A clinical evaluation of Rajata Bhasma and Shankhpushpi syrup as medhya

[Find the meaning and references behind the names: Manas, Devi, Ayu, Rajiv, Kalpana, Rasa, Gandhi, Red, Med]

49 Journal of Ayurvedic and Herbal Medicine 2019; 5(2): 49-53 Research Article ISSN: 2454-5023 J. Ayu. Herb. Med. 2019; 5(2): 49-53 © 2019, All rights reserved www.ayurvedjournal.com Received: 18-01-2019 Accepted: 07-03-2019 *Corresponding author: Pritika Devi Lecturer, Department of Rasa Shastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, Babe ke Ayurvedic Medical and Hospital, Daudhar Moga, Punjab, India Email: prritikka[at]gmail.com A clinical evaluation of Rajata Bhasma and Shankhpushpi syrup as medhya Pritika Devi 1 , C.P. Kashyap 2 1 Lecturer, Department of Rasa Shastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, Babe ke Ayurvedic Medical and Hospital, Daudhar Moga, Punjab, India 2 Ex Professor, Department of Rasa Shastra and Bhaishjaya Kalpana, Rajiv Gandhi Ayurvedic Medical and Hospital, Paprola (H.P.), India ABSTRACT Use of metallic ( dhatu varga) preparations in health care is one of an irreplaceable feature in Ayurveda system of medicine. In ancient times, processed minerals, metals including Parada, Swarna, Rajata , etc were used very frequently by Acharyas in different diseases conditions with great authority. It is generally claimed that these metals are purified and detoxified by the various procedures used for formulations which are described especially in the classical texts of Rasa Shastra and Bhaishajya kalpana . Rajata in itself is comparatively less explored but best advocated for Medha, Smritikara, Matikaranam, Unmaadhar, Apasmarhara, Naadi Dorbalyakara (Nervous system disorders) and Rasayana (wellbeing) according to our Rasavaidyas . Along with the classical formulations, in Rasa Shastra & Bhaishajya Kalpana , there is need to study and develop existing & new modern pharmaceutical products out of different raw material of Ayurveda formulations, those are more acceptable, palatable, stable & keeping therapeutic potency intact. So Shankhpushpi Syrup for the study has been selected. The mental health of the individual plays a significant role in the well-being of a person. Ayurveda also defines health as a state of mental, physical & spiritual wellbeing, which was acclaimed by W.H.O as features of a healthy individual. Keeping these views in mind, A complete & combined therapy; Rajata Bhasma and Shankhpushpi syrup as Medhya was given and result was significant. Keywords: Bhasma, Rajata, Shankhpushpi, Syrup, Medhya, Mental Health . INTRODUCTION Various herbs, metals or minerals are heated at high temperature for red hot or melting state and then quenched in suitable media like herbal juices, decoction for specified times. The bhasma is obtained by repeating these processes to several times and reduced toxic effect of metals that are not only nullified but are transformed into biological active nanoparticles. When the various bhasma viz. swarna bhasma, makshika bhasma, tamra bhasma etc. were subjected to analysis to under electron microscope it was found they are similar to nanocrystalline materials possessing similar physio-chemical properties. So, the therapeutic effect of bhasma may attributed to large surface area of materials and small particle size by which they can easily transported to specified target sites. Hence the use of metals & minerals became the strength of Ayurvedic therapeutics. Being in the speciality of Rasa Shastra the pharmaceutical work on classical Ayurveda formulation is always knowledgeable and interesting. Rajata in itself is comparatively less explored and best advocated in classicals for Medha, Smritikara, Matikaranam, Unmaadhar, Apasmarhara, Naadi Dorbalyakara (Nervous system disorders) and Rasayana [1] (wellbeing). Along with the classical formulations, in Rasa Shastra & Bhaishajya Kalpana , there is need to study and develop existing & new modern pharmaceutical products out of different raw material of Ayurvedic formulations, those are more acceptable, palatable, stable & keeping therapeutic potency intact. So Shankhapushpi Syrup for the study has been selected. In classical texts, while describing various mental functions and disorders, the word ‘Medha’ has been qouted. Medha is further differentially studied as Dhee , Dhriti and Smriti [2] . Though, the ‘ Smriti ’ described as the characteristics features of Atma [3] , which is closely related with the Manas . Without proper functioning of Manas nothing can be remembered or recall because the first phase of memory is registration of the information which comes through various kind of perceptions and without Manas , perception is not possible. This is how Manas plays active part in the process of ‘ Dhee, Dhriti and Smriti ’ [4] . Keeping these views in mind, A complete & combined therapy; Rajata Bhasma and Shankhpushpi syrup as Medhya was supposed result oriented, that was expected to roll down to the field and patients from lab and thesis, if encouraging results found.

[Find the meaning and references behind the names: June, Luke, April, Ras]

J Ayu Herb Med ǀ Vol 5 Issue 2 ǀ April- June 2019 50 Aims and Objectives To study the therapeutic efficacy of Rajata Bhasma with Shankhpushpi syrup as Medhya. MATERIALS AND METHOD Selection of the patients A total no. of 10 volunteers was selected for the present study from OPD of Ras-Shastra Department of Rajiv Gandhi Govt. Post Graduate Ayurvedic College & Hospital, Paprola Distt. Kangra (H.P.) irrespective of their sex, religion and socio-economic status. These 10 individuals were taken to see the memory booster effects in healthy individuals. All the selected individuals were studied under single group . Criteria of diagnosis The patients were diagnosed on the basis of an objective criteria “ PGI memory scale ” which includes different tests to evaluate the different types of memory. Inclusion criteria 1 Patient’s willing to participate in the trial 2 Age between 16- 60 years, irrespective of sex, education and socioeconomic status 3 Healthy volunteers who wished to improve their memory 4 Uncomplicated cases of memory disorder 5 Only those volunteers have been included who have fulfilled the objective criteria of diagnosis Exclusion criteria 1 Patients unwilling to participate in the trial 2 Patients presenting with complications like mental retardation or psychoneurosis 3 If the condition of a patient deteriorated during the trial, the patient was excluded from the study Laboratory Investigations The Routine haematological and biochemical tests were carried out before and after the clinical trial. Criteria of diagnosis The patients were diagnosed on the basis of an objective criteria “ PGI memory scale ” which includes different tests to evaluate the different types of memory. Criteria for Assessment The efficacy of the medicine given was assessed on the basis of Improvement in total score which was assessed by ‘Memory Scale’ Criteria for Categorization A difference in improvement in terms of percentage of total memory score were recorded as follows: Highly Improved ➢ Improvement in total memory score > 15 % Improved ➢ Improvement in total memory score between 15 to 10 % Mild Improved ➢ Improvement in total memory score between 5 to 10% Not Improved ➢ Improvement in total memory score between 1 to 5 % Deteriorated ➢ Reduction in memory score Method Of Study All the volunteers selected for the study were explained the nature of the study. Their consent was obtained in the history Performa before inclusion in the study. The history Performa was completed for each patient in whom following information was recorded: ➢ Complete bio-data of the patient ➢ Duration of chief complaints ➢ History ➢ General physical examination ➢ Systemic examination Trial group Total 10 volunteers were selected for the present study who were fulfilled the criteria of diagnosis and consented for the study. All the selected volunteers were studied under single group. Dose: Rajata Bhasma was given in a dose of 100 mg O.D. with Luke warm water Shankhpushpi syrup 10 ml B.D. Duration of trial: 30 days Follow – up Studies: The patients were advised to come after 15 days .. The total duration of trial was 30 days . Laboratory investigations were done at the beginning and the end of the trial OBSERVATIONS AND RESULT Disturbances in different type of Memory Subtests of PGI Memory Scale in the volunteers at the time of registration: S.N. Types of Memory No. of volunteers (N=10) Percentage 1. Remote memory 10 100 2. Recent memory 5 50 3. Mental balance 10 100 4. Attention and Concentration 8 80 5. Delayed recall 9 90 6. Immediate recall 10 100 7. Verbal retention for similar pairs 0 0 8. Verbal retention for dissimilar pairs 10 100 9. Visual retention 9 90 10. Recognition 3 30

J Ayu Herb Med ǀ Vol 5 Issue 2 ǀ April- June 2019 51 Effect of Trial Drug over total memory score in the Volunteers: Subtests Memory Score %Improvement SD ‘p’ value BT AT Remote Memory 4.7 5.50 17.02 0.422 ˂ 0.001 Recent memory 4.40 5.00 13.63 0.699 0.024 Mental balance 7.60 7.90 3.94 0.675 0.193 Attention & Concentration 10.50 11.60 10.47 1.524 0.048 Delayed recall 7.300 8.20 12.32 0.568 ˂ 0.001 Immediate recall 9.00 10.30 14.44 1.160 ˂ 0.001 Verbal Retention in Similar pair 5.00 5.00 00 00 1.00 Verbal Retention in dissimilar pair 5.40 8.80 62.96 2.319 ˂ 0.001 Visual retention 8.80 10.0 13.63 1.476 0.030 Recognition 9.60 10.0 4.16 0.699 0.104 Observations from above table ▪ In Remote memory subtest , 17.02% improvement was found which is statistically highly significant (<0.001). ▪ In Recent memory subtest , 13.63% improvement was found which is statistically significant (<0.05). ▪ In Mental Balance subtest , improvement was only 3.4% which is nonsignificant (˃0.05). ▪ Only 10.47% improvement was found, in Attention and Concentration subtest which indicates statistically significant result (<0.05). ▪ In Delayed and Immediate Recall subtests, 12.32% and 14.44% improvement was found respectively which shows highly significant result(<0.001). ▪ In Verbal Retention for Similar pair subtest, no change was found, though patients scored full marks. ▪ In Verbal Retention for dissimilar Pair subtest, 62.96% improvement was found which is highly statistically significant (<0.001) result ▪ In visual Retention subtest with 13.63% improvement, which is statisticallysignificant (<0.05) in result. ▪ In Recognition subtest , percentage relief was only 4.16%, which is statistically nonsignificant. Effect of trial medicine on Haematological Investigations No considerable change in haematological investigations were noted as a result of therapy Variable Mean %age Change pvalue BT AT Hb (gm%) 13.090 13.100 0.07 0.954 TLC(/cu mm) 6.21 6.17 0.64 0.814 DLC (%)Lymphocytes 29.56 29.49 0.23 0.962 Mixed 8.42 10.80 28.26 0.066 Neutrophils 62.02 59.71 3.72 0.334 ESR 7.60 9.40 23.68 0.485 SGOT 17.90 21.80 21.78 0.135 SGPT 21.30 25.50 19.71 0.472 FBS(mg/dl) 92.00 90.30 1.84 0.764 B. Urea (mg/dl) 22.60 22.60 0 1.00 S. Creatinine (mg/dl) 0.790 0.870 10.12 0.0868 Lipid Profile(mg/dl) T. Cholesterol 149.6 148.8 0.53 0.943 S. Triglycerides 124.0 129.4 4.11 0.790 HDL 42.90 40.10 6.52 0.286 VLDL 24.80 25.90 4.43 0.774 LDL 89.70 83.20 7.24 0.452

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J Ayu Herb Med ǀ Vol 5 Issue 2 ǀ April- June 2019 52 Overall Effect Of The Therapy: Total memory score for all subtests is 101. It can be calculated as: Improvement in score (AT-BT)/ total memory score * 100 Overall Effect No. of Cases Percentage Highly Improved (>15%) 00 00 Improved (>10%) 06 60% Mild Improved (>5%) 04 40% No Improvement 00 00 Deteriorated 00 00 DISCUSSION Remote memory : In Remote memory subtest 17.02% improvement was found which is statistically highly significant (<0.001). It may be due to sheet virya property of Rajata Bhasma [5] and Shankhpushpi [6] , which nourishes the Kapha dosha , for enhances the dhriti karma [7] or retention property . Recent memory : In Recent memory subtest , 13.63% improvement was found which is statistically significant (<0.05). It may be due to kashaya Rasa of Rajata Bhasma [5] and Tikat, Katu, Kashaya 6 rasa of Shankhpushpi for the proper functioning of Udaan vayu 8 as it aggrevates the smriti karma . Mental balance: In Mental Balance subtest , improvement was only 3.4% although it was statistically nonsignificant (˃0.05) might have due to short duration of trial. The reason behind the improvement it may be the madhura vipaka [5] of both trial drugs, as it may normalize the Pitta dosha and further it may nourishes the Sadhak pitta 9 for perception of objects. Attention and concentration : Only 10.47% improvement was found, in Attention and Concentration subtest, which indicates statistically significant result (<0.05). In this test particular, dhee (perception) and smriti (recalling) type of medhya can be included. Amla rasa of Rajata bhasma and katu rasa of Shankhpushpi may nourishes the prakaritika karma of pitta dosha i.e. Dhee [10] . Katu, Tikat, Kashya rasa of Shankhpushp i [6] and Kashya Rasa of Rajata bhasma [5] may help in Udaan vayu [8] for its smriti karma. Rajata bhasma and Shankhpushpi by virtue of madhura vipaka might have helpful in correcting the vitiated Vaat dosha and Pitta dosha . Immediate recall : In Immediate Recall subtests , 14.44% improvement was found respectively which shows highly significant result (<0.001), garahan shakti or dhee [10] may be due to ashu and tikshana guna of Pitta dosha it may helpful in subjective perception, Amla rasa of Rajata bhasma and tikat, katu rasa of Shankhpushpi may useful in dhee karma of Pitta dosha. Madhura vipaka of both drugs might have helped to normalise the vitiated Pitta dosha as Medha is prakaritak karma [11] . (Ch.S.Su 18/50.) Delayed recall : Only 12.32% improvement was found, which shows highly significant result (<0.001). The improvement was found in perception and recalling of subjects it may be due to prakritik karma of Pitta dosha [11] and Udaan vayu [8] . Verbal retention for similar pair : In Verbal Retention for Similar pair subtest, no change was found, though patients were scored full marks. Verbal retention for dissimilar pair : In Verbal Retention for dissimilar Pair subtest, 62.96% improvement was found which is highly statistically significant (<0.001) result. Grahana (Dhee) [10] and Dharana( dhriti) [7] may be amla rasa of Rajata bhasma and katu, tikat rasa of Shankhpushpi nourishes the prakaritak karma of Pitta i.e. Dhee . Madhura rasa of Rajata bhasma , madhura vipaka both drugs helps in maintaining the dharana (dhriti ) prakartik karma of Kapha dosha . Visual : In Visual Retention Subtest , 13.63% improvement was found which is statistically significant (<0.05) in result The dhee [10] (perception) and smriti [9] (recall) types of medhya were used for this type of subtest. It may only helpful when vaat and Pitta dosha will be in balance state. Kashaya, katu, tikat rasa may helpful for nourishment. Recognition: In Recognition subtest , mean score before treatment was 9.60 and after treatment was 10.0 with percentage relief was only 4.16%, although observations were statistically nonsignificant. All these Grahana and Dharana Shakti of visual subject may be because of its Pitta Shamaka property of madhura vipaka hence normalise the Alochaka Pitta which resides in Chakshu [12] . CONCLUSION Since Rajata bhasma have attained Sara, Lekhana guna [5] or its microsized particles may penetrate the microchannels so that it might have shown the synergestic effect with Shankhpushpi syrup as Medhya . As Medhya comprises of three mental faculties dhee, dhriti, smriti and these are interrelated with each other. The karma of Rajata bhasma might have balance their natural phenonmenon by maintaining involved strotas i.e. manovaha satrotas. Rajata bhasma is also known to be Smritikar, Medhyakar,Bharamhar, Apasmarhar, Unmadahar by various Ayurveda Acharya . By virtue of its Smritivardhaka and Medhyakar properties, it might have shown the significant result on Memory Scale subtests. It is also reported that Silver nanoparticles reduce the brain inflammation and related neurotoxicity through induction of H 2 S synthesizing enzymes [13] . Shankhpushpi is said to be Medhya Rasayana by our classical texts. Its tridoshhara karma and Medhyakara Prabhava might have shown significant result on Memory scale. Various clinical and experimental studies were done Shankhpushpi which have proved its antioxidative property , free radicle sacvenging property , memory enhancer, antistress property. It has been observed that dietry feeding of this plant has been found to increase protein synthesis of hippocampus, thus enhancing the learning ain experimental animals. Neurtransmitters are basically aminoacids, by increasing the protein synthesis it may acts best on neurons for brain activity REFERENCES 1 Depression will be the second leading cause of Disease by WHO© 2018 Postmedia Network Inc. 2 WHO, updated definition of mental health August 2014 3 Sharma PV, editor. Chakradatta, Ratnaprabha Tika English translation, Sharira sathana 1 st edition, 1993 Vol III, Swami Ramprakash Trust, Jaipur, 1 st edition, 1993; p.354. 4 Kasinatha Pandey, Gorakh Nath Chaturvedi. editor Charaka Samhita: Agnivesh. Hindi Commentary ‘Vidyotani’, Vol - 1 and 2, Chaukhambha Bharti Academy, Varanasi, Reprint Edition 2005 Shalok 3/10 5 Rasa Tarangini 16/46-51 Rasa Tarangini: Pranacharya Shri Sadananda Sharma, Hindi Commentary ‘Ras Vigyana’ by Pt. Dharmananda Shastri, Motilal Banarsidas Publication, Delhi, 11 th Edition, 1979. 6 Dravya Guna Vigyan: Prof. PV Sharma, Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan, Varanasi, 4 th Edition, 1978, Part II p.345-346, 446-449. 7 Charaka, Charaka Samhita edited by Pt. Kasinath Shastri & Dr, Gorakhnath Chaturvedi, Choukhamba Bharat Academy, Varanasi, 2009, Sutra Sthana 18/51, P.n. 385.

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J Ayu Herb Med ǀ Vol 5 Issue 2 ǀ April- June 2019 53 8 Vagbhatta, Ashtang Hridyam edited by Kaviraj Atridev Gupat, Choukhamba Prakashan Varanasi, 2008, Sutra Sthana 12/5, P.n. 120 9 Vagbhatta, Ashtang Hridyam edited by Kaviraj Atridev Gupat, Choukhamba Prakashan Varanasi, 2008, Sutra Sthana 12/13 P.n.121 10 Charaka, Charaka Samhita edited by Pt. Kasinath Shastri & Dr, Gorakhnath Chaturvedi, Choukhamba Bharat Academy, Varanasi 2009, Sutra Sthana 18/50 P.n. 384 11 Vagbhatta, Ashtang Hridyam edited by Kaviraj Atridev Gupat, Choukhamba Prakashan Varanasi, 2008, Sutra Sthana 12/13 P.n. 121 12 D.G.C., B.F.L., P.R., A.E.G., S.C. ©The Author(s) 2017 SCIENTIFIC REPORTS|7:42871|DOI:10.1038/srep 42871) 13 Sinha et al . 1989. HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE Devi P, Kashyap CP. A clinical evaluation of Rajata Bhasma and Shankhpushpi syrup as medhya. J Ayu Herb Med 2019;5(2):49-53.

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