaka ) 4-3-4-3 ( melana ) 2-1- 110 (143, 164 prh ) The Ratnasara consists of 28 bhagas, 7 rathakas, 20 bhumis. It has no sikharas and, as such, is a hermaphrodite. The rafhakas are in the ratio of 4-3-4-3, their projections being 2-1-1 /2 an. 38. SARBANGASUNDARA : (cha) sarvangasundara bhaga 54 rathaka 7 sikhara 64 (65, 185 prh ) The Sarbangasundara consists of 54 bhagas, 7 rathakas and has 64 sikharas.

i [] } } { } } } } Doorway of Chandrasekhara Temple, Khiching, Mayurbhanj FAD

 

39. SuBARNAKUTA : THE REKHA TEMPLE (cha) suvarnakuta bhaga 22 rathaka 7 ( 47, 215 prh ) 147 suvarnakuta bhaga 20 rathaka 7 ( rathaka ) 2 0 ( 1 ) -2|0-2-3 ( melana ) 2-1-1 110 (1) (57 prh ) suvantukuta bhaga 20 rathaka sa 7 ( rathaka ) 2||0-2 ||0-2-3 ( melana ) 1-1- 1110 athava 2-1- 110 (61 prh ) suvarnakuta bhaga 27 rathaka sa7 ( rathaka ) 2|0-2 |0-2-3 kuta aghata 3 ||0 sikhara 32 ( 163 prh ) The Subarnakuta consists of 20 bhagas, 7 rathakas and 32 sikharas. The rekhagunaghata is 31 /2 an. The rathakas are in the ratio of 21 / 2-21 / 2-2-3, their projections being 2-1-1 /2 an. 40. SRIBATSA : (cha) srivaksabhaga 24 rathaka 7 rekhagunaghata 03 ( melana ) 2-1- 110-11 ( 64, 85 prh ) The Sribatsa consists of 24 bhagas and 7 rathakas. The rekhagunaghata is 3 an....... 41. SREETARU : (cha) anta bhaga 26 rathaka 6 sikhara nasti (rathaka ) 3-4-1-4 (65 prh ) sri bhaga 26 rathaka 6 sikhara mundi (rathaka ) 3-3-3-4 (185 prh ) The Sreetaru consists of 26 bhagas, 9 (7) rathakas. It has no sikharas. The rathakas are in the ratio of 3-3-3-4. 42. TRIPATI : (kha) tipati bha 18 rathaka bha 7 sikhara bha 20 khayuriya kuta ( 182 prh ) The Tripati consists of 18 bhagas, 7 rathakas, and has 20 sikharas. } :

148 ORISSAN ARCHITECTURE Pancharatha Temples 43. BARABHI : (ka) vadabhi bhaga 10 rathaka pa 5 sikhara 24 mundi atha 8 rahake duimundi nekhae cari rahaku atha mundi 8 anurathare ti - 3 sikhara gae cabisi sikhara malabhadra 4 e varana upare bahai || mundi carita 4 rahajaka bhaga 4 dui anuratha 3 dui kanika ti 3 gae bhaga 10 ( rathaka ) 2 - 1 110 - 1 110 ( melana ) 1 - 1110 ( 166 prh ) vadabhi bhaga 10 rathaka paca 5 sikhara 32 anala bheda 4 bhumi pa 5 parijamghapista ( rathaka ) 2 - 10-10 pida kariba sikhara vamsiba ( 108 prh ) ( rathaka ) 2 - 1 110- 1||0 (melana ) 1||0 - |||0 parijanghapista ( 135 prh ) vadabhi bhaga 10 rathaka pa 5 sikhara mundi 32 analabhodo 4 bhumi pa 5 parijamghapista ( rathaka ) 2 - 1 ||0 - 1 ||0 anuratha sikhara 3 rahapase sikhara dui sikhara nekha 8 ( 177 prh ) The Barabhi consists of 10 bhagas, 5 tathakas, 24 sikharas, 8 mundis, ( evidently on the bara). It should be set upon the Parijangha pista. There should be 5 bhumis (in the gandi). The rathakas should be in the ratio of 2-11 / 2- 11/2, their projections being 11 / 2- 3/4 an....... 44. BIMANA : (ka) vivana bhaga 10 rathaka pa 5 bhumi 18 sikhara 24 rekhaguna 3 kurmapista ( rathaka ) 3-10-2 ( melana ) 2-1 (140 prh ) vimana bhaga 10 rathaka paca 5 bhumi athara 18 sikhara bisi 24 rekha aghata gunaghata 3 krumapista || pida potala kanthi kanare koड़िe sikhara 20 rahare cari sikhara 4 gae sikhara 24 dedha़bhaga nekhae tini bhaga 3 dui kanika ( rathaka ) 3-1 ||0-2 ( melana ) 1 = -1 rahajaka tini bhaga 3 anuthajaka dui bhage 4 vimana bhaga samapata || (155 prh )

""a THE REKHA TEMPLE 149 (From the text it is not possible to determine with certainty if the present temple is of the Rekha or Bhadra type. In support of the former, we get the mention of rekhagunaghata as a distinctive proof. But when it is said in connection with the disposition of the sikharas, that 20 sikharas should be placed at the "corners of the kanti between the potalas, which consist of pirhas," our position becomes doubtful, as this might be taken as an equally conclusive proof of the temple being of the Bhadra type. We have therefore translated the text just as it stands). The Bimana consists of 10 bhagas, 5 rathakas, 18 bhumis, 24 sikharas. It should be set upon the Kurma pista. Its rekhagunaghata is 3 an. 20 sikharas should be set at the corners of the kanti separating the potalas, which consist of pithas. In the raha there should be 4 sikharas, making the total number of sikharas 24. The rathakas are in the following ratio 3 - 11 / 2-2, their projections being 2-1 an. 45. BRISHAVA : (ka) vrsabha bhaga 12 rathaka pa 5 bhumi 14 sikhara bisi 24 rekhagunaghata 2 ( 140 prh ) vrsabha bhaga 12 rathaka pa 5 bhumi cauda 14 sikhara caubisi 24 rekhagunaghata du 2 anurathare tini sikhara lekhae caubisi sikhara 24 pramahathaku uca panca hatha 5 . vaड़e ka jamghe kalasa nasti vrsabha bhaga samapata sundarapistha ( rathaka ) 2-2-2 ( melana ) 1 ||10 - ||10 ( 155 prh ) catrtra krtiksetre vyadita bhaga vibharjite pancabhiratha sayukata || samabhagena kupitaa | vrsaha prasadasamapata || sri || ( 17prh ) (kha) brsabha bha 12 rathaka 5 sikhara 32 rekhagunighata bha 4 ( rathaka ) 2-2-2 ( melana ) 2-1 ( 180 1: )

150 ORISSAN ARCHITECTURE vrsabha bha 5 | caturaste krta ksetre akrbhage vivartini | 12 | kenyasa veni bhagena || anuratho pustabhagastatha | sadaguna madhyastho | kilata vedabhagena | 4 | vrsabha vaksavyasanaya 5 | ( 63 prh ) The Brishava consists of 12 bhagas, 5 rathakas, 24 ( or 32 ) sikharas. Its rekhagunaghata is 2 (or 4) an. It should be set upon the Sundara pista. The rafhakas are in the ratio of 2-2-2, their projections are 2 - 1 or 13/4 -3 / 4 an. If the length of the garbha be 1 cubit, the height of the temple should be 5 cubits. 46. DRABIBANA : (ka) dravivana bhaga 24 rathaka pa 5 sikhara ca24usi bhumi 16 rekhagunaghatha 2 ( rathaka ) 4-4-4 ( melana ) 2-2 suthira pista ( 136 prh ) dravivana bhaga - 4 rathaka pa 5 sikhara 24 bhumi 16 rekhagunaghata 3 kanipista jati svaisa || rahajaka bhaga 8 dui anuratha bhaga 8 dui kanika dasa angula camda sutha || j) anurathe tini sikhara nekhae cabisi sikhara 24 (rathaka ) 4-4-4 111 = ( melana ) 1-0 (156 prh ) The Drabibana consists of 24 bhagas, 5 rathakas, 24 sikharas and 16 bhumis. It should be set upon the Kani pista. It is Vaisya by caste. The rathakas are in the ratio of 4-4-4, their projections being 1- 3/4 an. There should be 3 sikharas in each anuratha making a total of 24 sikharas. 47. DuIPADMA : (ka) catrusra catrusre krti ksetre || vasubhage vibharjita | gorathamekabhagena | mekaarddha anuratha bhavet | kanika meka arddhasyat | prasada dupadma karieta | duipadma prasada samapata | ( 67 prh )

! Torana at Puri i 1

 

THE REKHA TEMPLE 151 dui padmabhaga 8 rathaka pa 5 sikhara 24 bhumi 18 rekhaguna 3 ( rathaka ) 1- 1||0- 1||0 ( 110 prh ) dui padmabhaga atha 8 rathaka pa 5 sikhara 24 bhumi a 18 rekhaguna 3 anurathare tini sikhara lekhae cabisi sikhara | 24 | (rathaka ) 1 - 9||0- 1||0 ( melana ) 2- 1 ( 176 prh ) The Duipadma consists of 8 bhagas, 5 rathakas, 24 sikharas, 18 bhumis. Its rekhagunaghata is 3 an. The rathakas are in the ratio of 1-11 /2 - 1 1/2, their projections being 2-1 an. 48. KAILASA : (cha) kalasa bhaga 1 ||0 rathaka 5 sikhara gandire 40 rekhagunaghata 4 aratha paho sikhara | (rathaka ) 10- 1||0-2 ( melana ) 2-1 (58 prh ) The Kailasa consists of (10) bhagas, 5 rathakas and 40 sikharas in the gandi. Its rekhagunaghata is 4 an. The rathakas are in the ratio of 11 / 2-11 / 2-2 and their projections are 2-1 an. 48. KHANDASALA (kha) khandasala bha 11 rathaka bha 5 sikhara bha 24 rekhagunighata 4 ( rathaka ) 3-22-4 (1) ( melana ) 2-1 ( 203 prh ) (cha) khandasala bhaga 11 rathaka 5 sikhara 24 rekhagunaghata 3 ||0 ( 16 prh ) khandasala bhaga 11 prita 2 rathaka 5 sikhara 24 rekhagunaghatha 4 va 3 | 0 ( rathaka ) 1||0 - 1| 10-2 ( melana ) 2-1 (70,181 prh ) The Khandasala consists of of 11 bhagas, 5 rathakas, 24 sikharas. Its rekhagunaghata is 31 / 2 or 4 an. The rathakas are in the ratio of 11 / 2-11 / 2-2, their projections being 2-1 an.

152 50. MADHYA : ORISSAN ARCHITECTURE (ka) madhyavibhaga 11 rathaka sikhara nasti (rathaka ) 10-2-2 (sesa prstha ) (cha) mathadhani bhaga e 19 rathaka 6 sikhara nasti (rathaka ) 1||0-2-2 (66 prh ) maghe vibhaga 11 rathaka 6 sikhara nasti ( 182 prh ) The Madhya (Madhabi ?) consists of 11 bhagas, 9 ( ? ) rathakas. It has no sikharas. The rathakas are in the ratio of 11 / 2-2-2. 51. MAHABARABHI : (ka) mahabadabhi bhaga 28 rathaka pa 5 mundi 32 bhumi 5 parijamghapista ( rathaka ) 5-4-5 ( melana ) 2-1 ( 136 prh ) mahabaड़bha bhaga 28 rathaka pa 5 bhumi pa 5 mundi vatisi 32 caurasa kariba atha 28 caurasaru raha anuratha vahara kari pakaiba adhai amgula 2 |0 adhai bhaga utare athai bhaga 28 rahajaka bhaga 10 dui anuratha bhaga 8 dui kanika bhaga 10 eha prabhahathaku ucca paca hatha 5 kanikare cari mundi 4 nekhae vatisi mundi vasiba 32 athapase vartisi mundi 32 gae vatisi mundi 34 ( rathaka ) 5-4-5 ( melana ) 10 - 0 ( 168 prh ) The Mahabarabhi consists of 28 bhagas, 5 rathakas, 32 mundis and 5 bhumis (in the gandi ). It should be set upon the Parijangha pista. The ratio of the rathakas should be 5-4-5, their projections being 2-1 an. If the garbha be 1 cubit long, the height of the temple should be 5 cubits. In the kanika, there should be 32 mundis at the rate of 4 mundis in each. 52. MuLA SREEBACHHA : (kha) mulasrivacha bha 11 rathaka bha5 sikhara bhaga 32 rekhagunighatha 4 ( rathaka ) 1110-2-2 (184 prh )

2628-10 FAM -62 Torana of a rare type, Bhubaneswar

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THE REKHA TEMPLE 153 The Mula Sreebacha consists of 11 bhagas, 5 rathakas and 32 sikharas. The rekhagunaghata is 4 an. The ratio between the different rathakas is 11 / 2-2-2. 53. NANDA SREEBACHHA : (cha) nandasrivacha bhaga 10 rathaka 5 mundi 100 sikhara 36 ( rathaka ) 10- 1|10-2 ( melana ) 2-1 ( 43 prh ) The Nanda Sreebacha consists of 10 bhagas, 5 rathakas, 100 mundis and 36 sikharas. The ratio between the rathakas is 11 / 2-11 / 2-2 and their projections are 2 - ( 1 ) an. 54. RATNASARA : (cha) ratnasara bhaga rathaka 5 sikhara gandire 40 rekhagunaghata 4 anuratha pase vahai 5 lekhae 40 ( 161 prh ) ratnasara dasa rathaka panca 5 sikhara gandire 40 rekhagunaghata 4 anurathare sikhara bahai 5 lekhae 40 (203 prh ) The Ratnasara consists of 10 bhagas, 5 rathakas, 40 sikharas in the anuratha. The rekhagunaghata is 4 an. 55. SREE BACHHA KHANDASALA : (ka) srivachakhandamala bhaga 11 rathaka pa 5 sikhara cauvisi 24 guna- ghata 3 rahajaka bhaga 3 dui anuratha bhaga 4 dui kanika bhaga 4 gae bhaga cavisi 24 jahi sikhara vasiba taha janima | anurathe tini sikhara lekhae cavisi sikhara 24 khurapista ( rathaka ) 1110-2-2 ( melana ) 2- 110-1 (1) (167 prh ) | srivakhandasala bhaga 11 rathaka pa 5 sikhara 24 rekhagunaghata 3 khurapista ( rathaka ) 1|10-2-2 ( melana ) 2-1 (141 prh The Sreebachha Khandasala consistis of 11 bhagas, 5 rathakas, 24 sikharas. It should be placed upon a Khura pista. The rekhagunaghata is 3 an. The ratio between the different rathakas is 11 / 2-2-2, their projections being 2-1 an. 20

XVI. The Bhadra Temple: General Considerations. XCI. Other names of the Bhadra temple The Bhadra is also called the Mukhasala (lit. the building which is placed to wards the face or front of the Rekha), or Pirha temple on account of its gandi being composed of pirhas. (ka) deula goti kariba | mukusali jodie kariba | tahiki paciritie | | kariba | kale ki hoi taha janima| kotie kula paryyanta svargarohana huanti | ( 76 prh ) 91. Build one (Rekha) temple. Buke two mukhasalas (in front of it). Erect a wall round the whole. One should know what follows from such works. One's descendants up to the ten-millionth remove will ascend to heaven. XCII. Gainthiala The Rekha and Bhadra are joined to each other in a very intimate manner. The junction between the two is called the gainthiala, which literally means a ceremonial knot tied between the garments of the bride and the bridegroom during the marriage ceremony. According to the traditional view, the Rekha being male and the Bhadra female, they should be joined to each other like man and wife in a state of sexual union. There is nothing in the silpasasfras however to support the above view. ○ The following passage occurs in the silpasastras with reference to the gainthiala.