Applied aspects and critical analysis of Grahi and Stambhana Karma

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Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences 2025 Volume 10 Number 2 FEBRUARY E-ISSN:2456-3110 Review Article Stambhana Karma Publisher www.maharshicharaka.in Applied aspects and critical analysis of Grahi and Stambhana Karma Ajay A 1* , Kulkarni HU 2 , Hegde PL 3 DOI:10.21760/jaims.10.2.20 1* Amritha Ajay, Post graduate Scholar, Department of Dravyaguna, Sri Dharmasthala Manjunatheswara College of Ayurveda and Hospital, Hassan, Karnataka, India 2 Harsha U Kulkarni, Post graduate Scholar, Department of Dravyaguna, Sri Dharmasthala Manjunatheswara College of Ayurveda and Hospital, Hassan, Karnataka, India 3 Prakash L Hegde, Professor, Department of Dravyaguna, Sri Dharmasthala Manjunatheswara College of Ayurveda and Hospital, Hassan, Karnataka, India This critical review provides a comprehensive description of the basic concepts involving Grahi and Stambhana actions. In this study, the Grahi, Stambhana Karmas and the Grahi, Stambhana Dravyas mentioned in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu are thoroughly analysed. To extract pertinent information on Dravyas and Grahi and Stambhana activities from Bhavaprakasha Nighantu, a systematic methodology was used. The results were gathered by consulting a number of traditional Ayurvedic literatures. This review highlights the physiological principles that underlie the activities of Stambhana and Grahi, as well as their clinical value. This critical analysis provides insightful information about the therapeutic potential of related Dravyas in Ayurvedic medicine as well as the tenets of Grahi and Stambhana Karmas. Although there is need and scope for further research to validate the potential of these Dravyas Keywords: Grahi, Stambhana, Karma, Dravyaguna, Bhavaprakasha Nighantu Corresponding Author How to Cite this Article To Browse Amritha Ajay, Post graduate Scholar, Department of Dravyaguna, Sri Dharmasthala Manjunatheswara College of Ayurveda and Hospital, Hassan, Karnataka, India Email: Ajay A, Kulkarni HU, Hegde PL, Applied aspects and critical analysis of Grahi and Stambhana Karma . J Ayu Int Med Sci. 2025;10(2):148-155 Available From https://jaims.in/jaims/article/view/3986/ Manuscript Received Review Round 1 Review Round 2 Review Round 3 Accepted 2025-01-10 2025-01-20 2025-01-30 2025-02-10 2025-02-27 Conflict of Interest Funding Ethical Approval Plagiarism X-checker Note None Nill Not required 14.98 © 2025 by Ajay A, Kulkarni HU, Hegde PL and Published by Maharshi Charaka Ayurveda Organization. This is an Open Access article licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ unported [CC BY 4.0] J Ayu Int Med Sci 2025 ; 10 ( 2 ) 148

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Introduction Grahi and Stambhana fall under the category of Karma . The factor that is responsible for executing any Kriya (Action) is called Karma . According to Acharya Caraka , Karma refers to the entities accountable for Samyoga (Union) and Vibhaga (Division). Karma exists within a Dravya and has no existence without Dravya , performing specific actions attributed to Dravya. [1] Grahi and Stambhana are crucial in controlling excessive flow, though they apply to different situations and function through distinct mechanisms. A Dravya , which acts as Deepana (Enhances digestion), Pachana (Aids in digestive processes), and dries moisture due to its Ushna Guna (Hot quality), is called Grahi Karma. [2] . On the other hand, Stambhana Karma means Dravyas , owing to their Ruksha (Dry), Sheeta (Cold), Laghu Paka (Light), and Kashaya Rasa (Astringent taste) of Vata , inhibit movement [3 ] Stambana is one among Shadupakarma (six fundamental treatment principles) according to Acharya Caraka. [4 ] Materials and Methods Information was gathered from Ayurvedic classical texts, text books related to Dravyaguna , recent scholarly articles, and electronic databases containing both historical and current research Grahi Karma The word Grahi means, one which grasp or hold tightly. A Dravya which does both Deepana (Enhances digestion), and Pachana (Aids in digestive processes) and does Dravashoshana (dries moisture) by virtue of Ushnaguna (Hot quality) is called as Grahi. Acharya Sharangadhara have given Shunti ( Zingiber officinale Roscoe.), Jeeraka ( Cuminum cyminum Linn.), and Gajapippali ( Scindapsus officinalis Roxb.) as ex. for Grahi. [5] Table 1: Guna and Mahabhuta of Grahi Dravya [6] Guna Ushna Veerya Ushna Vipaka Katu Mahabhuta Vayu Table 2: Drugs mentioned as Grahi in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu [7] SN Name of the drug Botanical Name and Family Name of the Varga 1. Sunthi Zingiber officinale Roscoe. Zingiberaceae Haritakyadi Varga 2. Chitraka Plumbago zeylanica Linn. Plumbaginaceae Haritakyadi Varga 3. Parasika Yavani Hyoscyamus niger Linn. Solanaceae Haritakyadi Varga 4. Dhanyaka Coriandrum sativum Linn. Apiaceae Haritakyadi Varga 5. Lodhra Symplocos racemose Roxb. Symplocaceae Haritakyadi Varga 6. Pattani Lodhra Symplocos crataegoides Buch-Ham. Symplocaceae Haritakyadi Varga 7. Bhanga Cannabis sativa Linn. Cannabaceae Haritakyadi Varga 8. Khakhasa Papaver somniferum Linn Papaveraceae Haritakyadi Varga 9. Ahiphena Papaver somniferum Linn Papaveraceae Haritakyadi Varga 10. Rala Shorea robusta Gaertn.f Dipterocarpaceae Karpuradi Varga 11. Jatiphala Myristica fragrans Houtt. Myristicaceae Karpuradi Varga 12. Musta Cyperus rotundus Linn. Cyperaceae Karpuradi Varga 13. Gandha Palashi Hedychium spicatum Ham. Ex smith. Zingiberaceae Karpuradi Varga 14. Bilwa Aegle marmelos Corr. Rutaceae Guduchyadi Varga 15. Syonaka Oroxylum indicum Vent. Bignonaceae Guduchyadi Varga 16. Vartaki Solanum indicum Linn. Solanaceae Guduchyadi Varga 17. Laghu Panchamula A group of roots of five small herbs (Bruhati, Kantakari, Prishnaparni, Shalaparni, Gokshura) Guduchyadi Varga 18. Jeevanti Leptadenia reticulate W.&A. Apocynaceae Guduchyadi Varga 19. Mudgaparni Phaseolus trilobus Ait. Fabaceae Guduchyadi Varga 20. Mashaparni Teramnus labialis Spreng. Fabaceae Guduchyadi Varga 21. Mahanimba Melia azedarach L. Meliaceae Guduchyadi Varga 22. Kanchanara Twak Bauhinia variegate Linn. Fabaceae Guduchyadi Varga 23. Kovidara Twak Bauhinia purpurea Linn. Fabaceae Guduchyadi Varga 24. Balachatustayam Group of four Bala Guduchyadi Varga 1. Bala 1. Sida cordifolia L 2. Atibala 2. Abutilon indicum(L.) Sweet 3. Mahabala 3. Sida veronicifoliaLam 4. Rajabala 4. Sida rhombifolia L Amritha A et al. Critical analysis of Grahi and Stambhana Karma J Ayu Int Med Sci 2025 ; 10 ( 2 ) 149

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25. Gandadurva Cynadon dactylon Pers. Poaceae Guduchyadi Varga 26. Raktha Punarnava Trianthema portulacastrum Linn. Aizoaceae Guduchyadi Varga 27. Akashavalli Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. Convolvulaceae Guduchyadi Varga 28. Matsyakshi Alternanthera sessilis (Linn) Amaranthaceae Guduchyadi Varga 29. Gojihwa Elephantopus scaber L. Asteraceae Guduchyadi Varga 30. Veerataru Dichrostachys cinerea W.& A. Fabaceae Guduchyadi Varga 31. Kinchalka (Kamala Kesara) Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. Nelumbonaceae PushpaVarga 32. Kalharam (Red variety of Kumuda) Nymphaea rubra Roxb. Nympheaceae PushpaVarga 33. Shatapatri Rosa centifolia Linn. Rosaceae PushpaVarga 34. Asoka Saraca asoca (Roxb.)Willd Fabaceae PushpaVarga 35. Bandhujiva Pentapetes phoenicea Linn. Malvaceae PushpaVarga 36. Vata Ficus benhgalensis Linn. Moraceae Vatadi Varga 37. Nandi Vruksha Ficus retusa Linn Moraceae Vatadi Varga 38. Panchavalkala Bark of 5 Kshrivruksha Vatadi Varga 39. Babbula Acacia arabica Willd. Fabaceae Vatadi Varga 40. Tooni Cedrela toona Roxb. Meliaceae Vatadi Varga 41. Palasha Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub. Fabaceae Vatadi Varga 42. Palasha (Fruit) Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub. Fabaceae Vatadi Varga 43. Mocharasa Bombax ceiba L. Malvaceae Vatadi Varga 44. Moksha Schrebera swietenioides Roxb. Oleaceae Vatadi Varga 45. Amra (Puspa) Mangifera indica Linn. Anacardiaceae Amradiphala Varga 46. Rajamra Mangifera indica Linn. Anacardiaceae Amradiphala Varga 47. Chirbhitam Cucumis melo L. Cucurbitaceae Amradiphala Varga 48. Kalindam Citrullus vulgaris Schard. Cucurbitaceae Amradiphala Varga 49. Bilwa (Unripe) Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa, Rutaceae Amradiphala Varga 50. Kapittha Limonia acidissma L. Rutaceae Amradiphala Varga 51. Tintuka Diospyros embryopterisPers. Ebenaceae Amradiphala Varga 52. Kupilu Strychnos nux-vomicaL. Strychnaceae Amradiphala Varga 53. Badara Zizyphus jujubaMill. Rhamnaceae Amradiphala Varga 54. Padmabheeja Euryale feroxSalisb. Nymphaeceae Amradiphala Varga 55. Sringatakam Trapa bispinosaRoxb. Lythraceae Amradiphala Varga 56. Dadima Punica granatum Linn. Lythraceae Amradiphala Varga 57. Karmaranga Averrhoa carambolaL. Oxalidaceae Amradiphala Varga 58. Srotoanjana Lead sulphide Dhatuvadi Varga 59. Shastika Oryza sativa Linn Gramineae Dhanya Varga 60. Vanamudga Phaseolus aconitifoliusJacq. Fabaceae Dhanya Varga 61. Adhaki Cajanus indicusSpreng. Fabaceae Dhanya Varga 62. Chanaka Cicer arietinum subsp. Fabaceae Dhanya Varga 63. Triputa Lathyrus sativus var. Fabaceae Dhanya Varga 64. Tila Sesamum indicum Linn. Pedaliaceae Dhanya Varga 65. Tuvari Eruca sativa(L.) Mill. Brassicaceae Dhanya Varga 66. Kodrava Paspalum scrobiculatum Linn Poaceae Dhanya Varga 67. Nivara Hygroryza aristata Nees Poaceae Dhanya Varga 68. Changeri Oxalis corniculata Linn. Oxalidaceae Shaka Varga 69. Sheetavara Marsilea minuta Linn. Marsileaceae Shaka Varga 70. Kasamarda Cassia occidentalis Linn. Fabaceae Shaka Varga 71. Shalmali Puspa and Shaka Bombax ceiba Linn. Bombacaceae Shaka Varga 72. Karkati Cucumis utilissimus Roxb. Cucurbitaceae Shaka Varga 73. Kemukam Costus speciosus(J.Koenig) Sm. Costaceae Shaka Varga 74. Kaseru Scirpus kysoorRoxb. Cyperaceae Shaka Varga 76. Sasha Indian hare Mamsa Varga 77. Lava Jungle bush quail Mamsa Varga 78. Tittira Grey Patridge Mamsa Varga 79. Sashkuli A type of fish Mamsa Varga 80. Sevika Crispy gram flour fried noodles Kritanna Varga 81. Manda along with Anupana Rice gruel Kritanna Varga 82. Mudga Green gram Kritanna Varga 83. Shali Saktu Rice malt Kritanna Varga 84. Aja Dugdha Goat’s Milk Dugdha Varga 85. Dadi Curd Dadhi Varga Amritha A et al. Critical analysis of Grahi and Stambhana Karma J Ayu Int Med Sci 2025 ; 10 ( 2 ) 150

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Stambhana Karma The meaning of Stambhana is Jadikaranatwa which means motionless, that which obstructs, hinders or restrains [8 ] Stambhana refers to checking excess flow of Drava . It is one among Shadupakrama mentioned by Acharya Charaka. Labdha Bala (Gaining of strength), Yathokta Amaya Jita (to overcome afflicted diseases) are advantages of Stambhana Chikitsa. When it is performed in excess it leads to Shyavata, Stabdhagatra , Udvega, Hanugraha, Hrudgraha, Varcho Nigraha . Person suffering from Pittaja Rogas , who has undergone Kshara, Agnikarma therapy, one who is suffering from Atisara, Chardhi, Vishavega, and Sweda Atiyoga are said to be eligible for Stambhana Karma . Drugs which are Drava, Tanu, Asara, Stira , and have Madhura, Tikta, Kashaya Rasa are known to have Stambhana property. In this context Tanu refers to Abahula which is not too thick or dense and Asara implies which is stable and not having any movement [9] Table 3: Guna and Mahabhuta of Stambana Dravya [10] Rasa Kashaya Guna Ruksha Veerya Sheeta Vipaka Katu Mahabhuta Vayu 86 Aja Dadi Curd prepared out of Goat’s milk Dadhi Varga 87 Takra Butter milk Takra Varga 88 Dugdhotha Navaneeta Milk cream Navaneeta Varga 89 Sadhyo Nisaritha Navaneeta Fresh milk cream Navaneeta Varga 90 Dugdha Nirsrutha Ghrita Ghee Ghrita Varga 91 Taila Oil Taila Varga 92 Tuvari Taila Hydnocarpus laurifolia Taila Varga 93 Sura Alcoholic beverage Sandana Varga 94 Madhu Honey Madhu Varga 95 Purana Madhu Honey stored for long time Madhu Varga Table 4: Drugs mentioned as Sangrahi in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu [11] SN Name of the drug Botanical Name and Family Name of the Varga 1 Swinna Haritaki Terminalia chebula Retz. Combretaceae Haritakyadi Varga 2 Jeeraka Cuminum cyminum Linn. Apiaceae Haritakyadi Varga 3 Krishanajeeraka Carum carvi Linn. Apiaceae Haritakyadi Varga 4 Upakunjika Nigella sativa Linn. Apiaceae Haritakyadi Varga 5 Indrayava Holarrhena antidysentrica Wall. Apocyanaceae Haritakyadi Varga 6 Priyangu Callicarpa macrophylla Vahl. Lamiaceae Karpuradi Varga 7 Guduchi Tinospora cordifolia Wild. Menispermaceae Guduchyadi Varga 8 Arka Puspa Calotropis procera (Ait.)R.Br. Apocynaceae Guduchyadi Varga 9 Parpata Fumaria parviflora Lam. Papaveraceae Guduchyadi Varga 10 Kanchanara Puspa Bauhinia variegate Linn. Fabaceae Guduchyadi Varga 11 Kovidara Puspa Bauhinia purpurea Linn. Fabaceae Guduchyadi Varga 12 Shobhanjana Moringa oleifera Lam. Moringaceae Guduchyadi Varga 13 Jalapippali Lippa nodiflora Mich Lamiaceae Guduchyadi Varga 14 Mrunala (Kamala Kanda) Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. Nelumbonaceae PushpaVarga 15 Japa Hibiscus rosasinensis Linn. Malvaceae PushpaVarga 16 Jambu Eugenia heyneana Wall. Myrtaceae Amradiphala Varga 17 Vrukshamalam Garcinia indica Chois. Clusiaceae Amradiphala Varga 18 Kulattha Dolichos biflorusL. Fabaceae Dhanya Varga 19 Parpata Fumaria parviflora Papaveracee Shaka Varga 20 Guduchi Patra Tinospora cordifolia Menispermaceae Shaka Varga 21 Grnjanam Daucus carota var. sativa DC. Apiaceae Shaka Varga 22 Shalooka Nelumbium speciousum Shaka Varga 23 Ena Indian antelop Mamsa Varga 24 Panduka Ring dove Mamsa Varga 25 Mayura Peacock Mamsa Varga 26 Paravata Blue rock peogeon Mamsa Varga 27 Navaneeta Milk cream Navaneeta Varga Amritha A et al. Critical analysis of Grahi and Stambhana Karma J Ayu Int Med Sci 2025 ; 10 ( 2 ) 151

[Find the meaning and references behind the names: Dosha, Koli, Ananta, Nagi, Amrita, Padma, Arjuna, Mimosa, Pitta, Good, Phala, Gana, Alba]

Table 7: Purisha Sangrahaneeya Mahakashaya [15 ] SN Name of the drug Botanical Name and Family 1. Priyangu Callicarpa macrophyllum Vahl (Lamiaceae family) 2. Ananta Hemidesmus indicus ( Apocynaceae) 3. Amrasthi Mangifera indica (Anacardiaceae) 4. Katvanga Oroxylum indicum (Bignoniaceae) 5. Lodra Symplocos racemose (Symplocaecae) 6. Mocharasa Salmalia malabarica (Malvaceae) 7. Samanga Mimosa pudica (Fabaceae) 8. Dhataki puspa Woodfordia floribunda (Lythraceae) 9. Padma Nelumbo nucifera (Nelumbonaceae) 10. Padmakesara Nelumbo nucifera (Nelumbonaceae) Table 8: Mutra Sangrahaneeya Mahakashaya [16 ] SN Name of the drug Botanical Name and Family 1. Jambu Eugenia jambolana (Myrtaceae) 2. Amra Mangifera indica (Anacardiaceae) 3. Plaksha Ficus lacor (Moraceae) 4. Vata Ficus benghalensis (Moraceae) 5. Kapitana Albizzia lebbeck (Fabaceae) 6. Udumbara Ficus glomerata (Moraceae) 7. Ashwattha Ficus religiosa (Moraceae) 8. Bhallataka Semecarpus anacardium (Anacardiaceae) 9. Ashmanataka Ficus rumphi (Moraceae) 10. Somovalka Acacia catechu(Fabaceae) Table 9: Nyagrodadi Gana according to Acharya Vagbhata [17] SN Name of the drug Botanical Name and Family 1. Nyagrodha Ficus benghalensis (Moraceae) 2. Pippala Ficus religiosa (Moraceae) 3. Sadaphala Ficus racemosa (Moraceae) 4. Rajajambu Eugenia jumbulona (Myrtaceae) 5. Kakajambu Eugenia operculate (Myrtaceae) 6. Rodhra Symplocos racemosa (Symplocaseae) 7. Shabararodhra Symplocos crategoides (Symplocaseae) 8. Arjuna Terminalia arjuna (Combretaceae) 9. Kapeetana Spondias Mangifera (Anacardiaceae) 10. Somavalka Myrica nagi (Myricacae) 11. Plaksha Ficus lacor (Moraceae) 12. Amra Mangifera indica (Anacardaceae) 13. Vanjula Salix caprea (Salicaceae) 14. Priyala Buchanania lanzan (Anacardaceae) 15. Palasha Butea monosperma (Fabaceae) 16. Nandi Ficus rumphi (Moraceae) 17. Koli Ziziphus jujuba (Rhamnaceae) 18. Kadamba Anthocephalus cadamba (Rubiaceae) 19. Virala Diospyros melanoxylon (Ebenaceae) 20. Madhuka Glycerrhiza glabra (Fabaceae) 21. Madhooka Madhuca indica (Sapotaceae) Table 5: Drugs mentioned as Sthambana in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu [12 ] SN Name of the drug Botanical Name and Family Name of the Varga 1 Veerana Chrysopogon zizanoids (L) Roberty. Poaceae Karpuradi Varga Table 6: Drugs mentioned as Sangrahi in Agryaprakarana SN Agrya Caraka Samhita[13] Astanga Samgraha[14 ] Astanga Hrudaya 1. Ajaksheera (Goat’s milk) Soshagna Stanyasatmya Raktasangrahi Raktapitta Prasahamana (Relieves emaciation, galactagogue, and good for bleeding disorders) Soshagna Stanyakara Raktasangrahi Raktapitta Prasahamana (Relieves emaciation, galactagogue, and good for bleeding disorders) - 2. Mustha (Cyperus rotundus) Sangrahika Deepana Pachana (Astringent, appetizers, digestives) Sangrahika Deepana Pachana (Astringent, appetizers, digestives) - 3. Katavanga (Oroxylum indicum) Sangrahika, Pachana, Deepana (Astringent, digestive, appetizers) Sangrahika, Pachana, Deepana (Astringent, digestive, appetizers) - 4. Ananta (Hemidesmus indicus) Sangrahika Raktapitta Prashamana (Astringent, cures bleeding disorders) - - 5. Amrita (Tinospora cordifolia) Sangrahika Vatahara Deepaniya Sleshma Shonita Vibanda Prashamanam (Astringent, alleviates Vata, appetizer, alleviates Kapha and Rakta, cures constipation) Sangrahika Deepaniya Vata Sleshma Shonita Vibanda Prashamana (Astringent, appetizer, alleviates Vata Kapha and Rakta, cures constipation) - 6. Bilwa (Aegle marmelos) Sangrahika Deepana Vatakapha Prashamananam (Astringent, appetizer, alleviates Vata and Kapha) Sangrahika Deepana Vatakapha Prashamananam (Astringent, appetizer, alleviates Vata and Kapha) - 7. Ativisha (Aconitum heterophyllum) Deepana, Pachana, Sangrahika Sarvadoshaharanam (Appetizer, digestive, astringent, alleviates all the Doshas) Deepana, Pachana, Sangrahika Sarvadoshaharanam (Appetizer, digestive, astringent, alleviates all the Doshas) - 8. Utpala Kumuda Padma Kinjalaka (Nymphaea alba, Nelumbo nucifera) Sangrahika Raktapitta Prashamana (Astringent, cures bleeding disorders) Sangrahika Raktapitta Prashamana (Astringent, cures bleeding disorders) - 9. Kutaja Twak (Holarrhena antidysenterica Bark) Sleshmapitta Rakta Sangrahi Upashoshana (Alleviates Kapha Pitta Rakta, Astringent, Causes dryness) Sleshmapitta Rakta Sangrahi Upashoshana (Alleviates Kapha Pitta Rakta, Astringent, Causes dryness) - 10. Kashmarya Phala (Gmelina arboroea) Rakthasangrahika Raktapitta Prashaana (Stops bleeding and cures bleeding disorders) Rakthasangrahika Raktapitta Prashaana (Stops bleeding and cures bleeding disorders) - 11. Bala (Sida cordifolia) Sangrahi, Balya Vataharanam (Astringent, strength promoting, alleviates vata) Sangrahi, Balya Vataharanam (Astringent, strength promoting, alleviates vata) - Amritha A et al. Critical analysis of Grahi and Stambhana Karma J Ayu Int Med Sci 2025 ; 10 ( 2 ) 152

[Find the meaning and references behind the names: Mode, Ways, Real, Act, Gut, Shoshana, Prime, Power, Cases, Daha, Part, Mala, Jala, Ama, Rohini, Shweta, Shabara, Case, Rukshana, Angelica]

Table 10: Nyagrodadi Gana according to Acharya Sushruta [18 ] SN Name of the drug Botanical Name and Family 22. Nyagrodha Ficus benghalensis (Moraceae) 23. Udumbara Ficus glomerata (Moraceae) 24. Ashwattha Ficus religiosa (Moraceae) 25. Plaksha Ficus lacor (Moraceae) 26. Madhuka Glycyrrhiza glabra (Fabaceae) 27. Kapeetana Thespesia populnea (Malvaceae) 28. Kakubha Terminalia arjuna (Combretaceae) 29. Amra Mangifera indica (Anacardaceae) 30. Koshamra Schleichera trijuga (Sapindaceae) 31. Chorapatra Angelica glauca (Apiaceae) 32. Rajajambu Eugenia jambolana (Myrtaceae) 33. Kakajambu Eugenia operculate (Myrtaceae) 34. Priyala Buchanania lanzan (Anacardaceae) 35. Madhooka Madhuca indica (Sapotaceae) 36. Rohini Myrica nagi (Myricacae) 37. Vanjula Salix caprea (Salicaceae) 38. Kadamba Anthocephalus cadamba (Rubicaeae) 39. Badari Ziziphus jujuba (Rhamnaceae) 40. Tinduki Diospyros embryopteris (Ebenaceae) 41. Shallaki Boswellia sarrata (Burseraceae) 42. Rodhra Symplocos racemosa (Symplocaceae) 43. Shabara lodhra Symplocos crategoides (Symplocaceae) 44. Bhallataka Semecarpus anacardium (Anacardiaceae) 45. Palasha Butea monosperma (Fabaceae) 46. Nandivruksha Thespesia populnea (Malvaceae) Stambana as Shadupakrama Of all the treatment modality listed in Ayurveda, Shadvidopakrama holds prime importance. It is said that one who is specialized in all six types of Upakrama like Snehana, Swedana, Langhana, Brihmana, Rukshana and Stambhana is said to be real Physician Stambhana is one of the Upakrama mentioned in Shadvidhopakrama which is explained by Acharya Charaka [19 ] Sheeta Guna Lakshana: Hladana, Stambhana , and power to overcome Murcha, Daha, Trushna are said to be properties of Sheeta Guna and predominantly constituted by Vayu and Jala Mahabhuta [20] Ruksha Guna Lakshana: Dravya Shoshana, Stambhana and Kharatwa are the properties of Ruksha Guna. [21 ] Kashaya Rasa Guna: Sheeta, Shoshana, Stambhana, Ruksha and Laghu. Drugs which possess Kashaya Rasa, Ruksha, Sheeta, Laghu Guna act as Stambhana Dravyas. [22 ] Analysis of Grahi and Sthambana Karma Acharya Sushruta opines that Grahi Dravyas are Vayu Mahabhuta Pradhana. According to Acharya Sharangadhara, the Dravashoshana of Grahi is brought by Ushna Guna To resolve this discrepancy, Adamalla says that Grahi can be understood in two ways, Ama Grahi, and Pakwa Grahi. This is also known as Ushna Grahi and Sheetha Grahi respectively [23 ] In the case of Amamala or Apakwamala, Deepana, Pachana followed by Dravashoshana happens with the help of Ushna Guna. So, this is called Grahi or Ushna Grahi. In the case of Pakwamala, there is no need for Deepana and Pachana Karma, only Dravashoshana is needed, attained by Vata Dosha Hence called Sheetha Grahi. Sheetha Grahi is also known as Sthambana [24 ] Therefore, Grahi Karma differs from Sthambana Karma in performing Deepana and Pachana. Discussion Sthambana is applicable in excess flow of all Srotas and Grahi is restricted to Purishavaha, Udakavaha and Annavaha Srotas. Grahi does Deepana and Pachana Karma followed by Dravashoshana Therefore Grahi Dravya aids in digestion along with the absorption of water and electrolytes from the gut. Whereas Sthamabana Dravyas do the absorption of excess water as well as decreases the intestinal motility in case of diarrhoea. Stambhana Karma can also be employed in cases of excessive bleeding. Stambhana Dravyas due to Sheeta and Ruksha Guna helps in the vasoconstriction of the vessels and there by checking the bleeding. These are used in case of conditions, when there is Atipravratti of Dosha, Dhatu and Mala . Eg: A tipravratti in case of Atisara, Grahani, Shweta Pradara etc . Conclusion Both Stambana and Grahi Karma helps in checking excess flow, but the mode action depends upon the Panchamahabuta and the Rasapanchaka of the drugs. The application part of Grahi and Stambhana is emphasized by Adamalla commentary of Sharangadhara Samhitha. Stambhana which means arresting excess flow can be employed in Atipravrutthi of Mala, Raktasrava etc. While Grahi Karma mainly revolves around absorption of excessive fluids especially in Annavaha Srotas. Various Dravyas mentioned under Stambhana and Grahi Karma in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu have been enlisted in this study Amritha A et al. Critical analysis of Grahi and Stambhana Karma J Ayu Int Med Sci 2025 ; 10 ( 2 ) 153

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[Find the meaning and references behind the names: Ideas]

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Karma, Dravya, Vata, Asara, Tanu, Ruksha, Dravyaguna, Stambhana, Grahin, Bhavaprakashanighantu, Ayurvedic medicine, Kashaya Rasa, Excessive bleeding, Ushna guna, Deepana and Pachana, Laghu Guna, Deepana Pachana, Jala mahabhuta, Sheeta Guna, Acharya Caraka, Ruksha Guna, Shadupakrama, Purishavaha Srotas, Vayu Mahabhuta, Stambhana Karma, Sheeta, Absorption of Water, Udakavaha Srotas, Stambhana chikitsa, Annavaha Srota, Stambhana Dravya.