An updated review on Shankhpushpi- As Medhya Rasayana

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119 Journal of Ayurvedic and Herbal Medicine 2021; 7(2): 119-123 Review Article ISSN: 2454-5023 J. Ayu. Herb. Med. 2021; 7(2): 119-123 Received: 02-05-2021 Accepted: 15-06-2021 © 2021, All rights reserved www.ayurvedjournal.com DOI: 10.31254/jahm.2021.7210 *Corresponding author: Dr. Pritika Devi Assistant Professor, Dept. of Rasa Shastra & Bhaishjya Kalpana, Babe Ke Ayurvedic Medical College & Hospital, Daudhar, Moga, Punjab, India Email: prritikka@gmail.com An updated review on Shankhpushpi - As Medhya Rasayana Pritika Devi 1 1 Assistant Professor, Dept. of Rasa Shastra & Bhaishjya Kalpana, Babe Ke Ayurvedic Medical College & Hospital, Daudhar, Moga, Punjab, India ABSTRACT Shankhpushpi is a plant and known as best brain tonic medicine which is classified under four Medhya Rasayana by Acharya Charaka . It is also included as main ingredient in many herbal extractives or decoction-based brain tonics or memory boosting formulations. Various Ayurvedacharya have named it as manglayakusuma, ksheerpushpi, medhya etc. Shankhpushi is also comes under convolvulacea family indicated as Convolvulus pluricaulis . The Charaka Samhita , which is an ancient book of Ayurveda described the use of paste ( kalka ) as Medhya Rasayana . There are so many experimental, pharmacological, clinical studies done on Convolvulus pluricaulis revealed the promising results as neuroprotective, memory enhancer, and antianxiety properties. The studies analysed its chemical composition like convolidine, convolvine, confoline etc. and may help to stimulate the brain activities. In addition, the studies have shown other properties like diuretic, antioxidant, hypolipidemic, hypotensive, antiulcer, antipyretic which helps to manage the various disorders. The various dosage forms like powder, paste, syrup is prepared by using whole plant or different parts of plant as indicated in classical texts. The present review study on Shankhpushpi basically focused on the experimental or clinical studies done in the management of various ailments. Keywords: Shankhpushpi , Convolvulus pluricaulis , Neuroprotective, Medhya . INTRODUCTION In Ayurveda, the medicines are being used in therapeutics with some explanatory logical manner and considering several drug-related and human constitution-based factors [1] . Shankhpushpi is native and very noteworthy herb which claimed to enhance the functions of nervous system. The herb is used in traditional clinical practice by many Ayurveda practitioner as a single herb as well as in formulations due to its potential bioactive components [2,3] . Many Ayurvedic Physicians till date used it as natural tonic for mental development of children. In Ayurveda , the therapeutic properties of plants are basically explained on the basis of rasa (taste), guna , virya, vipaka, karma and is exhibits the katukasya in rasa, guru, snigdha, sara, pischila in guna, ushana in virya, madhura in vipaka, medhakrita, swarakara , grahabhutadidoshhara in karma [4] . The word Medhakrita means it promotes the intellectual activity, sawrakara means helps to improve the voice activity, grahabhutadidoshhara means helps to treat various mystic diseases, that is considered as viral or bacterial diseases [5] . Though, based on flower morphology and the nootropic potential, four plants, namely Canscora decussata Schult., Clitorea ternatea Linn., Convolvulus pluricaulis Choisy., and Evolvulus alsinoides Linn. are considered as Shankhpushpi by Indian Ayurvedic practitioners, Convolvulus pluricaulis variety is mentioned as ‘ Shankhpushpi ’ in Ayurvedic Pharmacopea of India [6] . Aphrodisiac, laxative properties and helps to promote sound sleep also enhance the beauty of this herb. The extraction based research studies are done to treat the different conditions of brain like stress, Alzheimer, insanity; gastric ulcer etc. Convolvulus pluricaulis is also mentioned in the treatment of some diseased condition of brain in Ayurveda like Unmada, Apsmara in different formulations like powder, ghrita, oil etc [7] . According to ancient literatures, these Medhya Rasayana has been mentioned as lifepromoting, help to treat various ailments, give strength to digestion system ( Agni ), complexion ( Varnya ), voice ( Swaraya ) and intellect-promoting ( Medhya ) [8] . It may have protruding action on Central Nervous System where they help to improve grasping power, memory, intellectual behaviour, speech, and mood personality disorders of an individual. Various researches claimed that it acts as molecular nutrient for brain activities to relieve mental fatigue, anxiety, stress etc. Shankhpushpi is proved its nontoxic properties as there are number of researches are done and published on various sites. It helps to balance the tristambha of body i.e. vitiated kapha-vaat-pitta. There are so many varieties are suggested on this plant and studies done on different varieties of shankhpushpi have proved healing treatment in central nervous system disorders [7] , antianxiety [8] , antiamensic [9] . The various chemical constituents studied present in herb like alkaloids, flavonoids etc may be responsible for its

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120 Journal of Ayurvedic and Herbal Medicine|April-June|2021 biological actions in the managing the disorders [12] . It contains carbohydrate-D-glucose, maltose, rhamnose, sucrose, starch, proteins, amino acids and the alkaloids-convolvine, convolamine, phyllabine, convolidine, confoline, convoline, subhirsine, convosine, and convolvidine along with scopoline and FlavonsCoumarin, Betasitosterol, fatty acid and wax constituents, hydrocarbons, aliphatic and sterol [13-15] . DISCUSSION Table 1: Pharmacological activities of Convolvulus pluricaulis (Shankhpushpi) Part used Experimental/ Clinical Extract/ dosage form Dose Duration Effect Aerial Mice Aqueous Ethanol 500 mg/kg - It is found that Convolvulus pluricaulisChoisy contains compound like shankhpushpine and scopoletin, ceryl alcohol, the flavonoid kaempferol and the steroids phytosterol and β -sitosterol, which act as GABA-A agonists could be attributed to the CNS depressant effect. It significantly showed reduced motor activity [16] . Whole plant Swiss albino mice Dried powder 100 mg/kg 200 mg/kg 10 days Shankhpushpi was able to reduced alcoholic withdrawal anxiety, and also increased the cortical hippocampal GABA level [17] . Whole Plant Albino rats Aqueous 200 mg/kg 14 days It was found effective in reducing Streptozocin induced toxicity (learning and memory deficit) in animal models also restoring biochemical enzymatic. It was helpful in improving cholinergic function, reduction of oxidative stress and enhancement of behaviour [18] . Whole plant Male Sprague Dwaley rats Ethanol 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg 7 days Mangiferin chemical constituent of Canscoradecussata enhances the recognition memory through that might be due to the involvement by increase in neurotropic and cytokine levels. It contains many xanthones may be responsible for synergistic effect [19] . Whole plant Laca mice Aqueous Methanol 50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg 30 days It showed memory-enhancing, anxiolytic and CNS-depressant activity [20] . 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg, 600 mg/kg 30 days Roots Albino rats Aqueous 150 mg/kg 3 months It prevented aluminium induced neurotoxicity in the cerebral cortex, inhibiting oxidative stress and normalising the altered activity/levels of proteins at cholinergic synapse [21] . Whole plant Albino rats Liquid (fresh juice) 375 mg/kg to 750 mg/kg 5 days It showed the significant antiulcer activity, by increasing the rate of mucin secretion and total carbohydrate protein ratio, which is reliable marker of mucin secretion and enhancement of mucosal resistance factor [22] . Whole plant Albino rats Aqueous Chloroform Alcoholic 150 mg/kg 300 mg/kg 10 days Alcoholic, Chloroform and Aqueous extracts of Convolvulus pluricalusChoisy showed the protection of mitochondrial oxidative stress and also protecting the DNA from the fragmentation due to toxicity. It decreased the serum biochemical parameters and acted as hepatoprotective behaviour [23] . Whole plant Wistar rats Dried powder 100 mg/kg 400 mg/kg 10 days The result showed the significant antianxiety effect [24] . Whole plant Brain Cells Standardised botanical extracts 12 mg/ml 2 hrs It showed the significant elevation in cell survival, increased the level of reduced glutathione and neuroprotective efficacy [25] .

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121 Journal of Ayurvedic and Herbal Medicine|April-June|2021 Whole plant Albino rats Aqueous 100 mg/kg 150 mg/kg 200 mg/kg 30 days It has been shown the significantly increases the scavenging activity of free radicals by its bioactive constituents which helps to attain antioxidant defence mechanism [26] . Whole plant Mice Aqueous 100 mg/kg 500 mg/kg 14 days It has significantly inhibited the effect of strychnine induced convulsions [27] . Whole plant Rats Ethanolic 400 mg/kg 600 mg/kg 800 mg/kg 72 hours It demonstrated the Convolvulus pluricaulis as an antipyretic and antiinflammatory action [28] . Whole plant Albino rats Methanol 250 mg/kg 500 mg/kg 1000 mg/kg 24 hours It showed the moderate anticonvulsant and antioxidant property [29] . Whole plant Sprague Dawley rats Methanol 50μg/ml 100μg/ml 150μg/ml 200μg/ml 15 days Evolvulusalsinoides variety of Shankhpushpi showed the positive markeableneuropharmacological effect as compare to other varieties of Shankhpushpi (Convolvulus pluricaulis ) [30] . Whole plant Wister rats Methanol 400 mg/kg 14 days The study confirmed Convolvulus pluricaulis as a hypolipidemicagent [31] . Whole plant Wister rats Aqueous 150 mg/kg 4 weeks Convolvulus pluricaulis showed the neuroprotective effect [32] . Whole plant Mice Ethanol 25 mg/kg 50 mg/kg 100 mg/kg 10 days Convolvulus pluricaulis showed the antidepressant effect [33] . Roots Rats Aqueous 100 mg/kg 150 mg/kg 250 mg/kg 7 days Aqueous extract of Convolvulus pluricaulis showed neuroprotective activity by scavenging reactive oxygen species [34] . From table 1, effect of Convolvulus pluricaulis showed significant results in the management of different ailments. Effect of CNS The study on phytochemical profile of aerial parts of Convolvulus pluricaulis contained the tannins, triterpenoids, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins glycosides and carbohydrates. Ethanol, aqueous, choloroform extracts showed the significant anxiolytic type of effect [16] . The study done on three varieties of Shankhpushpi showed different results. It is concluded that all three plants possess memory-enhancing, anxiolytic and CNS-depressant activity with Convolvulus pluricaulis showing the maximum activity. The reported results of memoryenhancing activity advise that Convolvulus pluricaulis should be used as the true source of Shankhpushpi [20] . The dried powder of Shankhpushpi administered in anxiety induced animals, showed the significant anxiolytic behaviour [24] . The aqueous extraction of roots also showed the neuroprotective properties by scavenging various reactive oxygen species [34] . Antiaddictive Effect From table 1, Shankhpushpi churan (powder) was studied on alcoholic addictive mice for its antiaddictive behaviour. It showed the effective result on Cortico-hippocampal GABA levels and reported the antiaddictive potential [17] . Effect on learning and memory Study on Polyherbal Formulation, in which Convolvulus pluricaulis was content, on streptomycin induced memory impairment. The whole observation was for 14 days which result the improvement in cholinergic behaviour, reduction in oxidative stress [18] . The Convolvulus pluricaulis also known as cognitive booster, the study done on variety named Canscora decussta . The ethanolic extract of plant showed the significant result in Nerve Growth Factor, which could be the reason of boosting in cognition power [19] . In Indian tradition, Shankhpushpi is a well-trusted natural remedy, and is used in children concomitantly with cow milk or honey for memory improvement [35] . These natural products act as an adjuvant as well as nutritional supplement for growing children [36] . Potentiated Bhavita dosage form of Shankhpushpi may also be developed [by adopting classical guidelines of Bhavana (levigation/wet grinding)] and investigated for its bio-potential in memory enhancement [37,38] . Efforts should also be made to prepare green synthesized metallic nanoparticles by using Shankhpushpi extract and its biological properties should be explored in various neurological disorders accordingly [39,40] ,though the safety evaluation of newly developed dosage forms should be carefully observed [41,42] . Neuroprotective effect The neuroprotective study done on aluminium induced toxicity in brain of rats, in which aqueous extract of Convolvulus pluricaulis administered for 3 months. It indicated the prevention the neurotoxicity and reduced the oxidative stress. It showed the positive effect in altered activity of proteins on various level of cholinergic synapse [21] . The study done of standardised extract of Convolvulus pluricaulis showed the neuroprotective effect by reduction in H 2 O 2 oxidative stress [25] .

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122 Journal of Ayurvedic and Herbal Medicine|April-June|2021 The methanolic extract of four varieties of Shankhpushpi showed the antiamensic effect by inhibiting the 5-lipooxygenase which is responsible for the neurodegenerative disorders [30] . The aqueous extract of plant also reported neuroprotective effect scopolamine induced stress [32] . Antigastric & Antiulcer effect The Convolvulus pluricaulis in the form of fresh juice was given for 5 days, reported the significant result in protecting gastric mucosa by the production of mucin [22] . Hepatoprotective effect The hepatoprotective effect of Convolvulus pluricaulis was studied on aqueous, alcoholic, chloroform extract. It is reported that serum biochemical parameters are decreased by extract treated animals [23] . Antioxidant effect The study done on aqueous extract Convolvulus pluricaulis showed significant antioxidant effect by scavenging the free radicals of stressed induced conditions that may be due to the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids and glycosides [26] . Methanolic extract of Convolvulus pluricaulis reported the antioxidant effect by scavenging free radicals [34] . Anticonvulsion effect The anticonvulsant effect of Convolvulus pluricaulis was study on strychnine induced rats. The aqueous extract of plant acted as the co therapeutic agent in reduction of seizures [27] . Another study done on methanolic extract of Convolvulus pluricaulis showed significantly reduction in the phase of convulsions [29] . Anti-inflammatory and antipyretic effect The ethanolic extract of Convolvulus pluricaulis showed the markable result as antipyretic and moderately anti-inflammatory effect [28] . Effect on Lipid profile The protective role of Convolvulus pluricaulis on lipid profile was studied on high fat induced animals. The aqueous extract was given for 14 days, resulted the hypolipidemic effect of plant [31] . The study on silver nanoparticles by biosynthesis process using leaf extract of Convolvulus Pluricaulis . It was observed for their catalytic, electrocatalytic effect on different parameter scales. The result showed positive effect on electrocatalytic behaviour [43] . To sum up, based on available evidences it is found that Shankhpushpi is a renowned Rasayana herb in Ayurveda with potent rejuvenating, immunomodulatory, cytoprotective, and antioxidant properties. Based on these bioactive attributes, the herb is mainly used by traditional practitioners as nootropic tonic and in wide range of neuropsychiatric or neurodegenerative disorders [44-50] . CONCLUSION The above findings of various research articles revalidate pharmacological actions of the Shankhpushpi as medicine which was and till traditionally used by physicians. These data have given the marvellous approach that Convolvulus pluricaulis may be used to treat the various neurogenic conditions, stress induced conditions, memory enhancer, antigastric, antioxidant, hypolipidemic. Further studies and compiled data are required to validate the use of Convolvulus pluricaulis as a therapeutic agent in the management of various diseased conditions. Conflict of Interest None declared. Financial support and sponsorship Nil. REFERENCES 1 Sharma R, Prajapati PK. Predictive, Preventive and Personalized Medicine: Leads From Ayurvedic Concept of Prakriti (Human Constitution). Curr Pharmacol Rep 2020;6:441 – 50. 2 Sharma R, Martins N, Kuca K, Chaudhary A, Kabra A, Rao MM et al. Chyawanprash A Traditional Indian Bioactive Health Supplement. 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123 Journal of Ayurvedic and Herbal Medicine|April-June|2021 pluricaulis Choisy in Mice Model. The Open Neurology Journal, 2014, 8, 11-14. 17 Heba M, Faraz S, Banerjee S. Effect of shankhpushpi on alcohol addiction in mice. Phcog Mag 2017;13:148-53. 18 Shukla D, Srivastava S, Jawaid T, Learning and Memory Enhancing Activity of Polyherbal Formulation on Streptozotocin Induced Memory Impairment in Rats via Reducing Mitochondria – Targeted Cytochrome. Pharmacog J. 2021;13(1): 230-40. 19 Sethya KN., Nahata A, Dixit VK., Mishra SH. Coginition boosting effect Canscora decussate, a South Indian Shankhpushpi. European Integrative Medicine 2012;4: e 113-e 121. 20 Malik J, Karan M, Vasisht K. Nootropic, anxiolytic and CNS-depressant studies on different plant sources of Shankhpushpi. Pharmaceutical Biology, 2011; 49(12): 1234 – 42. 21 Bihaqi SW, Sharma M, Singh AP, Tiwari M. Neuroprotective role of Convolvulus pluricaulis on aluminium induced neurotoxicity in rat brain. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 124 (2009) 409 – 415. 22 Sairam k, Rao CV, Goel RK. Effect of Convolvulus pluricaulis Chois on gastric ulceration and secretion I rats. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology 2001;39:350-54. 23 Rani V, Annapurna I, Ganapathi A. Evaluation of hepatoprotective activity of alcoholic, chloroform and aqueous extracts of Convolvulus pluricalis Choisy. International Journal of Current Research. 2016;8(8):36110-15. 24 Yadav M, Pal R, Kumar R, Dixit RK, Sachan AK, Nath R. Effect of Shankhpushpi ( Convolvulus pluricaulis ) alone and its combination with omega-3 fatty acid on anxiety in an animal model of rats. International Journal of Recent Scientific Research. 2020;11(1):36914-20. 25 Ahmad I, Swaroop A, Bagchi D. A Novel Neuroprotective and Antioxidative Efficacy of a Unique Combination of Standardized Huperzia serrata, Convolvulus pluricaulis and Celastrus paniculatus Extracts. J Nutr Health Sci. 2019;6(2):206. 26 Yuvraj KB, Saraswathi P, Vijayraghavan R, Karthik MG, Priya VV. Effect of Convolvulus Pluricaulis aqueous extract on behavioural changes and antioxidants in stress induced rats. International of Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2018;9(2): 353-57. 27 Ratha KK, Mishra SS. Anticonvulsant activity of Shankhapuspi ( Convolvulus pluricaulis Chois) on Strychnine induced seizure in experimental animals. International Journal of Ayurvedic Medicine. 2012;3(2):82-87. 28 Agarwal P, Sharma B, Alok S. Screening of anti-inflammatory and anti analgesic activity of Convolvulus pluricaulis Choisy. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research. 2014;5(6):2458-63. 29 Verma S, Sinha R, Kumar P, Amin F, Jain J, Tanwar S. Study of Convolvulus pluricaulis for antioxidant and anticonvulsant activity. Central Nervous System Agents in Medicinal Chemistry. 2012;12:55-59. 30 Sethiya NK, NahataA, Singh PK , Mishra SH. Neuropharmacological evaluation on four traditional herbs used as nervine tonic and commonly available as Shankhpushpi in India. Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine. 2019;10:25-31. 31 Garg G, Patil AN, Kumar R, Bhatia A, Kasudhan KS, Pattanaik S. Protective role of Convolvulus pluricaulis on lipid abnormalities in high-fat diet with low dose streptozotocin-induced experimental rat model. Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine. 2020;11:426-31. 32 Waseem BS, Singh AP, Tiwari M. Supplementation of Convolvulus pluricaulis attenuates scopolamine-induced increased tau and amyloid precursor protein (AβPP) expression in rat brain. Indian Journal of Pharmacology. 2012; 44(5):593-8. 33 Dhingra D, Valecha R. Evaluation of the antidepressant-like activity of Convolvulus pluricaulischoisy in the mouse forced swim and tail suspension tests. International Journal of experimental and clinical research. 2007; 13(7)BR 155-61. 34 Bihaqi SW, Singh AP,Tiwari M. In vivo investigation of the neuroprotective property of Convolvulus pluricaulis in scopolamine-induced cognitive impairments in Wistar rats. Indian J Pharmacol. 2011;43(5): 520 – 25. 35 Jalwal P, Singh B, Dahiya J, Khokhara S. A comprehensive review on shankhpushpi a morning glory. The Pharma Innovation. 2016;5(1, Part A):14. 36 Sharma R, Martins N, Chaudhary A, Garg N, Sharma V, Kuca K et al. Adjunct use of honey in diabetes mellitus: A consensus or conundrum?. Trends in Food Science & Technology. 2020;106:254-74. 37 Sharma R, Prajapati PK. Liquid media’s in Bhavana Samskara: A pharmaceutico-therapeutic prospect. J Phytopharm. 2015;4:49-57. 38 Sharma R, Bolleddu R, Maji JK, Ruknuddin G, Prajapati PK. Invitro α - amylase, α -glucosidase inhibitory activities and in-vivo anti-hyperglycemic potential of different dosage forms of Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia [Willd.] Miers) prepared with Ayurvedic Bhavana process. Frontiers in Pharmacology. 2021;12:903. 39 Sharma R, Hazra J, Prajapati PK. Nanophytomedicines: A Novel Approach to Improve Drug Delivery and Pharmacokinetics of Herbal Medicine. Bio Bull. 2017;3(1):132-5. 40 Gour A, Jain NK. Advances in green synthesis of nanoparticles. Artificial cells, nanomedicine, and biotechnology. 2019;47(1):844-51. 41 Sharma R, Galib R, Prajapati PK. Good pharmacovigilance practice: Accountability of Ayurvedic pharmaceutical companies. Ancient science of life. 2017;36(3):167. 42 Sharma R, Hazra J, Prajapati PK. Knowledge and awareness of pharmacovigilance among ayurveda physicians in Himachal Pradesh. Ancient science of life. 2017;36(4):234. 43 Sandeep S, Santosh AS, Swamy NK, Suresh GS, Melo JS, Mallu P. Biosynthesis of Silver nanoparticles using Convolvulus pluricaulis leaf extract and assessment of their catalytic, electrocatalytic, phenol, remediation properties. Adv. Mater. Lett. 2016;7(5):383-89. 44 Amin H, Sharma R, Vyas M, et al. Shankhapushpi ( Convolvulus pluricaulis Choisy): Validation of the ayurvedic therapeutic claims through contemporary studies. Int J Green Pharm. 2014;8(4):193 – 200. 45 Amin H, Sharma R, Vyas H. Nootropic (medhya) effect of Bhavita Śaṇ khapu ṣ pi tablets: A clinical appraisal. Anc Sci Life. 2014;34(2):109 – 112. 46 Sharma R, Kabra A, Rao MM, Prajapati PK. Herbal and Holistic solutions for Neurodegenerative and Depressive disorders: Leads from Ayurveda. Curr. Pharm. Des. 2018; 27(3): 2597 – 2608. 47 Sharma R, Kuca K, Nepovimova E, Kabra A, Rao MM, Prajapati PK. Traditional Ayurvedic and herbal remedies for Alzheimer's disease from bench to bedside. Expert Rev. Neurother. 2019; 19: 359 – 374. 48 Sharma R, Amin H. Rasayana Therapy: Ayurvedic contribution to improve quality of life. World J. Pharmacol. Res. Tech. 2015;4:23-33. 49 Amin H, Sharma R. Nootropic efficacy of Satvavajaya Chikitsa and ayurvedic drug therapy: A comparative clinical exposition. Int J Yoga. 2015;8:109 – 116. 50 Sharma R, Garg N, Verma D, Rathi P, Sharma V, Kuca K, Prajapati PK. Indian medicinal plants as drug leads in neurodegenerative disorders. In Nutraceuticals in Brain Health and Beyond (pp. 31-45). Academic Press, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/B 978-0-12-820593-8.00004-5 HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE Devi P. An updated review on Shankhpushpi- As Medhya Rasayana. J Ayu Herb Med 2021;7(2):119-123. DOI: 10.31254/jahm.2021.7210 Creative Commons (CC) License- This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) license. This license permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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