Heavy metals contamination of some polyherbal products from Lagos state, Nigeria

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45 Journal of Ayurvedic and Herbal Medicine 2015; 1(2): 45-50 Research Article J. Ayu. Herb. Med. 2015; 1(2): 45-50 September- October © 2015, All rights reserved www ayurvedjournal.com *Corresponding author: Prof. MacDonald Idu Professor, Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Benin, PMB 1154, Benin City, Nigeria Email: mcdonald.idu@gmail.com Heavy metals contamination of some polyherbal products from Lagos state, Nigeria MacDonald Idu* 1 , Ovuakporie-Uvo Oghale 1 , Adeola Jimoh 2 1 Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Benin, PMB 1154, Benin City, Nigeria 2 Department of Science Laboratory Technology, University of Benin, PMB 1154, Benin City, Nigeria ABSTRACT Background: A “heavy metal” refers to any metallic element that has a high density and is toxic or poisonous even at low concentration. Aim of study: To investigate the heavy metal contents of thirty used polyherbal products purchased from different vendors in Lagos State. Materials and methods: Using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer, the heavy metals Lead (Pb), Zinc (Zn), Cadmium (Cd), Copper (Cu), Mercury (Hg), Chromium (Cr) and Magnesium (Mg) were tested. Results: Pb, Cd, Hg and Cr were absent in polyherbals analyzed in this study. The concentrations of Zn(0.025- 0.42) ppm, Cu(0.017-0.31 ppm) and Mg (0.02-0.55)were below WHO/FAO permissible limits. Conclusion: This study has shown that the heavy metals content of most poly-herbals sold in Lagos State is below WHO/FAO permissible limits Keywords: Polyherbal, Heavy metals, Markets, Lagos state, Nigeria. INTRODUCTION H erbal medicines may have multiple physiological activities and could be used to treat variety of disease conditions [1] . They could be administered in most disease states over a long period without proper dosage, monitoring and toxic effects consideration [2] . Medicinal plants (used in manufacturing herbal medicines) are contaminated with toxic metals during growth, development and processing [3] . Some herbal medicines are not well researched and their formulation and sales are unregulated. They may be adulterated and at risk for producing adverse effects and toxicity [4] . The term “heavy metals” refers to any metallic element that has a high density and is toxic or poisonous even at low concentration [5, 6] . Heavy metals are present in the environment. But, the dynamic development of industry and motorization, and the continuing over-intensive use of various chemical compounds in agriculture, cause toxic heavy metals in the environment to be on the increase [7] . The uptake and bioaccumulation of heavy metals in herbs/plants are influenced by some factors; such as climate, atmospheric depositions, amount of heavy metals in soil, nature of soil on which herbs are grown and maturity of the plant at the time of harvest [8-11] . Elevated levels of heavy metals in plants are reported in areas having; long-term use of treated/ untreated wastewater [12, 13] , plants growing along heavy traffic ways [14, 15] and earlier dumpsites [16] . Other anthropogenic sources of heavy metals include additional manures, sewage sludge, fertilizers and pesticides. These may affect the uptake of heavy metals by changing the physico-chemical properties of the soil. Farm lands near heavy traffic high ways are exposed to atmospheric pollution as metal containing aerosols. These may be deposited on soil and are absorbed by plants and/or deposited on leaves, barks and fruits. In Nigeria, most Trado-medicine practitioners’ sell their products along busy traffic urban centers. Herbs, barks and roots used for various ailments are displayed outside their stores exposing them to air-borne heavy metals contamination [17] . Machine blended herbs are exposed to heavy metal contamination [18] . Urban activity may contribute to elevated heavy metal loads in atmospheric deposits and so, contaminate ready-to-use herbal products [19] . Study Area The study was conducted in major markets in Lagos State. The study area is shown in the map. MATERIALS AND METHODS Samples collection Thirty poly-herbal preparation samples were purchased from different markets in Lagos State. Purchased

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J Ayu Herb Med ǀ Vol 1 Issue 2 ǀ September- October 2015 46 samples were taken to the laboratory for heavy metals analysis. Heavy metals analysis Equipmentused for the heavy metal analysis include; weighing balance (GH-200 AND), Digestion block (Foss SE 263), Digestion tube 100 ml andpipette 20 ml. The Reagent used for the digestion of sample is Nitric acid (Laboratory grade reidel – de Haen) 65%, 1.40. Methods described by [20, 21 and 22] were followed for heavy metal analysis. Statistical Analysis The results are presented as Mean ± SEM (standard error of mean) and n represents the number of replicates used in each experiment. Data were analyzed with ordinary one-way ANOVA and multiple comparisons using Graph pad computer software version 6.0. RESULTS The compositions, indications and dosage of the thirty poly-herbal samples purchased from major markets in Lagos State are shown in Table 1. Some poly-herbals compositions were not disclosed by the sellers and manufacturers.Table 2 tests the concentrations of heavy metals associated with poly-herbal products. Heavy metals tested in this study included lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), Mercury (Hg), chromium (Cr) and magnesium (Mg). Pb, Cd, Hg and Cr were absent in polyherbals analyzed while concentrations of Zn ranged from 0.025 ppm in H 27 to 0.42 ppm in H 11; Cu concentration in ppm ranged from 0.017 in H 5 to 0.31 in H 23; while that of Mg ranged from 0.02 ppm in H 17 and H 23 to 0.55 in H 30. Table 1: Composition, indication and dosage of commonly consumed poly-herbal in Lagos state. Poly-herbal samples Compositions Indications Dosage H 1 Aloe vera, Allium sativum, Zingiber officinale , Eremomastax speciosa, Garcinia kola. Malaria, typhoid. One cup twice a day. H 2 Gossypium hirsutum, Eremomastax speciosa Irregular and painful menstruation. One cup daily. H 3 Not disclosed. Diabetes, chronic ulcer, pile, malaria, typhoid, worm expellant, itching, nettle rash, Eczema. Rheumatic pain, hypertension, eye infection. Adult; two tablespoons daily. H 4 Callichilia barteri, Pachylobus edulis, Lecaniodiscus cupanioides, Allium sativum, Zingiber officinale, Monodora myristica , Khaya ivorensis, Piper nigrum, Eugenia caryophyllata Energy booster, general over all well-being. Adult; Four tablespoons daily. H 5 Not disclosed. Acute stomach ache, painful and irregular menstruation Two tablespoons daily. H 6 Not disclosed. Typhoid Two cups twice daily. H 7 Not disclosed. Typhoid, malaria, One cup three times daily H 8 Saccharum officinarum, Ocimum basilicum Diabetes, stomach disorder, pile. Four tablespoons daily. H 9 Not disclosed. Dysentery, cough, pile, convulsion, chest pain, snake or scorpion bite, stomach ache, rheumatism One tablespoon daily. H 10 Not disclosed Whooping cough, tuberculosis. Two tablespoon twice daily. H 11 Not disclosed Malaria, typhoid, general body well-being. One cup daily. H 12 Not disclosed Diabetes One cup twice daily. H 13 Azadirachta indica, Citrus aurantiifolia, Eremomastax speciosa, Garcinia kola, Newbouldia leavis. Malaria and typhoid. One cup three times daily. H 14 Not disclosed. Malaria One cup twice daily H 15 Newbouldia leavis, Eremomastax speciosa, Callichilia barteri. All sexually transmitted diseases. Immune booster. Two tablespoons twice daily. H 16 Gossypium hirsutum, Eremomastax speciosa and Aloe vera Irregular menstruation. Four tablespoons daily. H 17 Not disclosed Pile, hemorrhoid, waist pain, constipation, irregular menstruation, obesity. Four tablespoons daily, after meal. H 18 Ocimum gratissimum, Vernonia amygdalina, Eremomastax speciosa. Vagina itching, burning and irritation, chronic pile and aids digestion. Two cups daily. H 19 Psidium guajava, Carica papaya, Mangifera indica, Citrus aurantiifolia . Malaria Two cups twice daily. H 20 Citrus aurantifolia, Garcinia kola, Cymbopogon citratus. Malaria. Two cups twice daily. H 21 Moringa oleifera, Zingiber officinale, Allium sativum, Garcinia kola. Malaria, typhoid. Two cups twice daily. H 22 Not disclosed. Pile, dysentery. Four tablespoons daily. H 23 Not disclosed Vagina discharge, itching, burning sensation. Five tablespoons daily H 24 Sorghum bicolor, Khaya grandifoliola, Cassia Pile, dysentery, constipation, diarrhea, irregular Adult; four tablespoons twice

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J Ayu Herb Med ǀ Vol 1 Issue 2 ǀ September- October 2015 47 sieberiana, Staudtia stipitata , Alstonia cognensis, Ocimum basilicum, Mangifera indica, Cyathula prostrate,Securidaca longepedunculata, Saccharum officinarum. menstruation, men turgidity, withdraws protruding rectum, waist and stomach ache. daily, children; two tablespoons twice daily. H 25 Cassia siamea, Cassia alata, Cassia augustifolia, Aloe vera, Gongronema latifolium, Anthocleista djalonensis, Moringa lucida, Citrulus lanatus, Xylopha aethiopica, Khaya senegalensis, Garcinia kola. Infertility, Menstrual dysfunction, STD, Mouth odor, Acute stomach ache, Obesity, Adult; Four tablespoons daily. Children; One tablespoon daily H 26 Eremomastax speciosa , Garcinia kola, Allium sativum, Irvingia gabonensis, Stomach disorder, indigestion, peptic/duodenal ulcer, improves blood circulation, eliminates pain and discomfort. Adult; two tablespoons daily after meal. Children; one tablespoon daily after meal. H 27 Not disclosed. Chronic hypertension, palpitation of the heart. One cup daily. H 28 Syzygium aromaticum, Piper nigrum, Microdesmis puberula, Euphorbia lateriflora, Uvaria chamae, Securidaca longependunculata, Treculia africana, Allium sativum, Zingiber officinale, Pile, Hemorrhoid, Waist pain, Enhances effective digestion, Reduces fatigue, Improve libido, Strengthens the heart and cardiac muscles, Reduces blood sugar. Adult; Four tablespoons daily. Children; two tablespoons daily. H 29 Khaya grandifolia, Croton lobatus, Anthocleista vogelii, Eremomastax speciosa Glaucoma, Eye ulcer, cataract. Adult; Four tablespoons daily every two days. Children; One tablespoon daily every two days. H 30 Olax subscorpioidea, Kigelia africana, Securidaca longepedunculata, Allium ascalonicum, Eremomastax speciosa. Purifies the blood, Eliminates toxic material from the blood vessels, Reduces accumulated fat and cholesterol level, prevents oedema, numbness, and reduces blood sugar. Adult; five tablespoons daily. Children; one tablespoon every two days. Table 2: Heavy metals evaluation of polyherbal products. Polyherbal products Pb (ppm) Zn (ppm) Cd (ppm) Cu (ppm) Hg (ppm) Cr (ppm) Mg (ppm) H 1 ND 0.24±0.03 ND 0.25±0.10 ND ND ND H 2 ND 0.16±0.01 ND 0.04±0.05 ND ND 0.30±0.01 H 3 ND 0.26±0.10 ND 0.21±0.02 ND ND ND H 4 ND 0.40±0.05 ND 0.20±0.04 ND ND ND H 5 ND 0.34±0.02 ND 0.02±0.02 ND ND ND H 6 ND 0.16±0.02 ND 0.22±0.03 ND ND 0.30±0.01 H 7 ND 0.41±0.10 ND 0.24±0.03 ND ND 0.24±0.02 H 8 ND 0.35±0.01 ND 0.13±0.02 ND ND ND H 9 ND 0.25±0.05 ND 0.16±0.03 ND ND ND H 10 ND 0.35±0.01 ND 0.40±0.00 ND ND 0.10±0.04 H 11 ND 0.42±0.02 ND 0.25±0.01 ND ND 0.06±0.05 H 12 ND 0.33±0.01 ND 0.03±0.02 ND ND 0.30±0.01 H 13 ND 0.27±0.02 ND 0.21±0.01 ND ND ND H 14 ND 0.14±0.02 ND 0.15±0.03 ND ND ND H 15 ND 0.15±0.02 ND 0.05±0.03 ND ND ND H 16 ND 0.18±0.00 ND 0.14±0.01 ND ND 0.05±0.10 H 17 ND 0.22±0.03 ND 0.01±0.06 ND ND 0.02±0.03

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J Ayu Herb Med ǀ Vol 1 Issue 2 ǀ September- October 2015 48 H 18 ND 0.41±0.03 ND 0.12±0.06 ND ND 0.05±0.01 H 19 ND 0.24±0.03 ND 0.14±0.01 ND ND 0.14±0.01 H 20 ND 0.28±0.02 ND 0.24±0.01 ND ND ND H 21 ND 0.31±0.05 ND 0.23±0.02 ND ND ND H 22 ND 0.4±0.02 ND 0.15±0.01 ND ND ND H 23 ND 0.25±0.30 ND 0.31±0.15 ND ND 0.02±0.10 H 24 ND 0.30±0.03 ND 0.20±0.01 ND ND ND H 25 ND 0.40±0.12 ND 0.60±0.06 ND ND ND H 26 ND 0.20±0.07 ND 0.10±0.35 ND ND ND H 27 ND 0.03±0.02 ND 0.15±0.01 ND ND 0.50±0.03 H 28 ND 0.25±0.02 ND 0.10±0.10 ND ND 0.50±0.04 H 29 ND 0.20±0.06 ND 0.15±0.03 ND ND ND H 30 ND 0.35±0.05 ND 0.25±0.01 ND ND 0.55±0.10 Key: Values are Mean±SEM; n=3. ND= Not Determined. DISCUSSION Atmosphere and soil are being polluted with chemicals and heavy metals due to dynamic development of industries and motorization along with extensive use of pesticides and fertilizers. These pollutants and heavy metaldeposits get into the human food chain via plant parts and/or extracts Lead (Pb) is hazardous to plants, animals and microorganisms. Continuous consumption of fertilizers, sewage sludge andfuel combustion are the major reasons leading to escalation in Pb pollution. The permissible limit of lead (Pb) is 10 ppm as defined by WHO [23] . In this study, Lead which causes renal failure and liver damage in humans,was not detected in the samples analyzed [24, 25] . Cadmium (Cd) is another hazardous heavy metal which can reduce plant yield at concentrations ranging from 5–30 mg/kg. Cadmium is gaining more attention due to wide occurrence in water, milk, dietary products,soil, herbal productsand medicinal plants. The main sources leading to accumulation of cadmium in soil and plants are phosphate fertilizers,lead, non-ferrous smelters, and zinc mines, combustion of fossil fuels andsewage sludge application. The samples analyzed in this study had no Cadmium. The permissible limit of Cadmium is 0.03 ppm recommended by WHO [23] . Zinc (Zn) is an essential part of thousands of proteins in plants, although toxic in excess quantities. In this study, the Zinc content in the samples range from 0.03 ppm in sample H 27 to 0.42 ppm in sample H 11. These values arelow compared to the dietary limit of Zinc, (100 ppm). This result corroborates with the research findings of [6, 26]. Zn has a protective effect against both cadmium and lead [27] . A deficiency of Zn is marked by loss of taste,retarded growth and hypogonadism, leading to decrease in fertility. Zn toxicity is rare, but at high concentrations, it may induce toxicity characterized by symptoms of muscular stiffness,irritability,loss of appetiteand pain, and nausea. Concentration of copper ranges from 0.01 ppm in sample H 17 to 0.31 ppm in samples H 23. The concentrations in the samples were below the permissible limit of 2 ppm recommended by WHO [23] . Copper is an essential part of several enzymes and it is necessary for the synthesis of hemoglobin, deficiency can lead to anemia and hypo-proteinemia [28] . Magnesium (Mg) ranged from 0.02 ppm in H 17 and H 23 to 0.55 ppm in H 30. Permissible limit for Mg is 10 ppm WHO [23] . Mg deficiency is a detrimental plant disorder that occurs most often in acidic, light sandy soils, where magnesium can be leached away. Without enough magnesium, plants degrade the chlorophyll in the old leaves. This shows the main symptom of magnesium deficiency; chlorosis, or yellowing between leaf veins [24, 25] . Canada adopts 0.2 ppm as limit of mercury (Hg) in raw herbal material, since 0.02 mg/day is the permissible limitin finished herbal products. China and Singapore use 0.5 ppm limit as proposed by WHO [23] . In this study, Hg was not present in the samples tested. This result complieswitha study carried out to assess the level of heavy metal concentration in four selected medicinal plants locally consumed in Kura Local Government Area of Kano State, Nigeria [29] . Mean concentration of heavy metals in the selected medicinal plants were 0.0177 mg/Kg for Zn, 0.0385 mg/Kg (Ni), 0.0136 mg/Kg (Pb), 0.0192 mg/Kg (Co), 0.0185 mg/Kg (Fe), 0.0364 mg/Kg (Cu) and 0.0011 mg/Kg (Cr). The mean concentration of the heavy metals in the plant samples was within the permissible limit of the recommended range by WHO/FAO. Results in this study corroborates with those reported by [22], in which Mn, Zn, Fe, Cr, Ni, Hg and Pb were analyzed in medicinal plants sold in some local markets in Benin City, Edo state. In contrastto the result,findings of [19], showed that the Zn, Cd and Pb content of selected ready-to-use herbal remedies in South-east Nigeria were beyond WHO permissible limits. The concentration levels of Pb, Cd were high and above the safe limits set by WHO/FAO [23] . TunyaB.fil, Virgy-virgy worm expellant and Sekin powder had Zn concentrations above international safe limits representing 20% of the tested herbal remedies. The consumers are exposed to heavy metal poisoning. It is important that regulatory bodies should intensify efforts to decrease human exposure risk. Also, the investigation carried out by Kulhari [31] on the chemical profiling of nine heavy metals (Mn, Cr, Pb, Fe, Cd, Co, Zn, Ni and Hg) usingthe stem and leaf samples of ten medicinal plants is in variance to results in this study. Concentration of heavy

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J Ayu Herb Med ǀ Vol 1 Issue 2 ǀ September- October 2015 49 metalsapart from Cr, was within permissible limits in the tested stem and leaf samples. Other two most perilous metals Pb (2.64 ± 0.0260) and Cd (0.04 ± 0.0274) were reported in Bahadurgarh region, although below permissible limits. Concentration of Hg remained at low levels in the leaf and stem samples tested. These results suggest that cultivation of medicinal plants and other dietary herbs should be curtailed near polluted industrial areas to avoidhealth hazards. Contamination of polyherbals by these heavy metals may have resulted from the soil where these herbs are cultivated or from atmospheric deposit on leaves [19, 32] . The absence of Pb, Cd and Cr in these herbal products reflects the safety of these products as these metals are poisonous to humans [33] . Twenty four different Nigerian herbal remedies (NHR) in two types of pharmaceutical dosage forms-liquid and capsules were studied using basket market protocol in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. The remedies were digestion using concentrated aqua regia HCl: HNO 3 (3:1) and arsenic, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, lead and nickel were tested forusing an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Arsenic, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, lead and nickel contents were matched with the recommended limits of the World Health Organization (WHO), European Union (EU) and United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). The highest concentrations of the heavy metals were noticed in the solid dosage forms while the lowest concentrations were observed in the liquid preparations. The study showed the percentage violation of the WHO and EU limits for the six metals were arsenic (0%); cadmium (58.3%); chromium (4.16%); lead (54.1%). The study highlights the need for phamaco-vigilance and in-depth risk assessment with regards to metalo-toxicity of Nigerian herbal remedies to understand the severity of the problem [34] . According to [35] , presence of Cr, Mn, Ni, Co, Cu, Cd, Zn and Pb were tested in four of the most consumed vegetables in the Southern part of Nigeria. The metal analysis results showed the concentrations (mg/kg) as follows; Cr (1.50-10.25), Mn (9.75-62.75), Ni (15.75-19.25), Co (1.75-3.00), Cu (7.75-11.00), Cd (1.25-1.50), Zn (79.75-186.95) and Pb (6.25-8.00). The concentrations of the metals are in the order of Zn>Mn>Ni>Cu>Pb>Cr>Co>Cd [36] . This trend shows a heavy deposition of heavy metals in vegetables in the Southern part of Nigeria. CONCLUSION In conclusion, heavy metal poisoning is a serious risk posed to the public by poly-herbal products sold in the market. Thus, proper regulation and screening of heavy metal contents in herbal remedies before they get to their final consumers is recommended. So, pharmacovigillance of poly-herbals is recommendedsuch that the permissible limits of heavy metals in herbal preparation stay within specification. The absence of Cd, Cr and Pb in poly-herbal products analyzed in thisstudy suggests that the productsare safe for consumption. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors appreciate the department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology for the facility to carry out this work. We also acknowledge Mr Emmanuel Osakwe for his laboratory assistance that saw this work through. CONFLICTS OF INTEREST The authors declare that there are no conflict of interests as regards publishing this article. FINANCIAL SUPPORT AND SPONSORSHIP Nil. CONFLICTS OF INTEREST There are no conflicts of interest. REFERENCES 1 Pieme CA, Penlap VN, Nkegoum B, Taziebou CL, Tekwu EM, Etoa FXNgongang J. Evaluation of acute and subacute toxicities of aqueous ethanolic extract of leaves of Senna alata (L.) Roxb (Casalpiniaceae). Afr J.Biotech 2006; 5:283-89. 2 Ogbonnia SO, Mbaka GO, Igbokwe NH, Anyika EN, Alli P, Nwakwaka N. Antimicrobial evaluation, acute and subchronic toxicity studies of Leone Bitters, a Nigerian polyherbal formulation in rodents. Agric Biol j. N Am 2010; 1(3): 366-67. 3 Ali A, Akhtar N, Khan BA, Khan MS, Rasul A, Zaman SU, Khalid N, Waseem K, Mahmood T, Ali L. Acacia nilotica : a plant of multipurpose medicinal uses. J. Med Plant Res 2012; 6:1492–96. 4 Oshikoya KA, Senbanjo IO, Njokanma OF, Soipe A. Use of complementary and alternative medicines for children with chronic health condition in Lagos, Nigeria. BMC Compl Altmed 2008; 8(66):8-20. 5 Anonymous. Water Treatment, Lenntech, Rotterdamsewag, Netherlands. 2004;55 p. 6 Idu M, Erhabor J, Timothy O,Ovuakporie-Uvo O. 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[Find the meaning and references behind the names: Mohammed, Ahmed, Press, Rehman, Western, Cite, North, Sarkar, Badar, Adv, York, Port, Ashwini, Fac, Himesh, Bassey, Patel, Pacific, Scent, Harcourt, Adamu, Garba, Jones, Barile, Divya, Jitender]

J Ayu Herb Med ǀ Vol 1 Issue 2 ǀ September- October 2015 50 metals and metalloids: Vol. 2, Plenum Press, New York, 1978: 409 pp. 26 Jones JW. Determination of trace elements in food by inductively plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Elements in Health and Disease 1987;14: 18-20. 27 Lenntech water treatment and air purification water treatment; Published by Lenntech Rotterdamseweg, Netherlands. 2004 . 28 Ahmed S, Rehman A, Qadiruddin M, Badar Y. Elemental analysis of a herbal drug Intella, a neuroenergiser. J.Fac. Pharm 1994;2(1): 83–90. 29 Adamu AU, Mohammed GA, Faruruwa Y, Garba MD. Determination of heavy metals in some medicinal plants commonly used in Kura local government area of Kano State, Nigeria. Global Adv Res J. Agric Sci 2014; 3(8):256-258. 30 Kulhari A, Sheorayan A, Bojar S, Sarkar S, Chauldhury A,KaliaAR. Investigation of heavy metals in frequently utilized medicinal plants collected from environmentally diverse locations of North Western India. SpringerPlus 2013;2: 676-683. 31 Parthik P, Patel NM, Patel PM. WHO guidelines on quality control of herbal medicines. Intl J Res Ayurveda Pharm 2011;2(4): 1148-1154. 32 Himesh S, Singhai AK,Jitender KM. Heavy metals in herbal preparations - A review.Intl J Drug Res Techn 2012;2(6): 430-439. 33 Igweze ZN, Orisakwe OE, Obianime AW.Nigerian herbal remedies and heavy metals: violation of standard recommended guidelines. Asian Pacific J Trop Biomed 2012;11: 1423-1430. 34 Kalagbor IA, Barisere V, Barivule G, Barile S, Bassey C. Investigation of the presence of some heavy metals in four edible vegetables, Bitter Leaf ( Vernonia amygdalina ), Scent Leaf ( Ocimum gratissimum ), Water Leaf ( Talinum triangulare ) and Fluted Pumpkin ( Telfairia occidentalis ) from a Cottage Farm in Port Harcourt. Res J Environmental Earth Sci 2014;6(1): 18- 24. 35 Gajalakshmi S, Iswarya V, Ashwini R, Divya G, Mythili S, Sathiavelu A. Evaluation of heavy metals in medicinal plants growing in Vellore District. Eur J Exp Biol. 2012;5:1457–1461. HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE Idu M, Oghale OU, Jimoh A. Heavy metals contamination of some polyherbal products from Lagos state, Nigeria. J Ayu Herb Med 2015;1(2): 45-50.

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