Ethnobotany and distribution status of Ensete superbum (roxb.) Cheesman in India

[Full title: Ethnobotany and distribution status of Ensete superbum (roxb.) Cheesman in India: A geo-spatial review]

54 Journal of Ayurvedic and Herbal Medicine 2015; 1(2): 54-58 Review Article J. Ayu. Herb. Med. 2015; 1(2): 54-58 September- October © 2015, All rights reserved www ayurvedjournal.com *Corresponding author: Dr. A. Annamalai Associate Professor; Department of Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology & Health Sciences, Karunya University, Coimbatore- 641114, Tamil Nadu, India Email: drannamalai@karunya.edu Ethnobotany and distribution status of Ensete superbum (Roxb.) Cheesman in India: A geo-spatial review Saroj Kumar Vasundharan 1 , Raghunathan Nair Jaishanker 1 , A. Annamalai* 2 , Nediya Parambath Sooraj 1 1 School of Ecological Informatics, Indian Institute of Information Technology and Management (IIITM-K), Trivandrum-695581, Kerala, India 2 Department of Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology & Health Sciences, Karunya University, Coimbatore-641114, Tamil Nadu, India ABSTRACT In view of the ethnomedicinal importance of the Ensete superbum , an endemic species of India, this review is an attempt to introduce the traditional knowledge mapping framework that compiles all available information reported on ethnobotanical uses and distribution status of the species. The study intends to draw attention of scientific communities towards conserving E. superbum and associated traditional knowledge Keywords: Medicinal Plants, Cliff Banana, Kalluvazha, Rare, GIS. INTRODUCTION T he Genus Ensete comprises nine species geographically ranges throughout tropical Africa and Asia. Among these, E. superbum and E. glaucum are reported to occur in India [1] E. superbum (Roxb.) Cheesman, belongs to the family Musaceae is endemic to the Western Ghats, the Aravalli range and North-Eastern hills of India. They are monocarpic and non-stoloniferous tall herb. The preferred habitats of E. superbum are rocky slopes and crevices (Fig.1). It is popularly known as Cliff Banana... Seeds are especially used in the treatment of diabetes [2] , kidney stone [3-6] and leucorrhoea [7-8] . Fruits, flowers and pseudostem of E. superbum are used as wild edibles [9-13] in almost all reported localities of India. It is recognized as a Non Timber Forest Product (NTFP) in Kerala, [14] India E. superbum is also an ornamental plant. It resembles a banana plant. Massive pseudo stem base and red flower head with broad leaves outlined in deep red and mid-rib are specific morphological features enhances the aesthetic value. It is planted as a focal point on a lawn or in a small group, making it suitable for a garden [15] . In view of the ethnic medicinal importance of E. superbum, this review is an effort to compile the available information reported on its ethno botanical uses, status, threat and challenges. In addition, the present compilation also opens new vistas on mapping of traditional knowledge using Geographical Information System to protect associated traditional knowledge from endangerment. Traditional knowledge on indigenous use of E. superbum is tacit and nurtured verbally across generations. Amorphous nature of this knowledge renders it difficult to capture and conserve. Globally, a rising concern has been emerged that traditional knowledge is fast eroding for reasons such as biotic interference, shrinking land resource base, deforestation of forest and other natural resources. Currently there are no accepted standards or hermeneutics to capture and decipher tacit knowledge. General description of Ensete superbum The Genus Ensete was first named by Horaninow (1862) and later 25 species of Ensete were included by Cheesman (1947). The genus was again revised by Simmonds (1953 and 1960) [1] which consists of Ensete superbum. The species prefers to grow on moist moss-laden rock edges, rock crevices and rocky barren lands of Western Ghats [16] , north-eastern sub-Himalayan tracts and dry deciduous forests of central and Western India. It has remarkable adaptability and tolerance in its habitat during dry months. Medicinal properties coupled with the hardy, rain-fed and evergreen characteristics makes E. superbum an excellent crop for better utilization of capability Class 7 type of land in India [17] It will open an avenue of sustainable commercial prospect from marginal lands and help in maintaining biological diversity.

55 Growth forms E. superbum is monocarpic, non-stoloniferous, unbranched herb that reproduces only through seeds. The ecotype found in moist Western Ghats completes its life cycle in 3-3.5 years [17] . It attains an average height of 3-4 m and is characterized by an enormous swollen base of 2.5-3 m circumference. Leaves of E. superbum have short, green petiole with a prominent red midrib. Mature leaves attain an average length and width of 3.5-4 m and 0.5-1.0 m respectively. Petiole short green and red. Leaf sheaths are persistent at the base and closely set scars on the corm. The inflorescence is globose at first (30 cm – 32 cm diameter) later drooping and elongating to one-third the length of the trunk. The bracts are orbicular, dark brown-red, reaching 30 – 32 cm in length, breadth and subtend dense biseriate rows each of 10 - 15 flowers. The fruits are subcoriaceous 7.5 - 8.0 cm long, 3.5 cm diameter more or less triangular and contain numerous dark brown seeds. The seeds are sub globose but angled by pressure, 0.8 – 1.3 cm in diameter. The plant growing in drier regions of the Western Ghats and Aravalli ranges exhibits geophytic nature [17-19] and reach a maximum height of 1-1.5 m, with relatively shorter leaves and base. It completes their life cycle in 4 to 4.5 years under such adverse conditions. Figure 1: Ensete superbum in natural habitat (Location: Jog falls, Karnataka, India, Coordinates: 14.5167 N, 75.1667 E) MATERIALS AND METHODS The authors introduce a spatial traditional knowledge mapping framework, in which the ethno botanical uses of E. superbum across various indigenous communities in India were geo-tagged on a Quantum GIS 2.0.1 (Q.GIS) platform. Data of ethno botanical uses and status of E. superbum were compiled from various scientific journals through Google scholar, Science direct, Scopus using specific search word as “ Ensete ” and published scientific reports of research organizations in India. Secondarily, extensive field surveys were carried out during year 2009-2013 and coordinates of study sites were measured using a hand held GPS at Pavagadh and Dang (Gujarat), Veer (Maharashtra), Vithura and Kottiyur (Kerala) among Nachbava, Bhil, Naikada, Rathwa, Kani and Paniyar communities respectively to compile information on various ethnobotanical uses of the species. Data collected from literatures and field survey includes: Study region, regional vernacular name of species, Name of ethnic group, plant part used and type of uses. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The present compilation resulted in documenting ethno botanical uses E. superbum from different parts of the India Fifty -six indigenous communities involved in thirty-eight locations spread across nine states in India identifies E. superbum by twenty two vernacular names. The plant/ plant product is a prescribed medicine by indigenous practitioners for nineteen (19) etiological symptoms. Inflorescence and unripe fruits of E. superbum are used as vegetables in culturally distinct communities in the states of Tamil Nadu and Arunachal Pradesh. Different parts of E. superbum are used to treat wide range of human diseases like appendicitis, cancer, diabetes, dog bite, dysuria, kidney stone, leucoderma, leucorrhoea, measles, psychosomatic disorder, stomach ache, venereal diseases. Fruits, flowers and pseudostem of E. superbum are used as vegetable in different parts of the country. Table 1 summarizes different ethno botanical uses of E. superbum reported from various localities of India (Fig.2) Safe sites for E. superbum are rocky outcrops in the Western Ghats, Aravallis and northeastern hills of India. There are no reports of the species from alluvial belt of India. E. superbum has a sporadic distribution in south Asia [34] . The scientific studies by various Government of India organizations like Indian National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR), Botanical survey of India (BSI) and Kerala Forest Research Institute (KFRI) recommends it as conservation concerned, relict and rare species in various parts of the country. Table 2 summarizes the scientific reports on distribution status of E. superbum in different regions of India (Fig.2 a). Figure 2: Ethno botanical uses of E. superbum reported from various localities of India. Figure 2 a: Reported distribution status of E. superbum in different regions of India. Geo-spatial review of indigenous uses of E. superbum opens a new vista for ethnobotanical studies. Such a database incorporating traditional knowledge associated with medicinal plants of India is an effective strategy against bio-piracy. Ensete superbum is a lithophyte. It shows well developed geophytic adaptations under rocky habitats, there it grows and produces viable seeds. Unique edaphic characters of rocky habitat and pollination by bats [45] supports the wild type of E. superbum for better pollination and seed dispersal. Habitat unsuitability and lack of suitable or preference of pollinators limits the species to set viable seeds under cultivated or garden conditions. This stifles prospects of ex-situ multiplication for conservation of the species [46] . Unlike other members of musaceae, E.superbum does not produce suckers. Regeneration by seeds is the only means for natural multiplication. The white powdery endosperm of E. superbum seeds contains starch grains, calcium oxalate and parenchyma cells [47] . Powdery endosperms of grounded seeds are traditionally reported to be very effective to cure urolithiasis [48] . Unregulated harvest of seeds for indigenous medicinal use and removal of seedlings for ornamental trade are the major threats that led to a dramatic decline in the population of E. superbum during the last decade [49] . The native

J Ayu Herb Med ǀ Vol 1 Issue 2 ǀ September- October 2015 56 population of E. superbum is declining at alarming rate. Currently E. superbum is listed as rare, relict, endangered, threatened and conservation concern species [50] in various parts of India. Hence, creating awareness among the natives residing in forest and scientific communities is the need of the hour. Further initiatives from Govt. of India to (a) Empower Good Agricultural and Collection Practices (GACP) for medicinal plant recommended by World Health Organization (b) enlist E. superbum in prioritized species list of conservation in various medicinal plant conservation areas (MPCA) and Red data book of Indian Plants [51] (c) include the species in Schedule VII -The Wild Life Protection Act of India [52] . (d) study the present population status of the species by IUCN’s guidelines and recommendations. Table 1: Ethno botanical uses of E. superbum by various indigenous communities in India S.No State Study region Local Name Ethnic Groups Part Used Type of uses 1 Arunachal pradesh All districts Kopak & Colon All ethnic groups Fruits & stem Vegetable [10] 2 Assam Anglong Lobong & Keng tong All ethnic groups Pseudo stem Vegetable [12] 3 Gujarat Pavagadh Janglikeli Nachbava, Bhils Seed Semen production, Debility* 4 Gujarat Sivagadh, Dangs Janglikelo Bhils & warlis Seed Debility & Leucorrhoea* 5 Gujarat Saputara, Dangs Janglikela Dhodiya & Kolcha Pseudostem & Stem Leucorrhea & debility* 6 Karnataka Shimoga Kallubale Adi,Besta,Ediga, lambani,vokkaliga , Lingayatha Pseudostem Appendicitis [20] 7 Karnataka Uttara Kannada Kaadubaale Siddis,Gowlis, Kunbis, Kareokkaligas Seed Debility, weakness, Misconception [21] 8 Kerala Attappady Kallu vazha Irulas Leaves ash Asthma [22] 9 Kerala Parambikulam Kallu vazha Malamalasar. Seed Kidney stone & Painful urination [4] 10 Kerala Vithura Kallu vazha Kanikars Seed Leucorrhoea* 11 Kerala Thaze churam, Kottiyur Kallu vazha Paniyars Seed Leucorrhoea & Urinary calci* 12 Kerala Mahadeva Temple, Kottiyur Kallu vazha Brahmins Leaves Religious rituals*. 13 Kerala Tiruneli, Wayanad Kallu vazha Kurichiar Seed Leucorrhoea [7] 14 Kerala Vythiri taluk Kalluvazha Kurichiar & Kuruma Seed Urinary troubles & Leucorrhoea [8] 15 Kerala Kullathu puzha Kallu vazha Kanikars Seeds Kidney stone & Leucorrhoea [23] 16 Kerala Achenkovil Kallu vaaye Malapandaram Seeds Improve vitality & Kidney stone [23] 17 Kerala Kaniyampatta, Wayanadu Kallu vazha Kurichiar Seeds Kidney stone & Leucorrhoea [23] 18 Kerala Ambazhavayal,Wayana du Kallu vazha Mulu kuruma Seeds Kidney stone & debility [23] 19 Kerala Silent valley National park Kallu baaga Kurumbar Seeds Kidney stone [23] 20 Kerala Noolpuzha, Wayand Kelle baalle Kattu naikans Seeds Kidney stone [23] 21 Kerala Mancheri, Nilambur Kellu bhalhe Chola naikans Seeds Kidney stone [23] 22 Maharashtra Amboli Rankeli Gurav, dhangar, vaidus Leaf , Flowers Wild edibles [24] 23 Maharashtra Amravati Jangali keli Korku, gond nihal & Gawali Seeds & roots Stomach ache, Easy delivery, Semen production [11] 24 Maharashtra Nandurbar Jangali kela, Rankeli Bhils, pardhi, pawara, tadvi, wanjar Leaf, seed, Stem, root Psychosomatic disorder, dog bite, Venereal diseases [25] 25 Maharashtra Nandurbar Jangli keli Bhil, kokani, mavchi & gavit Seeds Measles, Stomach ache [26] 26 Maharashtra Satpuda mountains Janglikeli Pawara Stems,Unripe fruits Vegetables [28]

J Ayu Herb Med ǀ Vol 1 Issue 2 ǀ September- October 2015 57 27 Maharashtra Pune Jangali kela, Rankeli Mahadeo, dhangar, ramoshi Tuber Cancer & AIDS [29] 28 Maharashtra Veer. Rankeli Katkari, Mahadeo koli Seeds Urinary infection* 29 Maharashtra Tillari. Rankeli Naik & vaidu Leaf ,Flowers Wild edibles [24] 30 Maharashtra Satpuda Mountains Rankeli Bhil, kokani, mavchi & gavit Tender stem,flowers & fruits Wild edibles [29] 31 Mizoram Aizwal Sai-su Mizos Leaf sheath, flower Leaves eaten boiled. Ripe, fruits are edible [13] 32 Rajasthan Chittogarh Jangli Kelo Tribals Leaves, Fruits Raise uterus [30] 33 Rajasthan Jhadol Jangli kelo Khemji bhil New sprouts: Indicator species. New sprouting an Indicator of monsoon [19] 34 Rajasthan Kotera Jangli kelo Bhil,meena,garasia, kathodia, damor Root Birth control [31] 35 Tamilnadu Agasthiyamalai Kalluvalai Kanikars Fruits & pseudostem Wild edibles [32] 36 Tamilnadu Madurai Malai vazha Palliyars Flower, fruit, Seed Vegetable [9] 37 Tamilnadu Saduragiri hills Malaivazhai Palliyars Peduncle Kidney stone [6] 38 Tamilnadu Pechiparai Kalvazhai Kanikars Seeds Urinary calculi [33] *Data collected by ethno botanical survey. Table 2: Distribution status of E. superbum in various localities in India S.No State Region Status 1 Arunachal Pradesh and North eastern states Eastern Himalayan foot hills Conservation concerned [35] 2 Gujarat Pavagadh Conservation concerned [17] 3 Gujarat Narmada Valleys Relict [36] 4 Karnataka Bhimeeshwara Falls Conservation concerned [37] 5 Karnataka Jog Falls Conservation concerned [37] 6 Kerala Malayattor Very rare [38] 7 Kerala Peppara Endangered [14] 8 Kerala Pooyamkutty Rare [39] 9 Madhya Pradesh Hoshnagbad Relict [36] 10 Maharashtra Parinche valley Threatened [29] 11 Mizoram Entire state Conservation concerned [40] 12 Rajasthan Sirohi Conservation concerned [41] 13 Rajasthan Phulwari-ki-Nal Threatened [42] 14 Rajasthan Wakal Basin Rare [43] 15 Tamil Nadu Sengaltheri Rare [44] CONCLUSION The spatial assessment on indigenous uses of E. superbum opens a new vista for ethnobotanical studies. Geo spatial database incorporating traditional knowledge associated with medicinal plants is an effective strategy against bio-piracy of Indian medicinal plants. Acknowledgement We are grateful to all the individuals who helped as in sharing the information on ethnobotanical uses of E. superbum . Authors are highly grateful to Prof. M.S.Rajasree, Director of IIITM-K for continuous encouragement and support towards successful completion of the study. FINANCIAL SUPPORT AND SPONSORSHIP Nil. CONFLICTS OF INTEREST There are no conflicts of interest. REFERENCES 1 Simmonds N.W. Notes on Banana taxonomy. I Two new species of Musa. Kew Bulletin. 1960; 14: 198-212. 2 Sreedharan T.P. Biological Diversity of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram. Report No 62. Centre for Development Studies. 2004. http://www.cds.ac.in/krpcds/publication/downloads/62.pdf (10 Aug 2013) 3 Anjith N. P., Ramachandran V. S. Ethnomedicines of Kurichyas, Kannur district,Western Ghats, Kerala. Indian Journal of Natural Products and Resources. 2010; 2: 249-253. 4 Yesodharan K., Sujana K.A. Status of Ethno medicinal plants in the Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary Kerala, South India. Ann. For. 2007; 15: 322-334. 5 Ahirrao Y. A., Patil M. V., Patil D. A. On identities and ethnomedicinal claims of some common botanicals sold by vendors in north Maharashtra India. Journal of Phytology. 2010; 2: 09-13. 6 Mohan V. R., Kalidass C., Amish, D. Ethno-Medico-Botany of the Palliyars of Saduragiri Hills, Western Ghats, Tamil Nadu. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 2010; 34:

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Red Data Book of Indian Plants Series: Botanical Survey of India. Calcutta; 1988. 52 Natarajan J. The Wild Life (Protection) Amendment Bill, India; 2013. http://www.prsindia.org/ (26 December 2013) HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE Vasundharan SK, Jaishanker RN, Annamalai A, Sooraj NP. Ethnobotany and distribution status of Ensete superbum (roxb.) Cheesman in India: A geo-spatial review. J Ayu Herb Med 2015;1(2): 54-58.

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