Overview of Pentatropis capensis (Asclepiadaceae)-An Extra Pharmacopoeial Plant

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66 Journal of Ayurvedic and Herbal Medicine 2019; 5(2): 66-69 Review Article ISSN: 2454-5023 J. Ayu. Herb. Med. 2019; 5(2): 66-69 © 2019, All rights reserved www.ayurvedjournal.com Received: 14-02-2019 Accepted: 17-04-2019 *Corresponding author: Prof Vd. Samata Tomar HOD, Department of Agadatantra, Shri Gulabkunverba Ayurved Mahavidyalaya Chikitsalaya (SGAM), Jamnagar, Gujarat, India Email: samatatomar@gmail.com Overview of Pentatropis capensis (Asclepiadaceae)- An Extra Pharmacopoeial Plant Samata Tomar 1 , Pravin Jawanjal 2 1 HOD, Department of Agadatantra, Shri Gulabkunverba Ayurved Mahavidyalaya Chikitsalaya (SGAM), Jamnagar, Gujarat, India 2 Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Ras Shastra, Institute for Postgraduate Teaching & Research in Ayurveda (IPGT & RA), Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India ABSTRACT Plants are a rich source of many natural products. In India, most of which have been extensively used for traditional human health care systems viz. Ayurveda, Unani and Siddha. Most of these pharmacopoeial unidentified drugs are practiced by the folklore people to cure many diseases. Pentatropis capensis is one such plant which is used as nasal drops to alleviate headache, running nose and body ache by folklore practitioners in the name of Kukka bachchataay [1] . Pentatropis capensis has cooling and alterativ e properties. ‘The Wealth of India’ confirmed its the analgesic, antifungal, anti-septic, Keratolytic properties and effective for skin diseases. Similarly, antifungal, anti-septic and keratolytic properties of Pentatropis capensis have been mentioned in ‘Compendium of Indian Medicinal Plants’. In ‘Flora of Saurashtra’ the use of ground material and infusion of root was found. It described its use by folk people in fevers, hydrocele and also on rheumatism. In ‘Medicinal Plants of Gujarat’ Pentatropis capensis is described as alterative, antifungal, antiseptic, and coolant and further mentioned it uses in skin diseases. Dr. Koppula Hemadri in ‘A Treatise on Tribal Medicine’ has described the tribal use of Pentatropis capensis . Tribal people heat the leaves in gentle fire and extracted juices and used as nasal drops to alleviate headache, running nose and body pain. Keywords: Pentatropis capensis, Kukka bachchataay, Medicinal plant. INTRODUCTION Pentatropis capensis is one such plant which is used by folklore practitioners in the name of Kukka bachchataay [2] . In Ayurveda it is considered as Kākanāsā Siddha system of medicine accepted Pentatropis capensis is as Uppilankodi and used in the preparation of gold and silver parpams (bhasma) [3] . Kākanāsā has been used in the indigenous system of medicine since long time. Caraka has included Kākanāsā in Madhura skandha. Kākanāsā has been used in preparation of Chyavanprash , Trayausanadi ghrta and in the treatment of Apasmara, yoni roga . Susruta has mentioned it only Anuvasan vasti with other drugs only to two places. Astanga Hrdaya mentioned oil preparation in Guhya Roga Pratisedha , preparation of Chyavanprash and Anuvasan vasti karma . Various lexicons has been depicted as emetic, rasayana, balya, palitapaha , analgesic and anti-inflammatory and useful in the treatment of sotha, Raktavikara,Shvitra, kustha and in gulma . Kirtikar and Basu have been depicted in ‘Indian Medicinal Plants Vedic Period: (6000 ) - there is no description or reference regarding the drug Kākanāsā. Samhita Period : Acharya Charaka mentioned the drug Kākanāsā in MadhuraSkanda (VimanaSthana-8), as an ingredient of Chyavanprash (Ca chi-11/62-64) and Trayausanadi ghrta in kasa chikitsa , Yoniroga Chikitsa (Ca. Chi-30/50), Kustha Chikitsa(Ca.Chi.-7/123), Apasmara Chikitsa (Ca. chi-10/37), Anuvasan Vasti (Ca.Si.-4/5, 9, Ca.Sid- 10/37 ) along with other drugs [4] . Susruta Samhita (2 ndB.C.) Susruta has mentioned Kākanāsā in Anuvasanottara Vastichikitsa( Su Chi-37/20, 23) with other drugs and second preparation is used in the manner of Anuvasan-basti in cases of gulma and retention of stool and urine with a distension of abdomen and also acts as an invigorating and constructive tonic, improves digestion, increases strength and creates fresh semen [5] . Astanga Samgraha (6 thcentury A.D.) It mentioned Kākanāsā in enema( basti) preparation (AS. KA. 4/36), which is beneficial in excess bouts and in medicated oil preparation (AS. UT.-39/33) which intake orally to cure all type vataja and pittaja disorders and for embryo production, and in Chyavanprash avaleha (AS. UT...49/39-47) which is a well rasayana.

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J Ayu Herb Med ǀ Vol 5 Issue 2 ǀ April- June 2019 67 Astanga Hrdaya (7 th century A.D.) The drug Kākanāsāis mentioned in Guhya Roga Pratisedha (AH.UT.-34/42), as an ingredient for restoration of conceptionand in Rasayana vidhi (A.H.U.S. - 39/34) as an ingredient of Chyavanprash . Further reference found in Kalpa -Siddhi sthana , Anuvasan basti for all type of arthritical problems also in putrayanuvasan basti and this special type of basti helps to give birth of male child Vangsen In Basti Karmādhikara (VS. BK.. 93-95) to eradicate all type of rheumatoid complaints by Anuvasan basti manner and in Jivantyadya Yamaka (V. S. B. 96-8). The basti of this preparation used for brimhana , gives strength, semen and appetite and to eradicate the problems of micturation, semen and menstruation. Further reference found in Kshayaja kasa nidana (VS. KK.-159-165), Vrihat Vasakadya Ghrta and indicated in all type of cough, helpful for emaciated people, clears voice and purifies blood [6] . Vrinda Madhava or Siddha YogaVrindha madhava mentioned Kākanāsāin Rajkshmādikar ( V.M.-10/34-48), in the preparation of Chyavanprash and it is a well-known rasayana [7] . Cakradatta (11 thcentury) CakrapaniDatta, in his commentary, mentioned Kākanāsā in Rajkshmādhikara (C.D.-10/46-59), in formulation of Chyavanprash [8] . Sarangadhara Samhita (13 thcentury A.D.) Sarangadhara mentioned Kākanāsā in ChyavanprashAvaleha Kalpana (Sh. Mad. Kh. -8/11), the commentator Adhamalla, mentioned as “Kakanasikakouadodi iti Loke” Another reference of Kākanāsā found in Uttara khanda, bastidhikar (Sh. Ut. Kh → 5/47-49), in the formulation of Guduchyadi taila and indicated in all type of rheumatoid disorders [9] . Bhavaprakasa Samhita (16 th Century A.D.) In this samhita, Bhava Mishra mentioned Kākanāsā, in oil enema preparation(Bh . Pk.5/130-132) and it used to cure all diseases caused by aggravation of vata.Vrihat Nighantu Ratnakara The author mentioned Kākanāsā under sotharoga chikitsa, in the preparation of Panchamuladi taila , in any type of sotha caused by vata and kapha [10] . Nighantu Period Dhanvantari Nighantu (10 th Century A.D.) Mahendra Bhogika had mentioned this drug under ‘ Karaviradi varga’ - as wound disinfecting agent and helpful in defects of fat metabolism. It is having bitter, pungent taste and hot in potency [11] . Dhanvantari Nighantu (10 th Century A.D.) Mahendra Bhogika had mentioned this drug under ‘ Karaviradi varga ’. It is having bitter, pungent taste and hot in potency. Amar Kosa (11 th Century A.D.) Amar Singh has mentioned Kākanāsāin dwitiya Kānda under ‘ Vanausadhi varga ’with the synonyms like Kākāngi, Kaowathodi etc [12] . Sodhala Nighantu (12 th Century A.D.) Sodhala has mentioned Kākanāsā in ‘ Laksmanadi Varga’as the name of Singriti and has mentioned the insecticidal and vata eradicating properties. The root is indicated in earache [13] . Raj Nighantu (15 th Century A.D.): Pandit Narahari has mentioned 13 synonyms of Kākanāsā and included it in ‘ Guduchyadi varga’ . He mentioned it having Madhura rasa, sheeta Virya and eradicates pittaja disorders and also having rasayana, balya & palitapaha properties.Kaiyadeva Nighantu (15 th Century A.D.) [14] Kaiyadev nighantu described Kākanāsā under ‘ Ousadhi Varga’ as emetic & effective in Sotha , Raktavikar, Shvitra & Kustha [15] . Bhavaprakash Nighantu (16 th Century A.D.)1.18: Bhavaprakash has classified Kākanāsāunder ‘Guduchyadi varga’ . He mentioned it having katu, tikta, kasaya rasa and having indication in Sotha, Arsha, Svitra and Kustha [16] . Saligram Nighantu (19 th Century) Saligram nighantukar described Kākanāsā under ‘ Guduchyadi varga. Its emetic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory activities were enumerated with indications in Arsha, Svitra & Kustha [17] . Hrdayadipaka Nighantu – The nighantukar has mentioned Kākanāsāin ‘ Dwinama Varga’ and ‘ Kaphagna Varga’ and described the synonyms like Kākanāsā, Kakatundi [18] . Nighantu Kalpadrum ,-The author mentioned its taste as astringent and sour, vipaka as amla and virya as usna. The indications are ruja, arshas and kustha and karma as vamaka [19] . Adarsha Nighantu - Shree Bāpālāla Vaidya described Kākanāsāunder Arkādi varga. The loc al name of this drug has been described as Shringroti or Kwoathodi and Pentatrollais accepted as Kākanāsā by the author [20] . Studies of Ethno-botany and Various Flora : the study of ethnomedicine and local flora helps to an idea about folk medicine or traditional medicine. The Flora of British India (Sir J.D. Hocker-1875) In flora of British India the author has given 2 species of Pentatropis genus i.e. Pentatropis capensis and Pentatropis microphylla [21] . Reviews on Indian Medicinal Plants (A.K. Guptaand Neeraj Tandon) Asclepias curassavicais described as Ayurvedic ‘Kakatundi’ The indications are mentioned for Piles and Helminthisis [22] . Flora of Saurashtra (P.V. Bole & J.M. Pathak) Detailed botanical descriptions of Pentatropis capensis is found in this flora, used in fevers and hydrocele, rheumatism, used to prepare vegetables and pickles by the poor [23] . Medicinal Plants of Gujarat (C.N. Pandey, B.R. Raval, S.Mali, H.Salvi) Detailed botanical description is available in this flora. The whole plant is used as antifungal, antiseptic, coolant and useful in skin diseases [24] . Pharmacographia Indica- A History Of Principle Drugs (Dymock et al ; 2005) Cooling and alterative properties has been attributed to Pentatropis capensis , used in Gonorrhoea. A Treatise on Tribal Medicine (Dr. Koppula Hemadri, 2011) The author has pointed out the tribal uses of Pentatropis capensis leaf which is used as nasal drops to alleviate headache, running nose and body pain [25] . Glossary of Vegetable Drugs in Brihatrayi (Balwant Singh & K.C Chunekar) Pentatropis microphylla (W. & A.) finally suggested that Martynia may serve as a substitute of Kākanāsā [26] . The previous studies on Pentatropis capensis has been shorted out and explained below. A study on medicinally important agro weeds of north eastern coastal Tamil Naduhas indicated the use of Pentatropis capensis in acidity and fever [27] . An Ethno botanical study in the Pudukkottai District shows a high degree of Ethno botanical innovation and the use of plant sources for medicine by the rural communities reflects many species of the family Fabaceae and Asclepiadaceae are frequently used whereas Pentatropis capensis also used by this people in constipation, colic, and diarrheal problems [28] . Assessment of bioactivity of Indian medicinal plants using brine shrimp (Artemia salina) lethality assay shows 3000 μg/ml extractof P. capensisis lethal cooling agent [29] . PhD thesis on “A Contribution to Ethnobotany of Mehsana District, North Gujarat” by Modhvadia Avdabhai Rambhai illustrated about 490 plants of Mehsana district. He pointed out the medicinal use of whole plant of Pentatropis capensis (Local Name: Singroti) in curing of skin diseases and mentioned the properties as anti-fungal, antiseptic [30] . The quarterly newsletter of envieson Indian estuaries, mangroves, coral reefs and lagoons carried out on the diversity of fauna of the mangrove afforested area situated in the gradient zone of manakkudy estuary, explains Pentatropis capensis (Local name: Chhagal lata) medicinally isused as alternative, refrigerant [31] . The phytochemical screening of whole plant extracts shows presence of carbohydrate, flavonoids, tannins, glycosides as major constituents. The antibacterial and antioxidant activity also evaluated of whole plant extract. It was effective against bacterial organism [32] . In Sastra University, the pharmacognostical work on Pentatropis capensis , highlighted the botanical parameters, microscopical standards, phytochemical screening, fluorescence analysis, quantification of inorganic and biochemical standards to establish the identity of P. capensisin its crude form [33] . The Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory activities have been found from ethanolic extract of Pentatropis capensis (K. Chandrasekaran et al , IJPBS 2011) [34,35] . Kākanāsā Karma Vivecana (Evam - Gunam)

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J Ayu Herb Med ǀ Vol 5 Issue 2 ǀ April- June 2019 68 Action on Dosa: Almost all the texts have clearly mentioned its action on kapha and vata. Kākanāsā alleviates kapha due to its katu, tikta and kasaya rasa, ushna virya and ushna guna . Because of Ushna Virya and ushna guna it alleviates provoked vata. Action on Dhatus: The drug is generally used as ingredient of Chyavanprash in Rajyaksma chikitsa . It shows that it nourishes all the dhatus including rasa, rakta etc. That’s why it develops the immunity Action on Mala: The agneya guna helps to increase blood circulation at renal tubules and irritate kidney to increase quantity of micturition. Karma: (Evam- Prabhavam) 1) Vaman: Kākanāsā by its kasaya rasa and us ṅ a virya helps to increase agni and vayu mahabhuta in the body. It has tendency to cause vomiting by upward direction. 2) Sula Prasaman: Kākanāsā by its us ṅ a virya and snigdha guna normalises the disarrange vayu which responsible for sula. 3) Sotha hara: Due to us ṅa virya Kākanāsā pacifies mainly vata and simultaneously normalise pitta and kapha. By normalizing dosas, it remedies sotha. Therapeutic Uses: (Asmin -vyadhaya) Officinal Parts: The medicinally useful- Mula, Patra, Beeja, Panchanga Dose Fixation: (Anaya-ca-Matraya Yuktam) Maharshi Kasyapa has stated doses in Ka Khi. 3/101.As a controversial drug and rarely referred in ancient texts, the optimum dose of Kākanāsā is unavailable. In Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia optimum dose 2-5 g should be accepted. (According to ‘The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India’, Part-I, Vol. – III, I.S.M. and H. New Delhi). Compounds or Preparations of Kākanāsā In Ayurvedic Classics ( Evam- Upasamskrtam ): Caraka Samhita ( c.s.): Yoga Rogadhikara Ref. Chyavanprash avaleha, in Rasayana. (Ca chi-1-1/62-64) , Trayausanadi Ghrta , in Kasa chikitsa (Ca. Chi-30/50) Astanga Samgraha: ( A.h. ) Yoga Rogadhikara Ref., Chyavanprash Avaleha, Rasayana (As. Us- 49/40) , Jivantyadya Yamak , Siddhi nasty (As. Ka- 5/48) Vangsen:Yoga Rogadhikara Ref. Guduchyadi Taila (VS. BK.. 93-95), Jivantyadya Yamak (V. S. B. 96-8), Vrihat Vasakadya Ghrta (VS. KK.- 159- 165) Virya- Us ṅ a Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Sheeta Raja. Nighantu . Vapaka- Madhura Raja.Nighantu. Amla Bhavaprakash Nighantu Method of Propagation: As a dehiscent fruit, seed are removed naturally from the mature and ruptured fruit and due to containing of coma seeds are distributed to a large area. CONCLUSION From the literature review it can be clearly affirmed that Kākanāsā having Madhura rasa,valya, vamak, garbha sthapak, Vata hara, Kasa hara,sotha hara, manasdosa hara & rasayana property and that’s why it also useful in Rajkshmā (tuberculosis), kasa (cough), swasa (Dyspnoea), Jwara (fever), Shosa (consumption), Hridroga (heart disease), Vatarakta ( gout) and also a potent aphrodisiac, tonic, clears voice and purifies blood. It also indicated in Kustharoga (skin diseases), Apasmara (epilepsy), all type of vataja disorders or rheumatoid complains, Sotha (Inflammation), Raktavikar (Bleeding disorder), Shvitra (vitiligo), Arsha (Piles), sula (colic pain), karna sula (earache), and palitya (greyness of hair). The medicated oil enema of Kākanāsā with other drugs helpful in Yoni roga (Vaginal problem), vataja vikara, gulma, vishtambha (constipation), Aanaha (abdominal distension), in excess bouts, digestive problems, beneficial for stoutening and subdues vata and pitta, helps in conception, eradicate the problems of semen and menstruation. the analgesic activity shows significant increase in basal reaction time (K. Chandrasekharan et al , 2011). The methanolic extract of the plant showed significant effect on hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging activity (Mohan Gandhi et al , 2012). REFERENCES 1 Dr. Koppula Hemadri; A Treatise on Tribal Medicine; Sri Sri Printers, Vijayawada, 2011. 2 Dr. Koppula Hemadri; A Treatise on Tribal Medicine; Sri Sri Printers, Vijayawada, 2011. 3 R. P. Saralla, R. Narendran, V. Uma Rani, K. Sridharan & P. Brindha, Pharmacognostic Standards For Diagnosis of Pentatropis capensis (Asclepiadaceae) A plant Drug Used in Indian System of Medicine, Int. J. Phr. & Ph. 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J Ayu Herb Med ǀ Vol 5 Issue 2 ǀ April- June 2019 69 22 A. K. Gupta & Neeraj Tandon, Reviews on Indian Medicinal Plants, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, Vol- III, 2004, PP: 206- 211. 23 Bole PV and Pathak IM, Flora of Saurashtra, Part- II, Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta, India, p-70-71. 24 Pandey C.N., Raval B. R, Mali S and Salvi H; Medicinal plants of Gujarat – Species Description and Medicinal Uses, Gujarat Ecological Education and Research Foundation, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 2005, Chapter- XIV, pp:233. 25 Dymock. W., Warden. C.J.H., Hooper D., Pharmacographia Indica (A History Of Principle Drugs), Vol-II, Srishti book distributors, New Delhi,2005, pp: 458. 26 Balwant Singh & Chunekar. K.C., Glossary of Vegetable Drugs in Brihatrayi, Chowkhamba Amarbharati Prakashani-19 27 R. Rex Immanuel & L. Lyla Elizabeth, Weeds in Agroecosystems: A Source of Medicines for Human Healthcare, Int. J Phr Tec Sci, 2009, 1(2), 375-385. 28 V. Nandagopalan, S.P. Anand, U. Selvakumar & A. Doss, An Ethnobotanical Study in the Pudukkottai District, South India, Asian J. Exp. Biol. Sci. 2011, 2(3), 412-421. 29 G. S. Banu & G. Kumar, Preliminary Screening of Endophytic Fungi from Medicinal Plants in India for Antimicrobial and Antitumor Activity, Int. J. Phr. Sci & nanotech, 2009, 2(2), 566-571. 30 Modhvadia & Avdabhai R., PhD thesis, Saurashtra University, Gujarat, 2009. 31 Chandan Kumar Acharya, Quarterly Newsletter of Envis on Indian Estuaries, Mangroves, Coral Reefs and Lagoons, Seshaiyana, 17 (1), 2009, 1-8. 32 Nirmala K, Gandhi M, Vegesna KR, Varma H and Naidu SK, Phytochemical, Antifungal, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Studies on Whole Plant Extract of Pentatropis capensis , International Journal of Pharmaceutical, Chemical and Biological Sciences, 2012, 2(4), 453- 463. 33 R. P. Saralla, R. Narendran, V. Uma Rani, K. Sridharan & P. Brindha, Pharmacognostic Standards for Diagnosis of Pentatropis capensis (Asclepiadaceae) A plant Drug Used in Indian System of Medicine, Int. J. Phr. & Ph. Sci., 2012, 4(2), pp: 91-96. 34 Chandrasekharan. K., Suseela. L., Analgesic activity of Ethanolic extract of Pentatropis capensis and Sarcostemma secamone, Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences, 2011,2(4),73-76. 35 Chandrasekharan. K., Suseela. L., Anti-inflammatory activity of Ethanolic extract of Pentatropis capensis and Sarcostemma secamone, International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences, 2011, 2(4), 77-80. HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE Tomar S, Jawanjal P. Overview of Pentatropis capensis (Asclepiadaceae)-An Extra Pharmacopoeial Plant. J Ayu Herb Med 2019;5(2):66-69.