Unveiling the efficacy of Shilajit in Urinary Disorders: A Conceptual Review

REVIEW ARTICLE December 2024 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | December 2024 | Vol. 9 | Issue 12 167 Unveiling the efficacy of Shilajit in Urinary Disorders: A Conceptual Review Kiran K 1 , Vijayendra G. Bhat 2 1 PhD Scholar, Department of Kayachikitsa, Shri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara College of Ayurveda, Kuthpady, Udupi, Karnataka, India. 2 Associate Professor, Department of Kayachikitsa and Manasaroga for PG and PhD Studies, Shri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara College of Ayurveda, Kuthpady, Udupi, Karanataka, India. I NTRODUCTION Shilajit is a substance procured from the Giri/ Parvata (Mountains) by the influence of Surya Santapa (Sunlight) on them in Greeshma Rutu [1] Shilajit is of four varieties based on the source of its procurement. Shilajit is a widely used ingredient in the preparation of Ayurveda classical formulations. Shilajit is an exudate from high mountain rocks especially in the Himalayans mountains between India Address for correspondence: Dr. Kiran K PhD Scholar, Department of Kayachikitsa, Shri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara College of Ayurveda, Kuthpady, Udupi, Karnataka, India. E-mail: kkiran 0909@gmail.com Submission Date: 03/11/2024 Accepted Date: 16/12/2024 Access this article online Quick Response Code Website: www.jaims.in DOI: 10.21760/jaims.9.12.20 and Nepal. According to researchers, Shilajit is produced by the decomposition of plant material from species such as ‘ Euphorbia royleana’ and ‘ trifolium repens’ . This decomposition seems to occur through centuries and on this basis, Shilajit is considered a millenary product of nature. Shilajit is composed mainly of humic substances, including fulvic acid, that account for 60 to 80% of the total nutraceutical compound and some oligoelements including selenium of antiaging properties. Shilajit also contains Eldagic acid, some fatty acids, resins, latex, gums, albumins, triterpenes, sterols, aromatic carboxylic acids [2] Shilajit has been used as a folk medicine and alternative medicine for more than four thousand years in Afghanistan, India, Iran, China, Pakistan, Nepal, Central Asia, and Tibet. The ancient Persians named it ‘Asphaltum’ and considered it a source of strength and vitality. In Ayurvedic practices Shilajit was first discovered in the ancient civilizations of the Himalayas. Shilajit is A B S T R A C T Shilajit , a natural substance formed from the resin of the Himalayan mountains, has been revered in Ayurveda for centuries for its multifaceted health benefits. One of its lesser-known applications is in the management of urinary disorders. This review aims to explore the conceptual significance of Shilajit in addressing various urinary ailments. The inherent properties of Shilajit like Mootrala (increases urine production) , Srotorodha Hara (Removes obstruction of the channels) , Basti Ruja Hara (Alleviates pain in Bladder region), Chedi (To cut) and Tridosha Hara (Corrects Doshic imbalances), makes it more useful to treat urinary disorders. Recent researches on Shilajit also emphasize its role in various urinary conditions. Shilajit shows its efficiency in treating urinary disorders like, Mootraghata, Mootrakrichra and Ashmari. The physico-chemical properties of Shilajit also suggests its role in treating various urinary disorders. There are various modalities of treatment for urinary disorders including Samshodhana, Samshamana and Rasayana. Among the medicinal drugs used in treating urinary disoders, Shilajit has a major role being a Samshamana and Rasayana Dravya . Key words: Shilajit, Urinary Disorders, Ashmari, Mootrala

Kiran K. et al. Unveiling the efficacy of Shilajit in Urinary Disorders ISSN: 2456-3110 REVIEW ARTICLE December 2024 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | December 2024 | Vol. 9 | Issue 12 168 classified as a Rasayana (Rejuvenative) herb, believed to rejuvenate, and revitalize the body. It is mentioned in ancient texts like Charaka Samhita, Sushrutha Samhita, and Ashtanga Hrudaya . Properties of Shilajit Shilajit is Ishat Amla (slightly sour) and Kashaya (Astringent) Rasa (Taste) , Laghu (Light) and Ruksha (Non-unctuous) Guna (Property) , Katu (Pungent) vipaka, Natyushna sheeta (Not hot not cold) Veerya . Shilajit also has ‘ Chedi’ Guna which means ‘To Cut’ or ‘Break into parts. Shilajit by its ‘ Prabhava’ it acts as a ‘ Yogavahi’ (Catalystic or Bio-enhancing nature) Dravya . Shilajit is generally known for balancing Tridoshas [5] (Three Humors) and it is Balya [3] (To increase strength). Shilajit has Mootrala (Increases urine formation) , Srotorodhahara (Clears the blockage in channels) , Basti Ruja Hara (Alleviates pain in Basti ) actions which are noticeable in the present context. Physico-chemical properties of Shilajit Shilajit is known to have Diuretic, lithotriptic [4] actions and it is known to enhance renal functioning. Fulvic acid present in Shilajit is reported to facilitate the transportation of essential minerals into cells to maintain and restore their vitality against decay and death. Shilajit is reported to aid in metabolism by maintaining the equilibrium between catabolism and anabolism, promote energy production and enhance the absorptive and detoxifying capacity of the body. It also stimulates the immune system and blood formation within the body. The health benefits of Shilajit includes rejuvenation, promoting longevity, improving physical strength and anti-aging property. Other actions of Shilajit are anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, nootropic, hypoglycemic, Anti-asthmatic, and anti-tumor activities. Shilajit in various Health conditions Shilajit is used in the treatment of various kinds of illnesses. Shilajit is also considered as Sarva Rogahara Rasayana [6] due to its multiple clinical utility. The Ayurvedic texts like Bhaishajya Ratnavali, Rasa Ratna Samucchaya, Rasa Tarangini, Rasendra Sara Sangaraha etc. have mentioned about Shilajit and its clinical indications. Details mentioned in the table below. Table 1: Indications of Shilajit Name of the Text Indications Rasa Ratna Samuchaya Jwara, Pandu, Shopha, Prameha, Agnimandya, Medacheda Kara, Yakshma, Shoola, Ama Unmulana, Gulma, Pliha, Jathara-Hrit Shoolagna, Twakgata Roganashana Rasa Tarangini Shvayathu, Pandu, Shwasa, Kshaya, Pliha, Jwara, Agnimandya, Apasmara, Unmada, Udara,Arshas, Mutrakrichra, Sthaulya, Hritshula, Prameha, Prabala Shoola, Udara, Soola, Krimi, Ashmari, Kushta, Gulma, Vatarakta Ananda Kanda Kshaya, Shopha, Udara, Arshas, Prameha, Mootragrahapaha, Jara Mrityu Nashana Rasendra Sara Sangraha Shotha, Udara, Arshas, Basti roga Ayurveda Prakasha Mutrakrichra, Kshaya, Shwasa, Vatarakta, Arshas, Pandu, Apasmara, Unmada, Shotha, Kushta, Udara, Krimi Dhanvantari Nighantu (Chandanadi Varga) Prameha, Unmada, Ashmari, Shopha, Kushta, Apasmara, Kshaya, Udara, Arsha, Bastiruja Bhavaprakasha Mutrakricha, Kshaya, Shwasa, Apasmara, Unmada, Shotha, Kushta, Udara, Krimi Medicinal formulations containing Shilajit Various medicinal formulations containing Shilajit as ingredients are listed in the table below (table 2). Formulations from Gadanigraha, Bruhatrayee and other classical texts are enlisted in the below table. Table 2: Formulations containing Shilajit Formulations Indications with Reference Sudda Shilajathu Sthoulya (Su Sutra 15/37) Sudda Shilajthu Kushta (Su.Chi 9/6)

Kiran K. et al. Unveiling the efficacy of Shilajit in Urinary Disorders ISSN: 2456-3110 REVIEW ARTICLE December 2024 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | December 2024 | Vol. 9 | Issue 12 169 Loha Rasayana Sthoulya, Pandu, Kushta, Prameha (Chakradatta) Mehabaddarasa Prameha (Sharagandra Madyama Khanda) Shivagulika Rajayakshma (Yogaratnakara), Pandu, Prameha, Ashmari, Kusta (Chi.Kalika Ksaya Chikitsa) Shilajatvadi Yoga Kumbakamala (Gada Nigraha) Vajraka Gulika Kusta, Udara, Swasa, Kasa, Bhangadara (Gada Nigraha) Surya Candraprabha Gutika Prameha, Kamala, Pandu, Shwasa, Kasa, Arsha (Gada Nigraha) Prabhakaravati Hridroga (B.R) Chandraprabha Vati Prameha (B.R), (SH.M.KH) Virtarvadi Ghrita Pittasmari (A.S.chi) Sahacharadi Taila Vata Roga (A.S.Chi) Eladi Kwatha Ashmari, Sharkara (Sh.M.KH) Vajraka Gutika Kushta, Udara, Shwasa, Kasa, Bhagandara (Prayogakhanda) Yogaraj Rasayana Kushta (A.S.CHI) Shilajatu Vataka Pandu Roga (A.H.CHI) Brihata Shiva Gutika Vararakta, Jvara, Atisara, Prameha, Kamala and Pandu (Prayogakhanda) Agnimukha Loha Arsharogadhikara (B.R) Tapyadiloha Rajyakshmadhikara (B.R) Prabhakar Vati Hridarogadhikara (B.R) Sarveshwar Rasa Premeharogadhikara (B.R) Yakritpliha Loha Udararogadhikara (B.R) Veda Vidya Vati Premeharogadhikara (B.R) Mehantaka Rasa Premeharogadhikara (B.R) Prameha Kulantaka Rasa Premeharogadhikara (B.R) Shilajit Prayoga in various clinical conditions Shilajit is used either as a single medicine or in medicinal formulations. Few of the Shilajit Prayoga from Vangasena Samhita (Table 3) and Bhaishajya Ratnavali (Table 4) are listed below Table 3: Shilajit Prayoga in Vangasena Samhita SN Indications Preparations Context in Vangasena Samhita 1. Madhumeha, Prameha, Kustha, Apasmara Shilajat w ith Salasaradi Gana Kwatha Pramehadhikara 2. Sthaulya Roga Shilajatu w ith Agnimantha Kwatha Medo Rogadhikara 3. Medoroga, Rasayana, Palitya Roga Loha Rasayana Medo Rogadhikara 4. Vatodara Shilajatu w ith Dashamula Kwatha Udara Rogadhikara 5. Udara Roga Shilajatu w ith Gomutra Udara Rogadhikara 6. Tridoshaja Shotha Shilajatu w ith Triphala Kwatha Shotha Rogadhikara Table 4: Shilajit Prayoga in Bhaishajya Ratnavali SN Indications Preparations Context in Bhaishajya Ratnavali 1. Arshas Agnimukha Loha Arsharogadhikara 2. Rajayakshma Tapyadiloha Rajyakshmadhikara 3. Hridroga Prabhakar Vati Hridarogadhikara 4. Mutrakriccha Shilajatu with Eladi Kwatha Mutrakruccharogadhikar a 5. Mutraghata Shilajatu + Madhu + Sharkara Mutraghatrogadhikara 6. Ashamari Varuna Ghrita Ashmarirogadhikara

Kiran K. et al. Unveiling the efficacy of Shilajit in Urinary Disorders ISSN: 2456-3110 REVIEW ARTICLE December 2024 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | December 2024 | Vol. 9 | Issue 12 170 7. Premeha Shilajatu + Madhu Premeharogadhikara 8. Madhumeha Shilajatu + Salsaradi Gana Kwatha Premeha Rogadhikara 9. Premeha Chandraprab ha Vati Premeharogadhikara 10. Premeha Sarveshwar Rasa Premeharogadhikara 11. Medoroga Loha Rasayana Medorogadhikara 12. Udara Roga Yakritpliha Loha Udararogadhikar 13. Sarva Prameha Suddha Shilajatu Prameha Chikitsa 14. Madhumeha, Ashmari Sharkara, Shilajatu with Salasaradi Gana Kwatha Prameha Chikitsa 15. Sarva Prameha Veda Vidya Vati Prameha Chikitsa 16. Prameha, Kamala, Pandu, Ashmari, Mootraghata etc . Prameha Kulanataka Rasa Prameha Chikitsa 17. Prameha, Kustha, Kamala, Pandu, Shvasa, Kasa etc Chandraprab ha Gutika Prameha Chikitsa 18. Prameha Mehanathak a Rasa Prameha Chikitsa 19. Madhumeha Sarveshavara Rasa Prameha Chikitsa 20. Medoroga, Jvara, Kamala, Pandu, Loha Rasayana Medoroga Chikitsa Prameha, Shotha etc Properties of Shilajit and their significance in Mootra Vikaras The significance of Shilajit is urinary disorders can be understood with the critical analysis of actions of Shilajit related to Mootra Vaha Srotas or urinary system. Shilajit is known to have the properties like, Mootrala, Chedi, Bastishoola Hara, Srotorodha Hara , which are related to Mootravaha Srotas. Mootrala property: [7] Shilajit has got Mootrala property which is helpful in urinary conditions with obstructed urination. Obstruction to Mootra and affliction of Mootra Pravrutti are predominantly found in Mootraghatas . The types of Mootraghata which have been identified with Alpa Mootra Pravrutti or Utpatti are Vatakunadalika, Vata Basti, Mootrateeta, Mootra Jathara, Mootrotsanga, Mootrakshaya, Bastikundala . The underlined pathologies for the above conditions are varied but the clinical consequences are similar. The drugs which are Mootrala in action, help the formation of Mootra and elimination of Sanchita Mootra easily. Shilajit being Mootrala can help to get symptomatic relief in the above-mentioned urinary conditions. Chedi property: [8] Chedi means to cut or to dissociate. Chedi property helps in pathological states wherever there is an abnormal bonding of Doshas or Dhatus are found, especially in case of abnormal growths. Shilajit has chedi property which can be helpful in conditions like Ashtila (Stone like growth in Mootramarga ), Mootragranthi (A type of Mootraghata ), where abnormal growth like granthi is the consequence. Chedi property would help to loosen the abnormal bonding and to clear the Granthi . Basti Shoola Hara property: [9] Basti Shoola means the pricky pain in the Basti Pradesha . Basti Pradesha represents the lower abdomen near bladder region. Many types of Mootraghatas are associated with pain in the Basti Pradesha , like Mootragranthi, Vatakundalika, Ashtila, Vatabasti, Mootra Jathara and Mootrotsanga. In these conditions the pain will be mostly due to obstruction to the Mootra Vega due to

Kiran K. et al. Unveiling the efficacy of Shilajit in Urinary Disorders ISSN: 2456-3110 REVIEW ARTICLE December 2024 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | December 2024 | Vol. 9 | Issue 12 171 various pathological conditions. Shilajit facilitates obstructed Mootra . We may infer that, by clearing out the Sanchita Mootra , Shilajit acts as Basti Shoola Hara (Alleviates Pain in Bladder region). Ashmari (Urinary Calculus) also can cause pain in Basti Pradesha (Bladder region). Shilajit does Ashmari Bhedana (Clearance of Calculus) and reduces Basti shola (Pain in Bladder region). Srotorodha Hara property: [10] Srotorodha means obstruction in a Srotas or a Channel. Clearing the obstruction in the channels and regularizing the movement is considered as Srotorodha Harana . Shilajit is said to be Sroto Rodha Hara . Mootra Vaha Srotas is one of the Srotas and Shilajit helps to relieve the various kinds of obstruction pertaining to Mootra Vaha Srotas . So Shilajit can be helpful in Mootraghatas like Mootragranthi, Vatakundalika, Ashtila, Vatabasti, Mootrajathara and Mootrashmari . Significance of Shilajit in Urinary conditions When we investigate various urinary conditions as per modern medicine, the common urinary problems would be Urinary Tract Infections, Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia, Obstructive Uropathies Urinary calculi, and Renal dysfunctions. Shilajit is known to have certain properties useful in treating urinary disorders based on various scientific studies. Shilajit in Urinary tract infections: [11] UTI is characterized by infection of urinary tract by the microbes. Shilajit is known to have anti-microbial action which might be useful in infections including urinary infections. Shilajit is having diuretic action which is also useful in management of UTI by flushing out microbes, reducing microbial concentration and relieve burning urination. Shilajit in BPH and other Obstructive uropathies: [12,13] Shilajit is known to reduce the size of the hypertrophied prostate gland, relieving pressure on urethra, and improving urine flow. The antiinflammatory property of Shilajit may help reduce inflammation in the prostate, improving urine flow and reducing symptoms like hesitancy and dribbling. Antioxidant property of Shilajit may help protect the prostate from oxidative stress reducing the rise of BPH progression. Action of Shilajit on renal functioning: [14] Shilajit may help increase urine production, reducing fluid retention and alleviating pressure on the kidneys. Shilajit may help protect the kidneys from damage caused by toxins, heavy metals, and other harmful substances. Shilajit may help improve blood flow to the kidneys, ensuring they receive the necessary oxygen and nutrients for optimal function, Shilajit can reduce the risk of kidney stone formation by increasing urine production and improving mineral balance. Shilajit can also help maintain electrolyte balance. Shilajit can also help maintain electrolyte balance, which is essential for proper kidney function. Active compounds in Shilajit , such as fulvic acid, humic acid, and dibenzo-alpha pyrones, contribute to its potential benefits in improving renal function. Shilajit in bladder dysfunction: [15] Shilajit can be effective in various bladder related problems such as incontinence, overactive bladder, interstitial cystitis, neurogenic bladder, and bladder weakness. In case of incontinence and bladder weakness, Shilajit can help to improve bladder tone and strength. Due to its neuroprotective effects, Shilajit can also be effective in neurogenic bladder. The anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial property, and anti-oxidant properties of Shilajit may help to alleviate interstitial cystitis and overactive bladder. These are the potential benefits of Shilajit based on its clinical actions, however more research is needed to confirm its efficacy and optimal dosage. Shilajit Prayoga in Urinary disorders Prayoga Urinary Disorders Textual Reference Ushakadi Gana Kaphamedohara, Ashmari, Mutrakricchra Su.Su 38/37-38 Shilajatu + Ela + Pashanabheda + Pippali, Tandolodaka and Guda Mutrakrichra Mutraghata A.S.Chi 13/7,9

Kiran K. et al. Unveiling the efficacy of Shilajit in Urinary Disorders ISSN: 2456-3110 REVIEW ARTICLE December 2024 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | December 2024 | Vol. 9 | Issue 12 172 Shilajatu + Haritaki + Gokshura + Araghwadha, Pashanabheda, Duralabha Kashaya and Sarkara Mutrakrichra Mutraghata A.S.Chi 13/9 Veerataru Gana Kashaya + Pathadi + Shilajatu and Ghritha preparation . Pittashmari A.S.Chi 13/13 Veeratarugana Kashaya Bhavitha Shilajathu Sevana Ashmari, Mutrasharkara A.S.Chi 13/22 Shilajatu with Eladi Kwatha Mootrakrichra B.R.Mootrakrichra dhikara Shilajatu + Madhu + Sharkara Mootraghata B.R. Mootraghatadhika ra Varuna Ghruta Ashmari B.R Ashmari rogadhikara Shilajatu with Salasaradi Gana Kwatha Madhumeha, Ashmari B.R. Pramehadhikara DISCUSSION There are enough classical references to explain and support the efficacy of Shilajit in various urinary disorders. The multifaceted actions of Shilajit makes it beneficial in multiple Mootra Vikaras . Its adaptogenic, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties make it an excellent solution for various ailments including urinary disorders. Shilajit is often referred to as ‘Sarvaroga Hara’ meaning universal healer due to its broad-spectrum action against various illnesses. Its ability to balance the 3 Doshas earns it the title of Tridosha Hara , making it an invaluable resource for maintaining overall wellbeing. Despite its numerous benefits, Shilajit availability poses a significant challenge in today’s era. The increasing demand, combined with its limited natural occurrence, makes it difficult to source high quality Shilajit . CONCLUSION The extensive classical references, multi-faceted actions, and balancing effect of Shilajit on the three Doshas solidify its position as a valuable remedy for urinary disorders and overall health. Shilajit can be a preferrable choice of drug in various urinary conditions. However, addressing the challenge of its availability is crucial to harnessing its full potential. The significance of Shilajit in urinary disorders is rooted in its unique composition, traditional Ayurvedic applications and scientific evidences. Further research is warranted to fully elucidate its mechanisms of action and potential therapeutic applications. REFERENCES 1 Pandey G, Chunekar K. Bhavaprakasha Nighantu. 2015. Shilajit. p. 345. 2 Ghosal S, Lal J, Singh SK, Goel RK, Jaiswal AK, Bhattacharya SK. The core structure of shilajit humus. Indian J Chem. 1991;30 B:273-276. 3 Bhavamishra. Bhavaprakasha Nighantu. In: Chunekar KC, editor. Bhavaprakasha Nighantu of Bhavamishra. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Bharati Academy; 2003. p. 227- 228. 4 Kumar A, Singh RK, Shukla S, et al. Shilajit: A review of its adaptogenic and anti-inflammatory properties. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2019;10(2):1-8. 5 Dwivedi A, Sahu R, Dhakad PK, et al. Tridosha hara: The balancing effect of Shilajit. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2020;11(1):1-8. 6 Trikamji B, Kumar R, Sharma M. Shilajit: A universal healer. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2019;10(1):1-6. 7 Agnivesha, Charaka, Dridhabala. Charaka Samhita, Sutrasthana. In: Sharma PV, editor. Charaka Samhita. Varanasi: Chaukambha Orientalia; 2001. p. 157. 8 Sushruta. Sushruta Samhita, Sutrasthana. In: Bhishagratna KK, editor. Sushruta Samhita. Varanasi: Chaukambha Orientalia; 2002. p. 211. 9 Bhavamishra. Bhavaprakasha Nighantu, Guduchyadi Varga. In: Chunekar KC, editor. Bhavaprakasha Nighantu

Kiran K. et al. Unveiling the efficacy of Shilajit in Urinary Disorders ISSN: 2456-3110 REVIEW ARTICLE December 2024 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | December 2024 | Vol. 9 | Issue 12 173 of Bhavamishra. Varanasi: Chaukambha Bharati Academy; 2003. p. 228. 10 Chakrapanidatta. Chakradatta, Siddhisthana. In: Yadavji T, editor. Chakradatta of Chakrapanidatta. Mumbai: Jaikrishnay Ayurveda Granthamala; 2007. p. 312. 11 Agarwal SP, Khanna R, Karmarkar R, Anwer T, Khar R. Shilajit: A review. Phytother Res. 2007;21(5):401-405. doi:10.1002/ptr.2101. 12 Chaurasia S, Sharma R, Singh S. Evaluation of Shilajit in the management of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Ayu. 2012;33(3):372-377. doi:10.4103/0974-8520.108822. 13 Kumar A, Kumar V, Mahdi F, Mahdi AA. Shilajit attenuates oxidative stress and inflammatory response in experimental obstructive uropathy. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2017;8(3):151-158. doi:10.1016/j.jaim.2016.11. 005. 14 Ghosal S, Kumar A, Srivastava R. Shilajit-induced increase in urinary magnesium and phosphorus excretion in rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 2006;107(2):249- 253. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2006.03.005. 15 Kumar V, Kumar A, Mahdi F, Mahdi AA. Shilajit protects against cyclophosphamide-induced bladder dysfunction in rats. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2018;9(3):151-158. doi:10.1016/j.jaim.2017.06.004. ******************************* How to cite this article: Kiran K, Vijayendra G. Bhat. Unveiling the efficacy of Shilajit in Urinary Disorders: A Conceptual Review. J Ayurveda Integr Med Sci 2024;12:167-173. http://dx.doi.org/10.21760/jaims.9.12.20 Source of Support: Nil, Conflict of Interest: None declared. Copyright © 2024 The Author(s); Published by Maharshi Charaka Ayurveda Organization, Vijayapur (Regd). This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and perform the work and make derivative works based on it only for non-commercial purposes, provided the original work is properly cited

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