Canakya’s Aphorisms in Puranas

Canakya’s Aphorisms in Puranas [purāṇeṣu canakyanitivacanani] / By Dr. Ludwik Sternbach, United Nations, Grand Central, New York. / 113-146

[ asmin nibandhe pradhanyena garudapuranantargatavrhaspatisamhitayah ( ga0 pu0, adhyayah 108-115 ) canakyarajanitisastrasya ca nitivacananam tulanatmakam sradhyayanam prastutam | tadartham ca canakyaraja- nitisastrasyatra dvau mudritamanthau sat pracina krosasca samakalitah | vidusa lekhakenapi bhumika nirdharitapatha pathabhedadisahitam ca canakyaraja- nitisastramanyatra mudritam | tasya nirdharitapatho'pyatra nirdistah | garudapuranasya brhaspatisamhitayam 360 slokah santi | tesu 334 slokanam canakyarajanitisastrasya chokaih saha samyam vatrtate, 11 slokah canakyanirmitesvanyesu granthesu varttante, 5 slokaca anya samskrta- granthesu vidyante tasmad brhaspatisamhitayam kevalam 39 sloka evam garudapura sasya svakiyah stoka pravasisyante | anye'pi 31 slokah canakyagranthesu puranesu ca samana upa- labhyante | te sarve'pyatra nibandhe varnakramanusarena akara nirdesapurvakam ullikhitah | 16 slokaca sadrsyena puranesu canakyagranthesu copa- labhyante, te'pyatra bhakaranirdesapurvakam nirdistah | canakyarajanitisastram nama granthom dasamyam khistiya satabdadyam bhiksurinacenajonaponamna tibbatadesiyena vidusa svakiye samgrahagranye'nta- rbhavita asit | etenasya granthasya tadanimapi param mahatvamasiditi spastam pratiyate | ataeva garudapurane'sya prayasah sarvesameva slokana samgrahah krtah | ] 1. In his previous study "The Canakya-raja-niti-sastra and the Brhaspati-Samhita of the Garuda purana" in the Annals of the Bhandarkar Or. Res. Institue (ABORI XXXVII, pp 58-110) this author came to the conclusion that the Brhaspati-Samhita of the Garuda-parana (GP) is almost identical with Canakya's aphorisms, the Canakya rajaniti sastra version (CR). He was able to prove that seventy per cent of the Brhaspati-Samhita maxims of the Garuda puram are identical with CR. This study was based on three texts of CR, viz. the text of the Cannkya-raja-nitis sastram ed. by Pt. isvarn Chandra Sastri (Calcutta Or. Series, No. 2) (CRC), the MS. Sansk. f. 15 in the Bodleion Library in Oxford (CRB) and the MS. 1559 in the Library of the 15

114 puranam - PURANA [Vol. VI., No. 1 Pennsylvania University in Philadelphia, Pa. (CRP). In the meantime this author was able to secure five additional texts of CR, viz. MS. 347 of 1892-25 in the Bhandarkar Or. Res. Institute, Poona (BORI) (CRBh I), the MS. 348 of 1892-95 in BORI (CRBh II), the MS: Add. 2525 in the University Library in Cambridge (CRCa I), the MS. Add. 1040 in the University Library in Cambridge (CRCa II) and the Tibetan text of the Canakya-raja-niti-sastra, as published by Sunitikumar Pathak in the Visva-Bharati Annals, Vol. VIII (CRT). On the basis of these eight texts (in particular CRT and CRCa II, which might even be extracts from the Brhaspati-samhita of the GP) it was possible to identify all but fifty-six stanzas of the Brhaspatisamhita of the GP 3 as identical with at least one of the eight texts of the CR version, i. e. over eighty-five per cent of the whole Brhaspati-samhita of the GP. Of the remaining fifteen per cent (fifty-seven stanzas) those marked with one asterisk, i. e eleven maxims are found in other versions of Canakya and those marked with two asterisks, i. e. five stanzas, in other texts of Sanskrit literature. That would mean that, as long as the ur-text of the Brhaspati samhita of the GP or other texts of CR are not found, only thirty-nine stanzas,' i. e. less than ten per cent of the whole Brhaspati-samhita of GP, are maxims original to the Brhaspatisamhita of the GP. The following table shows the correlation of the stanzas of the Brhaspati-samhita of the GP with the eight texts of CR. 1. Described in detail by L. Sternbach in "A new Canakya-raja-nitiSastra Manuscript" in Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, Bombay, 1958 and Bharatiya Vidya XVI, Nos. 1-2, pp. 89-143 and Nos. 3-4, pp. 97-124. 2. Also see L. Sternbach, "The Tibetan Canakya-raja-niti-sastra." ABORI XLII, pp. 99-122. There the author came to the conclusion that the CRT text is possibly another text of the Brhaspati-samhita of the Garuda-purana. The CRCa II text seems rather to be an extract of the same work than a text of the CR version, although in the colophon Canakya is said to be the author. 3. 108.5, 9, 10; 109.16, 31*, 50**, 54; 110.6, 28; 111.11, 14, 19, 20, 25; 112.9*; 113.5, 13*, 20, 26*, 28, 32, 38, 58*, 59; 114.3, 7, 10, 23, 43*, 45*, 53, 64, 65, 71**, 73**, 74; 115.6*, 13*, 14, 19**, 29**, 34, 35, 37, 40, 50, 53, 56-8, 64, 70, 72, 77*, 82, 83 (closing stanza). 4. In reality thirty-eight stanzas, since the last stanza is a closing stanza. 5. The figures followed by an asterisk (*) denote variants (or only similarities). GP 1 2 CRT 3 1.6 4 5 800 CRCa II 1 2 3 900 906 6 1.8 7 8 11 247 21 1.17 22 1.18 23 1.19 26 Jan., 1964] CANAKYA'S APHORISMS IN PURANAS 115 CRP CRB CRBh I ADHYAYA 108 CRBh II CRC 400 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 909 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10. 1.10 1.11 1.11 1.11 1.11 1.13 1.11 1.12 1.12 1.12 306 1.11 1.12 9 10 840 1.17 1.15 1.17 1.17 1.17 12 1.7 4 13 110 1.18 1.16 1.18 1.18 1.18 1.19 1.17 1.19 1.19 1.19 M IS SI NG 1.16 1.17 1.18 14 1.11 5 15 1.12-13 6 16 1.12-13 ... 1.20 1.18 1.21 1.26 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.19 1.19 1.21 1.22 1.22 1.21 1.26 1.27 1.27 1,28 17 .. 18 cf.1.14 19 1.15 1.22 1.20 1.22 123 1.23 ... cf.1.27 cf.1 25 cf. 1.27 cf.1.28 cf.1.28 1.28 1.26 1.28 1.29 1.29 1.29 1.27* 1.28 20 1.16 980 1.36 1.32 1.37 1.38 1.38 1.35 7 500 1.39 24 cf.1.21 cf.8 25 1.22 9 908 *** 27 28 cf.1.23 1.43 1.38 1.44 1.45 1.45 2.11 2.12 2.11 2.8 2.12 cf.1.45 cf.1.40 cf.1.46 ... cf.1.54 ... cf.1.51 cf.1.46 cf 1.52 cf.1.52 cf.1.57 1.40 2.11 1.42 1.48 1. CR reconstructed in Cr. (see abbreviations). CRCa 1 CR reconstructed'

GP CRT CRCa II CRP CRB CRBh I 116 CRBb II CRC CRCa I puranam- PURANA [Vol. VI., No. 1 CR reconstructed GP CRT CI 0 2 2,2 1 2.1 10 ADHYAYA-109 2.1 2.1 2.7 2.2 2.7 30 2.39 2.44 2.39 2.34 2.39 1 2.1 2.1 17 31 2.1 2.1 32 2.25 2.3 2.3 33 2.26 3 2.3 11 2.7 2.5 2.5 *** 2.6 4 2.4 12 34 2.10 2.10 2.10 2.10 2.9 35 5 2.5 13. 2.6 2.11 2.6 2.10 6 2.6 2.13 36 2.13 2.13 2.10 2.14 2.12 37 7 2.7 2.14 2.14 2.14 2.11 2.15 2.8 9 2.9 10 2.10 14 2.17 11 2.11 2.15 2.15 2.15 2.12 2.18 2.16 2.16 2.16 2.13 2.19 2.17 2.17 2.14 2.20 2.18 MISSING 2.13 38 2.14 39 2.40 2.45 2.40 2.41 2.46 2.41 2.35 2.42 2.47 2.42 2.36 2.43 2.48 2.43 cf. 2.44 cf.2.49 cf.2.44 2.45 ... 2.45 2.46 2.50 2.46 2.47 2.40 2.35 2.41 2.36 2.42 eow 2.37 2.43 cf.2.38 2.44 2.39 2.45 2.39 2.42 2.46 2.47 2.37 2.40 2.47 2.15 2.16 40 2.27 16 2.48 2.51 2.15 2.17 12 2.12 2.18 13 2.13 14 2.14 15 2.21 2.17 2.18 2.19 2.19 2.19 2.16 2.22 2.19 2.21 2.22 2.21 2.18 2.24 2.20 2.21 2.15 15 2.22 2:23 2.22 2.19 2.25 2.21 2.22 42 2.18 41 2.28 2.29 43 2.30 540 2.48 2.49 2.52 2.49 2.39 2.41 2.48 2.43 2.49 44 45 20 2.50 2.53 2.50 2.40 2.51 2.54 2.51 2.41 2.52 2.55 2.52 2.42 1.44 1.39 1.45 1.46 2.45 2.42 2.50 2.46 2.43 2.51 2.47 2.52 *** 1.48 MI 1.41 16 46 2.54 2.57 2.54 2.44 2.49 2.44 2.54 454 17 2.16 18 2.17 19 2.18 2.23 2.24 2.23 2.20 2.26 2.22 2.23 2.24 2.25 2.24 2.21 2.28 2.23 2.24 2.25 2.26 2.25 2.22 2.27 47 2.55 2.58 2.55 2.45 2.50 2.45 2.55 48 2.57 2.60 2.57 2.47 2.52 2.47 2.57 49 2.56 2.59 2.56 2.46 2.51 2.46 2.56 2.25 20 cf.2.19 21 2.21 2.26 2.27 2.26 2.23 2.29 2.24 2.26 cf.2.28 cf.2.33 cf.2.28 cf.2.25 cf.2.30 cf.2.26 50 2.28 51 2.58 2.61 2.58 2.48 2.54 2.58 22 2.22 23 2.23 2.29 2.34 2.29 2.26 2.31 2.27 2.31 2.36 2.31 2.27 2.33 2.29 2.29 52 2.59 2.59 2.49 2.62 2.55 2.49 2.59 2.31 53 2.60 2.63 2.60 2.56 2.50 2.60 24 2.24 2.33 2.38 2.33 2.40 2.30 2.33 54 25 2.35 2.40 2.35 2.35 1. 26 2.30 2.35 2.30 2.32 2,28 2.30 Also CPS. 373.3 2. Also VCSr 9.1. Vet. 21.13, VS 3436. 27 2.36 2.41 2.36 28 29 2.37 2.42 2.37 cf.2.38 cf.2.43 cf.2.38 cf.2.33 2.32 2.36 2.37 2.38 CRCa II CRP CRB CRBh I Jan., 1964] CANAKYA'S APHORISMS IN PURANAS CRBh II CRC CRCa I CR reconstracted 117

118 puranam-- PURANA [Vol. VI., No. 1 Jan., 1964] CANAKYA'S APHORISMS IN PURANAS 119 123 GP CRT CRCa II CRP CRB CRBh I CRBh II CRC CRCa I CR reconstructed GP CRT CRCa II CRP CRB CRBH I CRBh II CRC CRCa I CR reconstracted ADHYAYA 110 ADHYAYA 111 3.1 17 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 1 4.1 4.1 4.1 800 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 3.2 3.2 3.2 3-2 3.2 3.2 3.2 2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 3 3.2 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.4 3.4 3.3 3 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.2 4.2 4.3 4 3.3 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.5 3.3 3.4 4 cf.4.4 cf.4.4 cf.4.4 cf.4.4 cf.4.3 cf.4.3 4.3 4.4 5 3.4 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.6 3.4 3.5 3.5 5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.4 4.4 4.5 6 500 444 6 4.7 4.6 4.6 4.6 5.5 4.5 4.6 988 7 3.5 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.8 3.6 3.7 3.7 7 4.7 603 4.7 4.7 4.6 4.6 4.4 4.7 8 3.7 8 4.37 4.29 4.47 I 9 3.6 3.43 3.30 9 4.36 4.45 H 10 3.7 3.9 11 3.8 12 3.9 3.9 3.10 3.10 3.10 3.11 3.10 3.11 3.11 3.11 3.12 3.10 3.9 3.9 3.9 10 4.26 4.34 4.26 4.28 4.41 4.18 4.24 3.10 11 908 3.12 3.11 12 18 400 13 3.9 14 3.12 3.12 3.12 3.13 3.48 3.53 3.48 3.11 3.10 3.12 13 4.16 4.20 4.16 4.18 4.30 4.16 3.54 3.46 14 15 3.10 16 3.11 3.13 3.13 3.13 3.14 3.13 3.41 3.43 3.41 3 13 15 3.40 3.39 16 17 3.12 3.14 3.14 3.14 3.15 3.14 3.11 3 14 17 21 18 3.13-4 3.53 3.59 3.53 3.51 3.60 3.40 3.50 18 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.8 4.10 4.10 4.10 4.9 4.12 4.12 4.12 4.11 4.14 4.14 4.14 4.14 4.8 4.5 4.9 4.9 4.7 4.10 4.12 4.8 4.12 4.27 4.10 4-14 19 3.15 3.15 3.15 3.15 3.16 3.15 3.12 3.15 19 808 20 3.16 3.44 .. 3.41 3.33 3.40 20 359 21 3.17 22 cf.3.18 3.16 3.16 3.16 . 3.16 3.13 cf.3.17 cf.3.17 cf.3.17 cf.3.17 cf.3 18 cf.3.14 3.16 21 4.22 427 4.22 4.36 4.16 4.20 3.17 22 4.20 4.25 4.20 4.22 4.35 4.14 4.19 23 3.19* 3.18* 3.18* 3.18* 3.18* 3.19* 3.18 23 4.18 4.22 4.18 4.20 4.32 4.12 4.17 24 3.20* 3.19* 3.19* 3.19* 3.19* 3.20* 3.19 24 4.8 22 4.19 4.23 4.19 4.21 4.33 4.13 4.18 25 3.21* 3.20* 3.21* 3.21* 3.21* 3.22* 3.14 3.21 25. 90° 606 261 27/ 28 3.22 :: 3.22-33.22-3} 3.22} 3.22-33.23-4 3.15-6 3.22 26 cf.4.9 cf.4.32 cf.4.26 cf.4.39 4.22 and B 27 4.10 G 00 29 3.30 28 4.12 30 3.31 3.67 3.72 3.65 3.59 3.43 3.61 20 4.13 999

120 puranam -- PURANA [Vol. VI., No 1 Jan., 1964] CANAKYA'S APHORISMS IN PURANAS 121 GP CRT 31 30 4.14 4.15 32 4.16 : CRCa II CRP CRB CRBh I CRBh II CRC CR reconstructed CR reconstructed 22 5.22 5.27 529 5.27 5.33 5.29 5.28 5.26 23 5.23 5.31 5.33 4.30 4.42 4.30 4.35 4.50 4.21 4.28 24 5.25 5.31 5.37 5.32 5.34 5.32 5.44 5.33 5 32 5:30 5.34 5.33 5.31 33 4.17 23 25 5 26 ADHYAYA 112 1 cf.5.11 cf.5.1 cf.5.1 cf 5.1 of 5.1 cf.5.1 5.1 5.11 1 6.1 23 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.2 23 2 6.1 ADHYAYA-113 5 34 5.36 5.34 5.42 5.36 5.35 5.35 5.37 5.35 543 5.37 5.36 5.33 5.34 24 4 5.5 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3 53 4 5.36 5.38 5.36 5.38 5.38 5.37 5.37* 5.59* 3.37* 539* 5.39* 5 35 5:36 5 5.6 5.5 5.4 5.5 4.36 ... 5.4 5.4, 5 6 5.7 5.4 5.5 5.4 4.41 5.4 5.5 7 5.4. 5.6 5.6 5.6 5.4 5.5 5.6 8 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.7 58 555 5.5 6 56 7 6.3 5.38 5.40 5.38 5.40 5.40 5 38 5.39 5.43 5.39 5.47 5.37 5.8 8 6.4 25 5.40 5.44 5.40 5.41 5.44' 5.38 5.39 9 6.5 9 5.43 5.47 5.43 5.49 5.47 5.43 5.52 10 5.9 5.10 510 5.10 5.10 5.10 5.10 10 6.6 26 800 11 5.3* 12 52 13 14 5.15 15 5.16 5.17 5.11* 5.12* 5.11* 5.6* 5.13 5.15 5.13 5.9 5.14* 5.16* 5.14* 5.10* 5.19 5.21 5.19 5.18 3.30 3.31 3.30 3.30 5.20 5.22 5.20 5.11 * 5.13 5.12* 5.13 5.14* 5.15* 5 14³ 5.20 5.20 5.11 11 12 6.7* 27 5.44 5.48 5.44 6.1* 6.1* 6.1* 5.48 5.44 5.43 6.1* 6.1* 6.1* 6.1 13 5.19 14 6.5 6.7 6.5 64 3.21 3.29 15 6.8 548 6.10 6.8 67 6.8 6.6 6.11 6.9 6.4 6.7 5.28 5.2T 5.21 5.20 16 6.9 500 17. 18 5.18 19 5.18 5.21 5.23 5.21 5.22 NO 5.22 5.21 17 6.10 6.11 6.9 6.12 6.10 6.8 6.12 6.10 6.8 6.9 613 6.11 6.9 5.23 5.25 5.23 5.29 2.25 5.24 5.22 18 28 900 5.26 5.24 5.30 5.26 5.25 5.23 19 29 10 20 5.20 21 20 5.26* 5.28* 5.26* 5.32* 5.28* 5.27* 5.25 21 6.14 6.17 6.15 6.11 6.19 6.15 6.13 22 1. Also CS 1. 73, CNI 1,267, CNG 79 and in old Javanese NS (OJ) 15.3. 23 30 31 300 2. Almost identical in CS. 1. 61-2, CN 103, Cv 4.13, CnI II 6.8, CnT III 4.15, CnT VI 70, SR 143-33. 3. Almost identical in CL "G", CLS. 5.13 1. Wrongly marked 5.26 16

122 puranam - PURANA [Vol. VI., No. 1 Jan., 1964] CANAKYA'S APHORISMS IN PURANAS 123 GP CRCa II CRP 24 25 26 800 27 CRB CRBh II stri stri CRBh I 32 6.18 6.21 6.20 6.15 6.22 6.18 6.17 6.20 6.23 6.21 6.17 6.30 800 cf.33-4 6.21* 6.24* 6.22* 6.18* 6.31* 6 20* 6.20* CRC CRCa I CR reconstructed GP CRT CRCa II CRP CRB CRBh I CRBh II CRC CRCa I CR reconstructed 53 6.19 54 1 28 57 55 6.19 56 6.20 } } 38 6.49 6.55 6.50 6.51 6.94 6.41} 5.47 6.50 6.56 6.51 6.54 6.95 6.42 6.48 6.51* 6.55* 6.52* 6.96* 6.43* 6.49 29 35 58 30 36 6.23 6.26 6.24 6.20 6.33 603 6.22 59 31 6.24 6.27 6.25 6.21 6.35 6.21 6.23 60 6 21 6.5 2 6.60 32 33 6.9 61 6.22 6.61 5.53 1 6.97 6.50 6.55 6.18 6.51 34 6.10 62 6.23 200 35 6.11 6.28 6.32 6.29 6.26 6.39 36 6.12 37 6.13 6.29 6.33 6.30 6.27 6.30 6.34 6.31 6.28 6.40 6.25 6.26 6.28 6.27 ADHYAYA 114 1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 6.41 6.27 6.29 2 7.2 49 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 38 3 603 39 46 800 4 7.3 7.3 400 7.3 7.3 7.3 40 ... 47 6.32 6.36 6.33 6.30 6.45 6.29 6.31 7.3 5 7.3 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.4 7.4 41 6.14* 19 42 6.15* 6.33* 6.37* 6.34* 6.46* 6.30* 6.32 6 7.9 43 6.16 41 6.35* 6.39* 6.36* 6.34* 6.47 6.32* 6.34 6.41 6.40 6.44 400 7 940 6.55 6.36 6.38 800 8 7.4 100 7.10 44 42 9 7.7 7.7 7.7 7.6 7.6 6.66 45 43 10 400 46 cf.6.17 44 6.41 6.60 P 11 905 7.8 7.8 7.8 7.7 7.7 47 6.46 6.59 Q 12 7.12 7.12 7.12 400 7.15 7.11 7.11 48 39 49 6.17 40 50 6.43 6.48 6.44 6.44 6.44 6.49 6.45 6.46 6.88 6.38 6.42 37 | 6.46 6.51 6.47 6.48 6.90 6.39 6.87 6.37 6.41 13 7.5 14 6.44 15 7.6 500 51 6.47 6.52 6.48 6.49 6.91 6.40 6.45 16 7.13-4 7.13 7.13-4 7.15 7,14 7.15 7.17 7.15 7.17 7.9 7.11 7.15 7.16 7.11 7.17 7.13 S 7.12 7.12 7.13 7.18 7.14 7.14 52 (6.18 1. Also CS 2.100 1. Also CV 13.5, CNP I. 84, CNP II 275, CNG 252, CNT IV. 85, CPS 311.15, SR 390.519 and in old Javanese SS (OJ) 487.

GP CRT CRCa II CRP CRB CRBh I : CKBh II CRC 124 puragam - PURANA : CRCa I CR reconstructed GP [Vol. VI., No. 1 17 18 7.7 19 7.8 7.18 7.17 7.18 7.20 7.16 45 46 7.25 600 7.20 7.19 7.19 7.27 7.60 7.10 7.18 47 166 20 45 48 7.44 7.46 7.44 7.46 7.48 7.46 7.27 7.54 7.25 7.42 7.44 00 21 7.11 7.26 49 cf.7.27 cf.7.56 22 7.12 7.29 7.29 7.28 7.13 7.24 7.25 7.28 50 7.28 7.49 7.51 7.49 7.58 23 51 7.29 7.50 7.52 7.50 -7.30 055 24 7.13 52 cf.6.45 cf 6.50 cf.6.46 cf.6.47 cf.6.89 25 7.21 7.20 7.20 7.14 7.30 7.17 7.19 53 26 7.14 7.22 7.21 7.21 7.19 7.31 7.18 7.20 54 7 61 -7.62 7.60 7.61 MISSING 7.46 7.47 cf.6.42 7.55 27 7.15 7.23 7.22 7.22 7.20 7.32 7.19 7.21 55 7.62 7.63 7.61 7.68 7.56 28 7.16 56 8.48 7.63 7.64 7.62 7.34 7.69 7.57 29 7.24 7.23 7.23 7.17 7.33 7.20 7.22 57 8.47 7.64 7.63 7.73 7.58 845 30 7.17 7.24 7.21 7.34 7.23 58 31 7.18 7.25 7.25 7.24 7.35 7.21 7.24 59 8.46 7.65 7.65 7.64 7.34 7.74 7.67 7.67 7.66 7.43 7.59 7.77 7.61 32. 33 7.27 7.27 7.26 7.22 7.26* 7.26* 7.25* 7.23* 7.37 7.23 7.26 60 50 7.68 7.68 7.67 7.78 7.62 7:36* 7.22* 7.25 61 772 772 7.71 7.36 7.75 7.66 34 7.24 7.38 T 62 53 35 7.19 7.30 7.30 7.29 7.18 7.39 7.26 7.29 63 cf 7.73 cf 7.73 cf 7.72 cf 7.82 7.67 36 7.31 7.43 U 64 37 7.20 7.38 7.39 7.37 7.47 7.34 7.36 65 909 38 7.21 57 39 7.22 58 7.39 7.40 7.38 7.25 7.40 7.41 7.39 7.26 7.48 7.35 7.37 66 7.80 7.37 7.85 644 7.49 7.35bis 7.38 67 7.76 7.76 7.75 7.86 7.70 40 54 68 41 55 7.41 7.42 42 7.42 7.43 7.40 7.29 7.50 7.36 7.39 7.41... 7.51 7.37 7.40 69 52 70 7.81 7.79 7.77 7.77 7.76 7.38 7.87 7.78 7.78 7.77 7.40 7.89 7.80 7.71 7.93 1 43 71 44 56 7.43 7.45 7.43 7.53 7.39 7.41 72 409 609 8.46 8.48 8.45° 8.43 8.45 MISSING 7.72 7.74 8.44 1. Almost identical in CNG 148, CNPN 29, CNI I 143, CnT II 16.11, CnT III, Tb 7, TP 45. 2. 1. Also CV 7.5, Cv, 5.15, CS 3.55, CnT II 8.2, CnT III 5.14, CnT-VI 88, CPS 180.12. Also SP 703, VS 2991. 3. Cf. CR 8. 43-4. CRT CRCa II CRP CRB CRBh'I CRBh II : CRC Jan., 1964] CANA KYA'S APHORISMS IN PURANAS CRCa I CR reconstructed 125

125 puranam - PURANA [Vol. VI., No. 1 Jan., 1964] CANAKYA'S APHORISMS IN PURANAS 127 73 74 75 ⠀⠀⠀ CRT. ⠀⠀⠀ CRCa II CRP : CRB : CRBh I CRBh II CRC CRCa I CR Reconstructed 400 7.84 7.85 7.82% 7.66 7.97 7.78 NN GP CRT 22 8.11 : CRCa II CRP CRB CRBh I CRBh II CRC CRCa I CR reconstructed 8.22 8.23 8.22 8.23 8.21 8.21 23 8.12 24 8.13 003 300 ADHYAYA 115 25 26 8.14 8.1 . cf 8.1 cf 8.1 cf 8.1 cf 8.1 cf 8.1 8.1 27 8.15 8.2 8.3 8.3 8.3 8.3 8.3 8.5 8.3 28 8.23 8.24 8.23 8.25 8.22 8.24 8.25 8.24 8.24 8.23 8.25 8.26 8.25 8.26 8.25 8.27 8.28 8.27 8.28 8.27 8.28* 3.29* 8.28* 8.29* 8.28* 8.22 8.23 8.24 8.26 8.27 8.3 5 8.4 8.4 8.4 8.4 8.4 8.6 7 8.5 8.7 1.24 8.7 1.21 1.21 MISSING 29 1 8.4 30 8.16 8.29 8.30 8.29 8.31 8.28 3 31 8.17 8.32 8.33 8.32 8.31 8.29 1.20 32 8 8.6 8.6 8.6 8.6 8.6 8.8 8.6 33 8.35 8.36 8.35 8.33 8.36 8.36 8.37 8.36 8.35 8.38 9 8.45 600 34 MISSING 8.30 8.33 8.34 10 8.9 8.5 8.9 8.12 8.9 8.8 35 11 8.6 8.10 8.9 8.10 8.7 8.10 8.9 36 8.19 8.37 8.38 8.37 8.36 8.37 8.35 12 8.11 8.10 8.11 8.13 8.11 8.10 37 13 cf 8.94 38 8.20 8.38 8.39 8.38 8.36 14 39 8.21 15 16 8.7 8.14 8.13 8.14 8.16 8.13 8.15 8.15 8.15 8.17 8.14 8.13 40 8.14 41 8.22 8.41 8.42 8.41 8.41 8.40 8.39 17 8.8* 8.16* 8.17* 8.16* 8.19* 8.15* 8.15 42 8.23 18 8.9 8.17 8.16 8.17 8.18 8.16 8.16 43 8.24 8.42 8.43 8.42 8.41 8.40 19 5 44 8.25 847 20 8.10 8.18 21 8.19 8.20 8.19 8.18 8.20 8.17 8.20 8.19 8.17 45 8.18 8.18 46 2. Cf CR 7.78-9. 1. Also SR 156.134. 3. Also CnT II 29.6, CnT VII 80. 4. Cf. GP 115.11, CV 8.1, CS 3.14, CNP II 147 and 243, CNIT 125, CNG 146 CNT IV 131, CnT II 15.11, CnT III 7.83, CnT V 125, CPS 228.4, SR 159, 289 SuM 26.1, SRHt 209.4. 47 8.44 8.46 8.44 8.47 8.49 8.46 8.49 8.52 8.49 8.42 8.43 8.42 8.44 8.44 8.46 8.45 8.49 8.48 48 8.26 8.50 8.53 8.50 8.45 8.50 1. Also MBh. (Bhandarkar ed.) 12. 287, 27 and in old Javanese SS (OJ) 378, 2. Also SR 385, 314, 8.49 5. Also SR 389. 478.

128 puranam- PURANA [Vol. VI., No. 1 GP CRT CRCa II 49 8.27 : CRP : CRB CRBh I CRBh II : CRC CRCa I CR reconstructed GP 78 50 79 51 8.28 8.51 8.54 8.51 8.47 8.51 8.50 80 52 8.29 8.54 8.57 8.54 8.49 8.54 8.53 81 53 82 54 8.30 8.55 8.58 8.55 8.50 8.55 8.54 83 55 8.31 156 57 58 59 .8.59* 8.62* 8.60* 9.58* 8.58 60 8.60 8.63 8.61 8.59 8.59 61 8.63 8.66 8.64 8.62 8.62 62 8.32 8.64 8.67 8.65 8.54 8.63 63 8.33 8.65 8.68 8.66 8.55 64 65 8.89 8.91 8.100 8.96 MISSING 8.63 8.64 8.87 66 cf.8.34 cf.8.90 cf.8.92 cf.8.101... cf.8.98 8.88 67 8.35 68 590 69 8.60 8.69 8.67 8.56 8.64 8.67 8.70 8.68 8.57 8.65 cf.8.68 cf.8.71 cf.8.69 cf.8.58 cf.8.66 8.65 8.66 cf.8.67 70 ... 740 71 8.71 8.74 8.72 8.60 2.16 8.69 72 73 8.72 8.75 8.73 8.61 8.68 8.70 74 8.36 75 8.79 8.82 8.80 8.65 8.75 8.80 8.77 76 8.37 77 8.81 8.66 8.76 8.81 8.83 8.82 8.67 8.77 8.78 8.79 1 000 1, Also KDr. ad attributed GP, CRT / Jan., 1964] CANAKYA'S APHORISMS IN PURANAS CRCa II CRP CRB CRBh I CRBh II 8.100 8.102 8.111 8.102 8.104 8.113 cf.7.66 cf.7.66 cf.7.65 cf.7.65 cf.7.70 2.31 2.36 2.31 CRC CRCa CR reconstructed 8.107 8.97 8.109 8.99 7.60 3. Since the Brhaspati-samhita of the GP contains 390 stanzas and 334 stanzas are identical with at least one text of CR in addition to eleven stanzas of other Canakya's versions, 345 stanzas of the Brhaspati-samhita of the GP are identical with maxims generally attributed to Canakya. In addition, I could identify thirty-one stanzas as identical in a text usually attributed to Canakya and a Purana text. They are thirteen stanzas in the Padina-purana (q.), one in the Padma-Purana, the Vayu-Purana (arg.), the Visnu-Purana (fac) and the Bhagavata-Purana ( or ), one in the Bhagavata Purana and the Bhavisya-Purana (cfc), one in the Bhavisya Purana and the Skanda-Purana (or), one in the Bhavisya Purana, five in the Skanda-Purana, four in the Markandeya Purana (), one in the Brahmavaivarta-purana (..), one in the Kurma-purana (), one in the Siva-purana (f), one in the Varaha-purana (E) and one in the Linga-purana (f). They are quoted in paragraph 7 below. 4. In addition to these thirty-one maxims which identical, or partly identical with a Purana text and a text of maxims usually attributed to Canakya, I found sixteen texts 6. L. Sternbach, "Various versions of Capakya's Campendia" in "Akten des XXIV Internationalen Orientalisten kongresses", Munchen 1957., pp. 544.6, 17 200 1291

130 puranam - PURANA [Vol. VI., No. 1 similar in a Purana text and in a text usually attributed to Canakya. They are : agnipurana 2 .20,1 - vr .ca . 4.13, casa . 1.62, ca .ni . 103 (CT II 6.8, CnT III 4.15. CnT VI 70), garudapurana 1 .112 .6, matsyapurana 215 .8-10 visnudharmottara 2 .24 .4-6, su .ra.bha . 143 .33, IS 6841, samskrtapathopakaraka 55, ( mahabharata 1100 .12,85, manollasa 2 .2. 60-2, kamandakiya nitisara 18,27-43 ). NM (T) 7.15. bra vai . brahmakhanda 23 .63 - vr .ca . 1.17, ca . no .da 1,17, ca sa . 2,62, ca .ni . sa0 1,4 (CnT II 2.7, CuT Hil 1.19, CnT VI 20, CnTV 14. CnT VIIII), ca .ra .ni . sa . CRC 3.7, CRT, 3.5) vr .ca .sa . 23 .62, garudapurana 1 .110 .8, ujjvaladatta (unadisutra 314 ), mallinatha bhagavata 2 .7.32- ( kumarasambhava 6 .30 ) subhasitamuktavali 23,46, suktiratnahara 167 .18, sura .bha . 155 .66, IS 6227 and 4440, su . 302, TK (OJ) 50, NS (OJ) 8, SIt (OJ) 26, ShD (T) 182, LN (P) 161, Dh N (P) 164, NKY (B) 200. ca .ni .da. 15 .6, vr0 .ca . (Cv 1b 8.19), cani .sa . (CNF 49, CNPN 64, CNL 65), vr .ca .sa . 336 .19, hitopadesa 3 .66, madhavanala 38, nitiratna ( vararuci ) 12, subhasitamuktavali 6 .28, su .ra bha . 217 .47, IS 4655, TP 396 4.14 .6 -- vr .ca . 4.17, ca . no . (CNW 73, CNN 55, CNP || 153, CNI I 85, CNG 142, CNT IV 141, CNM 139, CNMN 105, CNSC 107, CNS 1 107 CNL 5, ChT II 19.8, CnT 111 52.3, CNT VIII 88, CHT 136, pancatantra (Pts 1.389, PtsK 1.434), hitopadesa 3 .4, satakatrayadi- subhasitasamgraha ( bhartrhari ) 431, sarngadhara 418, su .ra.bha . 36 .4, su . 151, subhasitamuktavali 23 . 21, suktavali (Bartoli) 13 ba . 8, subhasitaratnakara 36, 24, IS 1287 & 7482. 7.2.40 ca . ra .ni . 6.41, ca . ni . (CNG 232), vr .ca .sa . 157 .64, garuda 1 .113 .48, mahabharata 13 .163 .11, hitopadesa 2, 15, 7. For abbreviations see paragraph 7 below. 131 Jan., 1964] CANAKYA'S APHORISMS IN PURANAS notisara ( ghatakara ) 16, naradapancaratra 1 .3.20, su .ra bha . 160 . 301, IS 3595, SS (OJ) 383. 7.12 .e-See below Paragraph 7.3 10 .47 .7 - ca .ni .da. 2.17, vr .ca .sa . 30 .16, IS 3761 ( tulyam pancatantra PP 2.41, 1.114 Pts K 2.102), vikramacarita VI 14, kathasaritsagara 10 .61 .18, kamandakiyanitisara 5 .63, subhasitasamdoha ( sramitagati ) 24 12, mugdhopadesa 38, kavyalamkara ( rudrata ) 12 .40, kuttanimata 63 .709-10, dasarupa 2 .34, katharanakara ( hemavijaya ) 220 .5, sisupalavadha 6 10,19 .62, samayamatrka 5 .78, 86-7, mrcchakatika 4 .10 . ). 10 .114 .58 -- ca .ni .sa . 8, ca .no .da. 4.6, la .ca . "0", ca . rano .sa . 7. 56, hitopadesa kathamukha 17 subhasitavali 2720, subhasitamuktavali 23 .36, su .ra.bha . 10 .7, subhasitaratnakara 120 .1, su0 132, suktavali Bartoli) 11 .3, samskrta- pathopakara 53, 155971 (garuda 1 . 114,58 ). 10 .114 - ( su . ra bha . 160,380 ), ca . ni . sa . 6, ca . ni . da 3 18, vr .ca . 3.1, ca . ra .ni . sa . 7.62, ca .sa . 1,22, vr .ca . sa . 82 .75, garuda 1 .114 .59, sura . bha . 160,350, 1S 5848, NS (O]) 4.20, Sit (OJ) 48. matsyapurana 186 -- sabdakalpadruma ( lekhaka ), ca . ni .sa . 102, ca .sa . 1.56, su .ra.bha . 144 .75, samskrtapathopakara 55, IS 6654, (sarngadhara 1336, suktiratnahara 142 .2), NM (T) 7.10, RN (P) 14. 215 .25- e--See above agnipurana 2 .20,1 . viramitrodaya - rajanitiprakasa 146 .6, ca .ni .da. (vrddhacanakya- nitisamuccaya 16 .23 ), manavadharmasastra 7 .45, parasara- dharmasamhita 1 .2, 473 .1, rajanitiratnakara 6 .12-3, krtyakalpataru rajadhamamkhanda 143 .11-2 ( tu0 kamandakiya nitisara 1 .36 68, 11 .22 ; 14 .65, sukranitisara 1,215,238, markandeya [ parasaradharmasamhita ], visnusmrti 3 .50-2 )

132 puranam- PURANA [Vol. VI., No. 1 Jan., 1964] CANAKYA'S APHORISMS IN PURANAS 133 markandeya 34 .73 -ca . sa . 1.50, ca . rani . sa . 7.30, ca .ni . sa . (CNPN 161 .46, IS 7566 41, CnT V 101), vr . ca . sa . ( suktavali [Bartoli] 3.2) 34 .112-3 - ca . ni . da. 1.6, vr . ca . 1.10, ca . ra . ni . sa . "B" (CnT II 1.9, CnT III 1.9, CnT V 1 9, CnT V 10), vr . ca . sa . 20 .55, hitopadesa 1 .110, garuda 1 .110 .26, sarngadhara 1465, su . ra. bha . 153 .35, Is 3861 (visnusmrti 2.), LN (P) 113, Dh N (P) 78, NKy (B) 141. visnudharmottara 2 .24-4-6- See above agnipurana 2 .20, 1 . siva . satarudra 38 .18 - ca . ni . sa . 3.2, ca . ra . ni . sa . 8.77, ca . ni . sa . (CNP I 15, CNPh 95, CNPN 38, CNI I 213, CNG 266, CNM 14, CNMN 14, CnT II 11.8, CnT III 7.30, CnTV 52), vr .ca . sa . 50 .2, garuda 1 .115, 74, IS 870, TK (OJ) 49, NS (OJ) 28, Slt (OJ) 81, Vyas (C) 70. 5. Despite thorough studies by many scholars the chronology of various chapters of the Puranas is still not known with certainty, nor is the date of the compilation of the various versions of Canakya's aphorisms known, It is not likely that the aphorisms usually attributed to Canakya were really composed by Canakya, the minister of Candragupta Maurya himself; they were probably attributed to him in majorem gloriam only. We seem only to know with certainty that the Canakyaraja-niti-sastra version, which is almost identical with the Brhaspati-sumhita of the GP 8, was included in the Tibetan Tanjur by the Tibetan Bhiksu Rin-chen-bzon-po who was born in 955 A. D. Thus, this version must have been compiled in the tenth century A. D. at the latest. (At that time it was already well-known and venerated, otherwise it would not have been included in the GP). 6. Many of the aphorisms found in the collections of maxims usually attributed to Canakya and a Purana text are well- 8. For the inclusion of the Brhaspati-sambita in the Garuda-purana sec L. Sternbach, "The Canakya-rajaniti-sastra and the Brhaspati-samhita of the Garuda-purana." ABORI XXXVII, pp. 58-110. known stanzas which were borrowed from the Manava-dharmasastra, or from the Mahabharata or from both (Nos. 7, 8, 9, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18) and were included independently in the collections of maxims usually attributed to Canakya and in various Purana texts. Many of them also spread to "Greater India" and were included in the Pali literature of Burma, Siam, Cambodia, etc. Lokniti [LN (P], the Pali literature of Burma (Dhammaniti [DhN (P)]), Rajaniti [RN (P], the Burmese literature (Niti kyan [NKy (B)]), the old Javanese literature (Nitisastra [NS (OJ)]), Slokantara [Slt (OJ], Sarasamuccaya [SS (OJ)], Tantri Kamandaka [TK (OJ)], the Tibetan literature (She-rab Dong-bu [ShD (T)], Nitisastra of Masuraksa [NM (T)], or the Ceylonese literature (Vyasa karaya Vyas (C)]). The other aphorisms were probably borrowed from the floating treasure of Hindu wisdom and tradition; their simultaneous existance in the various collections of maxims usually attributed to Canakya and in various Purana texts do not prove that one borrowed from the other. 7. The following aphorisms occur in the collections of maxims usually attibuted to Canakya and Purana texts; they are quoted below in alphabetical order. The following abbreviations are used: T 3 Garuda-purana, ed. by Jivananda Vidyasagara, Calcutta, 1890. . . Canakya-niti-sastra version. See Cr. a. atzo (Canakya-niti-darpana) by Vrddha Canakya, textus ornatior version. See Cr. Canakya-raja niti-sastra version. See Cr. See Cr. . . Cinakya-sara-samgraha version. q. Padma-purana. T. Bhagavata-purana. .. Laghu Canakya version. See Cr. .. Vrddha Canakya, textus simplicior version. See Cr.

134 puranam - PURANA Jan., 1964] [Vol. VI., No. 1 CNSL. ... Vrddha Canakya. Ed. by Pt. Sri Rama Sastri. Calcutta 1777. (An anthology of Canakya's maxims). 3. Subhasitarnava, as quoted in IS. g. . . Subhasita-ratna-bhandagara, ed. by Narayana Rama Acarya Kavyatirtha. 8th edition, Nirnaya Sagar Press, Bombay 1952. CNF. Canakyam. Codice Indiano edito dal Dre Emilio Bartoli. Napoli 1911. CNG. The Recension of Canakya used by Galanos for his "Ek diaforon poieton" by G. M. Bolling. In "Studies in honor of Maurice Bloomfield." New Haven, 1920. CNI I. MS. No. 1518 a (Eggeling 3990) in the India Office Library, London. CNL. MS. No. A. 447 in the Universitatsbibliothek of the Karl Marx Universitat, Leipzig. CNM. Rajaniti of Canakya-muni. No place, no date. CNMN. Canakya-muni-krta-niti-sara. Allahabad 1880. CNN. E. Bartoli, Un secondo codice fiorentino inedito di Canakya. In "Rivista Indo-greco Italica di Filologia." Vol. 3, fasc 3-4, pp. 151-66. CNSI. CNT IV. CnT I. CnT. II. CnT. III. CnT. V. CANAKYA'S APHORISMS IN PURANAS Astottarasata-Canakya-slokah. Works, Calcutta 1322. 135 Laksmi Printing Canakya-sloka-sangraha ed. by N. Cattopadhyaya, Rudra Printing Press, 1918. MS. No. 5119, Tanjore, as quoted by O Kressler, Indica 4. MS. No. 5031, Tanjore, as quoted by O. Kressler, Indica 4. MS. No. 5117, Tanjore, as quoted by O. Kressler. MS. No. 5118, Tanjore, as quoted by O. Kressler. Indica 4. MS. No. 5120. Tanjore, as quoted by O. Kressler. Indica 4. CnT. VI. MS. No. 5152, Tanjore, as quoted by O. Kressler. Indica 4. CnT. VII. MS. No. 5122, Tanjore, as quoted by O. Kressler. Indica 4. CNW. Cr. CNP I. MS. No. 17072-3 (A) in Universite de Paris. Institut de Civilisation Indienne. CNP II. MS. No. 17072-1 (B) in Universite de Paris. Institut de Civilisation Indienne. CNPh. CNPN. CNSC. MS. No. 1566 in the University of Pennsylvania Library. Philadelphia Pa. MS. Sanskrit 684 (Cabaton 684) in the Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris. Canakya-sloka-sangraha, publ. by Taraprasanna Mrityunjay, Calcutta 1915. Also: by N.C. Cattopadhyaya, Rudra Printing Press, Calcutta 1918, A. Weber, Uber 100 Spruche des Canakya. In "Monatsberichte der Kon. Preuss. Akademie der Wiss. zu Berlin aus dem Jahre 1864", Berlin 1865, pp. 400-31. Canakya-niti-Text- Tradition (caranakya niti- sakha sampradayah ) Six Versions of Canakya's Collections of Maxims Reconstructed and critically edited for the first time with Introductions and Variants...by Ludwik Sternbach, Vol. I: 1. The Vrddha Canakya, textus ornatior ( CV), the Vrddha Canakya, textus simplicior (.ar; Cv), the Canakya-niti sastra (...; CN), the Canakyasarasamgraha (..; CS); Vol. I.2: The Laghu Canakya (..; CL), the Canakya-raja-niti-sastra versions (...; CR). Vol. II: The Ur-text. Vishveshvaranand Indological Series 27, 28, 29, Hoshiarpur 1963.

136 CRC. CRT. CvH. CvL. I. CvL. II. puranam-- PURANA [Vol., VI. No. 1 Jan., 1964] Canakya-raja-niti-sastram, Calcutta Oriental Series 2. Calcutta. Canakya-raja-niti-sastra. Visva Bharati Annals, Vol. VIII. MS. No. H. 250 in the Harvard University Library, Cambridge, Mass. MS. A. 445 in the Karl Marx Universitat, Universitatsbibliothek, Leipzig. MS. A. 446 in the Karl Marx Universitat, Universitatsbibliothek, Leipzig. CvTb. MS. or. fol. 1037 in the Universitatsbibliothek, Tubingen. IS. NT. PN. PP. PRE. PS. PT. Indische Spruche...Zweite Ausgabe. O. Bohtlingk. St. Petersburg 1870-3. Nitisastra in Telugu, as quoted in IS Pancatantra, Nepali text, as quoted in PS, 117-35 and LXXXIX, PT. I. 153; 104-26 and PRE. 2.192. The Panchatantra, A Collection of Ancient Hindu Tales in the recension, called Panchakhyanaka... of the Jaina monk Purnabhadra. Critically edited in the original Sanskrit by J. Hertel. HOS. 11-2. Cambridge Mass. 1908-12. The Pancatantra I-V. The text in its oldest form Edited...by F. Edgerton. Poona 1930. Also: The Panchatantra reconstructed...by F. Edgerton I-II AOS 2-3. New Haven 1924. Das sudliche Pancatantra Sanskrit text der Recension SS mit den Lesarten der besten HSs, der Recension a; herausg. von J. Hertel; Abh.d. Phil.-hist. Klasse d. kon. sachs. Ges. d. Wiss. XXIV. 5. Leipzig 1906. Uber das Tantrakhyayika, die Kasmirische Rezension das Pancatantra mit dem texte der HS. Decc. Coll. Pts. Pts K. TP. VC. CANAKYA'S APHORISMS IN PURANAS 137 VIII. 145; herausg. von J. Hertel; Abh. d. phil.-hist. Klasse d. kon. sachs. Ges. d. Wiss. XXII. 5. Leipzig 1904. Also: The Panchatantra. A collection of ancient Hindu Tales in its oldest Recension, the Kashmirian entitled Tantrakhyayika; the original Sanskrit text editio minor (PTem) by J. Hertel; HOS 14. Cambridge. Mass. 1915. Also: Tantrakhyayika, die alteste Fassung des Pancatantra aus aus dem Sanskrit ubersetzt...von J. Hertel, I-II, Leipzig u. Berlin 1909. Panchatantra (textus simplicior), Edited with notes by F. Kielhorn (I) and G. Buhler (II-V). Bombay Sanskrit Series 1, 3, 4, Bombay, 1891-6. Pantschatantrum, sive quinquepartitum de moribus exponens... Edidit...Io. Godofr. Ludov. Kosegarten... Pars prima, textum sanscritum simpliciorem tenens. Bonnae ad Rhenum, 1848. M. W. Carr. A Collection of Telugu Proverbs... Madras, 1868. Vikrama's adventures, or the thirty-two tales of the throne... Edited in four...recensions; Southern (VCsr.), Metrical (VCmr.), Brief (VCbr.), Jainistic (VCjr); also sections from Vararuci's recension... translated into English...by Franklin and Edgerton...2 vols. HOS. 26, 27. Cambridge. Mass. 1926. 1. akartavyam na kartavyam pranaih kanthagatairapi | kartavyameva kartavyam pranaih kanthagatairapi || ca . sa . 2.68 . pa. uttara 17 .8. 7425 (PP 4.36, Pts 4.40 Ptsk 4,42) 1 iti dharmavido viduh ( pa. ) 18

138 puranam - PURANA [Vol. VI., No. 1 Jan., 1964] CANAKYA'S APHORISMS IN PURANAS 9 2. aputrasya grham sunyam disah sunyastvabandhavah | murkhasya hrdayam sunyam sarvasunya daridrata || ca .ni da . 4.14, i .ca . 7.6, ca .ni . (CNP 124, CNI I 150, CNTIV 23, CN M 23, CN MN 23, CNSL 107, CnT II 17. 11, ChT III 7 b 8, CnT V 29). vr . ca . sa . 101 .53 . skanda, avantya, reva, 103 .128 . caiva pancatantra (PRE 2.34, PP 2.80, PS 2.32 [PTem 2.59. PN 1.29], hitopadesa 1 . 135, vikramacarita (VCsr 21.1, [VCmr 21.19-20]) vetalapanca- visatika 6 2, su . ra. bha . 163 . 454, IS 444, su . 102 . LN (P) 115, Dh N (P) 261, NKy (B) 143, NS (OJ) 5.4. 1 hya (ska .) 3. ghrtakumbhasama nari taptangarasamah puman | tasmad ghrtam ca vahnim ca 'naikatra sthapayed budhah || ca . ni . 75 . pa. srsti, 54 . 21 tu bhagavata 7 .12 .6. caiva hitopadesa 1 . 127, vetalapancavimsatika kathamukha 1 (tu 3 .10 ), sura . bha . 162 . 408, IS 2217 ( tu CNP II 263, manavadharmasastra 2, 64 ). SS (OJ) 439. 1 naikasthane na dharayet (pa.) 4. catussagaraparyantam yo dadyatprthivimimam | na khadeccapi yo mamsam tulyametad vidurbudhah || ca . sa . 3 63 . pa. srsti . 16,265 . caiva IS 7523. 1 bhunkte (pa.) 2 tulyasmakancano yasca (pa.) 3 krtartho na parthivah (pa.) 5. kutumbacintakulitasya pumsah kulam ca silam ca gunasca sarve | apakkakumbhe nihita ivapah prayanti tenaiva samam vinasam || ca . ra . ni . sa . 8.105, vu . ca . sa . 262 .117 . (CNI I). pa. bhumi, 66 .158, caiva su ra bha . 367 .25 . 1 srutam (pa0 ). 2 dehena (pa.) 6. jnanavrddha ' vayovrddha ye ca vrddha bahusrutah | te sarve dhanavrddhasya dvari tisthanti kimkarah || ca . no . (CNI 166). skanda, mahesvara, kaumarika, 2 .11 . 139 1 vrddhastayo ' (CNI I). 2 sarve te (CNII). 3 dvare CNII, 4 karah 7 . dasasunasamam cakram dasacakrasamo dhvanah | dasadhvajasama vesya dasavesyasamo nrpah || ca . no . (CNI 1305). pa. srsti 19 .236, bhavisya, uttara . 16 . caiva tu0 manavadharmasastra 4 .85, tu0 sarngadhara . 2086, su . ra. bha . 145 .214 . 1 samascakri (pa., bha .), dasacakri (pa., bha .). * 8. 'drstiputam nyasetyadam vastraputam jalam pibet | sastraputam vadedvakyam manahputam samacaret || ca . ni . da. 10 .2, ca ni . "G" (CnT II 25. 5. CnT VII 10), br . ca . sa . 278 .18 . markandeya 42 .4. caiva manavadharmasastra 6 .46 ( parasaradharmasamhita 1 . 2, 164 . 2, sulapani- dopakalika 46 .17, yajnavalkyasmrti [ aparakam ] 653-24-5 ), sukasaptati 17 . 61 .12-3, suktavali ( Bartoli) 4.7, subhasitaratnakara 226, 58, su . 103, kavita'mrtakupa 4, 15 2934, TP 416. 1 caksuhputam ( markandeya ). 2 satyaputam vaded vani ( markandeya ). 3 buddhipurta ca cintayet ( markandeya ) 1 * 1. See L. Sternbach, Two Readings of Manava-Dharmasastra 4.85, Bharataya Vidya, XVIII, No. 3-4, p. 64 If.

140 puranam- PURANA [Vol. VI., No. 1 9. na jatu kamah kamanamupabhogena samyati | havisa krsnavameva bhuya evabhivardhate || vr ca . sa . 377 .16 . visnu . 4.1: 6, pam . srsti 16 2 3, bhagavata . 6, 16, 14, vayu-13 .65 . caiva manavadharmasastra 2 .64, mahabharata 1 .75 .46, 1 . 85 .12, harivamsa 1 .6.39, brahmadharmam 2 .13 .3, subhasitavali ( vallabhadeva ) 3352, su . ra. bha . 166 .606, suktiratnahara 2245, 15 3241, tu pancaratra 1 .24 .67 . SS (OJ) 429. 1 jatuh ( vr . ca . sa . ). 10 . navanitopama vani karunakomalam manah | ekabijaprajatanam 5 bhavatyavanatam sirah || ca . ra . ni . sa . ( CRC 7. 11 ), vr . ca sa . 18734 . pa. srsti, 5133 . ( caiva darpadalana ( ksemendra ) 1. 53, suktimuktavali (jalhana ) 446 . 3, ( su . ra. bha . 385 .313, subhasitamuktavali 6, 27 ). 1 etatpratyaksalaksanam ( pa. ). 11 . na visam visamityahurbrahmasvam visamucyate | 'visamekakinam hanti 'brahmasvam putrapautrakanu || cara . ni . sa . (CRC 7.88), vu ca . sa . 184 .27 . kurma, upavibhage 15 ( sabdakalpadruma 444, visa ). caiva vikramacarita (VCsr V.2). su . ra. bha . 68 .1, IS 3437. 1 devasvam capi yatnena (kumam ). 2 sada pariharettatah (ku ). * 12 . nasti vidyasamam caksurnasti 'satyasamam tapah | nasti ragasamam duhkham nasti tyagasamam sukham || cani . sa . "U", vu ca sa . 356 .6. varaha, 153 .26 . caiva mahabharata 12 .175 . 35, 12 .276 .35, 12 .326 .6, suktiratnahara 238 .26, su . ra. bha . 167 .624, IS 368 O. 1 caksuh samam balam (varaha ). 2 tyagatparam (varaha ). 8 Jan., 1964] CANAKYA'S APHORISMS IN PURANAS 13 . nasti strinam prthag yajno na 'vratam napyupositam | patim samsevate ya tu tena ' svarge mahiyate || ca . ni . sa . (CNPh 93). markandeya 16 .62, 141 caiva manavadharmasastra 5 .155, visnusmrti 25 .15, su . ra bha . 351 . 16, IS 3686. 1 sra (markandeya ). 2 bhartrsusrupaye vetana (markandeya ), 3 lokanistan vrajanti hi (markandeya ). ** 14 . pita raksati kaumare bharta raksati yauvane | 'raksanti vardhake putra na stri svatantryamarhati || ca . ra . ni . sa . 8.64 . pa. srsti 54 .23, garuda, 111563 . caiva manavadharmasastra 6 .3, gautamasmrti 28 .1, vasisthasmrti 5 .3, naradasmrti 13 .31, naradiyamanusamhita 13 .31, mahabharata 13 .20 .21, 1346 .14, ramayana 2 .36 .33 (22 .6.18 ), hitopadesa 1 .128, parasaradharmasamhita 2 .1, 38 .2, 2 .50, 2- 3, su . ra. bha . 166 .575, NT 77, IS 4067. 1 putraca ( vastu, garuda, ) sthavire bhave ( kale, garuda, ) ( pa., garuda, ) 15 . buddhiryasya balam tasya nirbuddhesya kuto balam | vane ' simho madonmattah sasakena nipatitah || ca . ni . da. 10 .16, ca . ni . sa . (CNW 64, CNPN 58, CNI I. 201, CaT 11. 18. 12, Cu III. 8.6), br . ca . sa . 285, 25 . sivarudrasamhita 4 .216 .52 . caiva pancatantra (PRE 1.63, PT 1.55, PTem 1,62, PP. 1.172, Pts 1.214, Ptsk 1.245 & 208, PS 1.54, PN 2. 39), hitopadesa 2 121, sukasaptati (Textus ornatior) 365 . 4-5 (cf. Textus simplicior 101. 6-7, kathasaritsagara 10 . 60 . 91 ca 107, brhatkathamanjari 16 . 262 ), su ca 156, suktavali (Bartoli) 14 .13, Is 5386TP, 438, ShD (T) 85. 1 kupe simho ( siva . ). 1. Sec L. Sternbach, Manava-Dharmasastra verses in Canakya's Compen dia, JACS 79, pp. 233-54, No. 17 where various Nibandhas are quoted. 2. L. Sternbach op. cit. No. 28 where various Nibandhas are quoted.

142 puranam- PURANA [Vol. VI., No. 1 Jan., 1964] 16 . matra svasra duhitra va na viviktasano vaset | balavanindriyagramo vidvamsamapi karsati || ca . ra . ni . sa . ( CRC 7.6 ), vr . ca . sa . 188 .36 . bhagavata 6 .1617, bhavisya ; brahmaparvan 4 .184, garuda . 1.114 .6. caiva manavadharmasastra 2 215, hitopadesa 1 .126, sarngadhara 654, subhasitavali . 2780, su . ra . bha . 154 .45, ( sukranitisara 3 .18 ), su . 228, IS 4809 ( tu mahabharata 13 . 48 . 37-8, apastambiya 1 . 2. 7. 3, 7-12, 1 . 1. 1 3, 16, baudhayana 1 . 2. 2, 23, 33, narada, 2 .214-5 ; 2.64 ) SS (O]) 448. EX 17 . yatha dhenusahasresu vatso 'gacchati mataram | tatha yacca krtam karma kartaramanugacchati || ca . ni da . 13 . 14, ca . ra . ni . sa . 6 47, ca to sa . (CNP II 247, CNG 233, CNT IV 261, CnT II 20.9, Ca [ 11 53-8, vr .ca . sa . 316 . 26 . pa. bhumi . 81 . 47, garuda . 1.113 . 53-4, caiva mahabharata 12 .181 . 16 ; 12 . 322 . 16 ; 13 . 7.22-3, pancatantra (PT 2.95, PTem 2.106, PP 2135, Pts 2.125, PtsK 2.134), subhasitavalo 3081, su . ra. bha . 61 .12, subhasitamuktavali 831, subhasitaratnakara 763, suktiratnahara 46 . 5, IS 5154, su . 243, SS (OJ) 359. 1 vindati (pa., garuda ). 2 tatha subhasubham karma (pa), purva [yacca ] (garuda ) 18 . yatha yamisamakase paksibhih svapadairbhuvi | bhaksyate salile matsyaistatha sarvatra vittavan || ca . no . sa . (CnT II 20.3, CuT III 53.1). skanda, nagara, 185 .15 . caiva mahabharata 3 .2.36, pancatantra (Pts 1.401 ca 2.116), hitopadesa 1 .164, subhasitavali 3356, su . ra. bha . 64 6, IS 5160 (tu0 sarngadhara 338 ). SS (OJ) 470. 1. Cf. L Sternbach op. cit. No. 6. CANAKYA'S APHORISMS IN PURANAS 19 . yojananam sahasrani vrajanyati pipolikah | agacchan vainateyo'pi padamekam na gacchati || ca . sa . 1.34 . markandeya 20 .38 . caiva su . ra. bha . 88 .1, suktiratnahara 67 .5, Is 5589. * 20 . yo dharmasilo nitamanaropo vidyavinito na paropatapi | svadaratustah 'paradaravarci na tasya loke bhayamasti kimcit || 143 vr . ca . (CvH 8.11, CVLI 8.20, CvL II 8.14), ca . ni . sa . CNI I. 144). pa., srsti . 224 .47 . caiva vetalapancavisatika 16 .12, su . ra. bha . 386 460, IS 5598. Stt (OJ) 16. 1 paradaravajito (pa.). 21 . vane'pi dosah prabhavanti raginam grhe'pi pancendriyanigrahastapah | akutsite karmani yah pravartate nivrttaragasya grham tapovanam || ca . ra . ni . sa . 5.42, ca . ni . sa . 285 . pa. srsti, 16 .317, garuda 1 .113 .6. caiva hitopadesa 4 87, pancatantra ( PRE 4. 14, PS 4.6, PN 4.2 ) santisataka 2 .23, su ra . bha . 174 .605, suktiratnahara 261 .20, kavyakalapa 28, kavita'mrtakupa 61 . 22 . vanivarana 'lohanam kasthapasanavasasam | naripurusa toyanamantaram mahadantaram || vr . ca . 8.8, ca . ra . ni . sa . 3 13, ca . ni . sa . (CNG 57, CNI 1 222, CNHU 18, CNT IV 246, CNT V 45), vr . ca . sa . 74 .56 . pa. srsti, 18 .92, garuda, 1110 .15 . caiva pancatantra ( PRE 1.41, PT 1. 36, PTem 1.40, PP 1.328), hitopadesa 2 .38, vikramacarita (VCsr 26.4 ), sukasaptati 172 .11-2 vetalapancavimsatika 3 .7, madhavanalakatha 121, su . ra. bha . 163 .474, 16029, su . 207, 1 lauhanam (garuda )

144 puranam- PURANA [Vol. VI., No. 1 Jan., 1964] 23 . visadapyamrtam grahyamamedhyadapi kancanam | nicadadhyuttama vidya striratnam duskuladapi || ca . ni . da. 1.16, vr . ca . 1.17, ca . sa 2 .62, ca . ni . sa . 14 (caiva CaT 11 2.7, CnT III 1.19, CnT VI 20, CnT V 14, CT VII.II) ca . ra . ni . sa . ( CRC 3.7, CRT 3.5 ), vr . ca . sa . 23 .62 . vra vai 2 .56 .22, garuda 1 .110 .8. caiva ujjavaladatta ( unadisutra 3 .14 ), mallinatha ( kumarasambhava 6 .30, subhasitamuktavali 23 .46, suktiratnahara 197 .118, su . ra. bha . 155 .66, IS 6227 & 4440, su . 302 . TK (OJ ) 50, NS (OJ ) 3.9, Sit (OJ )25. 24 . samtosamrtatrptanam yatsukham santacetasam | 'kutastaddhanalubdhanamitascetasca dhavatam || vr . ca 5 .13, ca ni, da . 7.3, ca ni . sa . (CNI I 130, CNSK 45, CnT 1+1), vu ca . sa . 181 .20 . skanda, prabhasa, 255 .33 . caiva pancatantra ( PRE 2.48, PP 2.161, Pts 2.152, PS 2.43, PN 1.39), hitopadesa 1 .136, subhasitamuktavali 6 .46, subhasita ratnakara 53 . 4, sarngavara 310, suktimuktavali (jalha 443 .7, 1S 6800. 1 na ca (ca . ni da ). 2 sukham casantacetasam (skanda ). 25 . sakrjjalpanti rajanah sakrjjalpanti panditah | sakrtkanyah ' pradiyante trinyetani sakrtsakrt || ca . ni . da. 4.12, ca . ni . sa . (CNP 121, CNG 262, CNT 1VC 0, CNM 21, CNMN 21, ChT 11 22.10, ChT III 56.3), vr . ca . sa . 100 .50 . bhavisya 4 .102 .26 . caiva pancatantra (PP 1.379 ) vetalapancavimsatika 4 .26, vikramacarita (VCmr 27.7), su . ra. bha . 377 .18, IS 6550 ( tu0 manavadharmasastra 9 .47 ). LN (P) 120, NKy (B) 148. 1 pradiyate kanya (bhavisya ) 26 . CANAKYA'S APHORISMS IN PURANAS sangah sarvatmana tyajyah sa cetyaktum na sakyate | sa sadbhih saha kartavyah 'santah sangasya bhesajam || ca . ni . sa . (CNP II 268). markandeya, 37 .23 . caiva hitopadesa 4 .63, su . ra. bha . 87 .17, suktiratnahara 1 .6, IS 6674. 1 satam samgo hi (markandeya, hitopadesa ). * 27 . sadambhasca hato dharmah krodhenaiva hatam tapah | adrdham ca hatam jnanam pramadena hatam srutam || ca . sa . 1.66 . pa. uttara ., 242 .20 . caiva IS 6749. 28 . sarvah ' sampattayastasya samtustam yasya manasam | upanadgudhapadasya nanu carmavrteva bhuh || ca . ra . ni . sa . 8. 740 vr . ca . sa . 237 .46 . skanda, prabhasa . 255 . 32 . 145 caiva pancatantra (PRE 247, PT 2.79, PTem 2.68, PP 2.97, PS 2. 42, PN 1.38), hitopadesa 1 .152, sarngadhara 316, subhasitavali 3347, subhasita- ratnakara 54 . 6, suktiratnahara 268 .4, su . ra. bha . 75 .8, suktimuktavali (jalhana ) 443 .5, IS 6918. SS (OJ) 421. 1 sarvatra sampadastasya ( skanda ). 29 . sujano na yati vairam parahitanirato vinasakale'pi | "chede 'pi candanataruh surabhayati mukham kutharasya || ca . ni . sa . (CNI I 126). pa., uttara, 7 .23, caiva satakatrayadisubhasitasamgraha (bhartrhari ) 801 sarngaghara 237, subhasitavali 241, su . ra, bha . 47 .110, subhasitaratnakara104, subhasitamuktavali 6 . 11, suktimuktavali ( jalharana ) 53 . 12, suktiratnahara 35 .21, saduktikarnamrta 5 .35 .3, rasikajivana 1426, IS 7099, su . 274 . (A Code of Gentoo laws by Helhed, London 1776, p. XXX ). 1 vikrti ( pa. ). 2 chinno'pi ( pa. ) 19

146 puranam - PURANA [Vol. VI., No. 1 30 . strisamgame tatha gite dyute ' vyakhyanasamgame | aye vyaye tatha nityam tyaktalajjah sada bhavet || vr . ca . sa . 182, 18 . linga, purvabhaga, 35 .60 . 1 ksute ( vr . ca . sa . ). 2 vyavahare tathahare ( linga ). 3 tvarthanam ca samagame (linga ). 31 . svakarmadharmarjitajivitanam svesveva daresu sada ratanam | nitendriyanamatithipriyanam grhe'pi moksah purusottamanam || ca . ra . ni sa . 2.51, vr . ca . sa . 46 .63 . pa., srsti, 16 .318 .