Concept of Krimi and its scientific understanding

[Find the meaning and references behind the names: Shri, June, Priyanka, Abhishek, Anita]

REVIEW ARTICLE June 2023 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | June 2023 | Vol. 8 | Issue 6 158 Concept of Krimi and its scientific understanding Priyanka Bairagi 1 , Abhishek S 2 , Anita Dandappanavar 3 , Abhishek Shukla 4 1,4 Post Graduate Scholar, Dept. of Kaumarabhritya, Shri BMK Ayurved Mahavidyalaya, Belagavi, Karnataka, India. 2 Assistant Professor, Dept. of Kaumarabhritya, BVVS Ayurveda Medical College and Hospital, Bagalkot, Karnataka, India. 3 Assistant Professor, Dept. of Kayachikitsa, BVVS Ayurveda Medical College and Hospital, Bagalkot, Karnataka, India. I NTRODUCTION From very early times it is speculated that diseases may result from invasion of the body by external infectious organisms acknowledged as Krimi . Krimi is a condition, affecting all age groups, but Children are at risk due to their activities such as play and lack of proper personal hygiene. From the children, the entire family may eventually get affected [1] If we consider Drishya Krimi as worms, In India, more than 200 million children are infected with roundworm, hookworm, and whip worm. Hookworm is more prevalent among children in South India [2] According to WHO, 1100 million people were defecating in the open resulting in high levels of Address for correspondence: Dr. Abhishek S Assistant Professor, Dept. of Kaumarabhritya, BVVS Ayurveda Medical College and Hospital, Bagalkot, Karnataka, India. E-mail: drabhishek.kb@gmail.com Submission Date: 13/04/2023 Accepted Date: 18/05/2023 Access this article online Quick Response Code Website: www.jaims.in DOI: 10.21760/jaims.8.6.26 environmental contamination and exposure to the risk of worm infestations in year 2008 [3] Samhitakaras were well aware regarding the presence of microorganisms and have given maximum descriptive contributions. As mentioned in Shabdakalpadruma , Krimi is derived as “ Bhrame Samprasarane Cha ” means which moves with Pada or legs (podia) [4] Parvata, Vana, Oushadhi, Pashu , Apshu etc are the areas of Krimi origin according to Veda [5] Krimi derived from Dhatu “Kunja Himsayam” which literary means either to produce fatal effects or to destroy [6] Charaka informed one of the factors for Krimi production in the body is Kleda [7] As in contemporary science there is separate branch of helminthology and microbiology but in Ayurveda the word Krimi is for all worm and microbes either it is visible or invisible. It is very important to understand the term Krimi and step by step management of Krimiroga especially in children in proper way designated by text of Ayurveda as it is not well established practically. Classification of Krimi Atharva Veda divided the Krimi into 2 classifications, from which one is Drishta and Adrishta and the second A B S T R A C T The term Krimi is frequently used in ancient Ayurveda classics from the Vedic period. In The etiology of many diseases, microbial relation played very important role and it is also a causative factor for various pathological condition like weight loss, Anemia, Vomiting, Headache etc. The Krimi may be external or internal in nature. Their mode of transmission, sign, symptoms are almost same as worm and microbes in contemporary science. They had given the description of structure, Naming of Krimi as far as possible. The Krimi described in ancient text are more or less similar to microbes and helminths mentioned in present time. The term Krimi has been used in broader sense. It indicates all pathogenic and non pathogenic organisms covering wide range of infectious pathogens. Ayurveda has advised specific drugs for specific Krimi . Here an effort has been made to understand the Krimi in all the ways possible. Key words: Krimi, Worm, Microbes, Helminthes, Abhyantara Krimi, Bahya Krimi

[Find the meaning and references behind the names: Yuka, Flora, Mala, Rasa, Honey]

Priyanka Bairagi et al. Concept of Krimi and its scientific understanding ISSN: 2456-3110 REVIEW ARTICLE June 2023 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | June 2023 | Vol. 8 | Issue 6 159 is Durnama and Sunama Krimi , which may be accepted as visible, invisible, pathogenic and non-pathogenic [8] Acharya Charaka classified Krimi into two broad groups i.e., Sahaja and Vaikarika . (Table. 1 & 2) Table 1: Krimi classification Sahaja Krimi / Avaikarika Krimi Vaikarika Krimi Live in human body right from birth until death Live in human body not from birth Not harmful but are helpful to human body Harmful or cause disease or deformity in body Numerous in number live in the buccal cavity, alimentary tract as well as in vaginal canal of female as a normal bacterial flora. Pathogenic in nature Table 2: Classification of Vaikarika Krimi Bahya Krimi (Charaka and Vagbhata ) Abhyantara Krimi (Sushruta ) 1) Yuka 2) Pippilika Adrishya Drishya Raktaja - 6 Kaphaja - 7 Purishaja - 5 Keshada Antrada Kakeruka Lomada Udarada Makeruka Lomadvipa Hridyachara Leliha Sourasa Churu Sashulaka Audambara Darbhapushpa Sausurada Jantumatra Saugandhika Mahaguda Nidana Nidanas for Krimi Utpatti are Mandagni , Dosha Vriddhi, Sankotha and Sankleda of Mala and suitable environment for growth and development of Krimi . “ Mrija Barjana ” means unhygienic and dirty habits produces the Bahya Krimi [9] Ajeernabhojana , regular intake of Madhura and Amla Rasa, consumption of Drava substances, Guda , Virudhha Bhojana , Some physical factors like Divaswapna and Avyayama are the common causative factors for Abhyantar Krimi [10] Vishista Nidanas are Dugdha, Guda , Tila, Matsya, Anupa Mamsa , undercooked, incompatible and unwholesome articles for Kaphaja Krimi [11] Susruta mentioned Vidala, Parnasaka , Masa , Pistanna etc. for Purisaja Krimi [12] and Incompatible food and vegetables, change from cold to hot and vice versa, sudden change of diet, improper Santarpana and Apatarpana , excessive use of honey and molasses, fish, Lakucha , Chilichima fish with curd, sour berry, Kulattha , Masa , suppressing the urge of vomiting etc. helps the production of Raktaja Krimi same as the etiology of Kustha [13] All the above said factors provide an appropriate environment for the worms to manifest and infest causing serious health hazards. Samprapti Explained in Fig. 1 Samanya Lakshana General sign and symptoms of Krimi Roga is described in Samhitas include Jvara (fever), Vivarnata (skin

[Find the meaning and references behind the names: Heart, Flower]

Priyanka Bairagi et al. Concept of Krimi and its scientific understanding ISSN: 2456-3110 REVIEW ARTICLE June 2023 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | June 2023 | Vol. 8 | Issue 6 160 discoloration), Sula (acute pain in abdomen), Hridroga , Bhrama (vertigo), Bhaktadwesa (anorexia), Atisara (diarrhea) Sadana (malaise) and Chhardi (vomiting) [14] Vishesha Lakshana Lakshanas are explained in Table. 3 Table 3: Lakshanas of Krimi Bahya Krimi 1) Yuka Krimi which mixes with the colour of hair and cloth and creates disease condition. 2) Lakshyate - Leeksha Eggs of “ Yuka ” and people can also see it on the hair and cloths. Sleshmaja Krimi Antrad Eats Intestine and destroyer of Intestine. Hrudayadah Responsible for heart disease. Udaradaha Lives in abdomen. Charuhu Steals digested food and also takes Rasadi Dhatu or Krimi which creates Avipaka and Arochaka . Sougandhika Have specific odour and spreads specific smell. Darbhapushp a Have shape like flower. Mahapushpa Found in large number like the flower of “ Aparajita ” Praluna Have segmented body (like flat worms). Chipita Very small in size and flat. Daruna Create excessive pain. Udaraveshta Produced in stomach and covered by abdomen. Raktaja Krimi Keshada Catch the hair of scalp and destroy it. Lomada Destroys skin hair. Lomadvipa Lives in the root of skin hair. Saurasa Born and grow due to excessive use of sweet food Udumbara Have shape and color like fruit of Udumbar or Krimi which overcome the hollow space of blood vessels and create very much noise Romada Destroys the skin hair. Nakhada Creates the pathologies of nail which can also destroy the nail bed. Dantada Causes dental disorders (caries). Kikkisa Specifically found in pregnant lady and create itching and scars on lower abdomen. Kushthaja Create skin diseases. Parisarpa The crippling movement of Krimi . Matara Have capacity of producing eggs excessively Pureeshaj a Krimi Kakeruka Highly motile in nature. Makeruka Takes shape of Mudrika . Sausurada Shelters on Madya etc. Fermented materials. Leliha Continuously licks (feeds) and consumes the Dhatus (nutrients). Sashoolaka Produce pain in host. Kipya Grows by consuming Sarira Dathus (nutrients). Chipya Chipatakara - flat. Gandupada Resembles earthworm. Churu Consumes formed Rasadi Dhatus . Dwimukha One which has 2 faces (mouth/suckers)

[Find the meaning and references behind the names: Guna, Main, Sun]

Priyanka Bairagi et al. Concept of Krimi and its scientific understanding ISSN: 2456-3110 REVIEW ARTICLE June 2023 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | June 2023 | Vol. 8 | Issue 6 161 Chikitsa Chikitsa of Krimiroga , in almost all Samhitas is much emphasized and advised systematically. In Atharva Veda, Sunrays are considered to kill the Krimi . Now a day it is proved that sun rays contain ultra violet radiations which have the properties to kill the bacteria. In Vedas , the reference of Agni is found for the treatment of Krimi . According to Acharya Kashyapa (Ka.Chi.Krimichikitsa) 1) सर्वकृमीन् प्रणुदति र्ज्रो मुक्त इर्ासुरान्तिक्तोष्णकटुरूक्षाणाां मूत्राणाां लर्णस्य चस्नेहस्वेदोपसेर्ा च पथ्यां च कृतमनाशने | For destruction of Krimi , use of Tikta , Katu , Ruksha , Mutra , Lavana , Snehana , Swedana should be done. 2) प्रत्युष्णां कटुिैलां िु गुदे दत्त्वा ससैन्धर्म् स्वेदयेद् गुदमङ्गल्या िथाऽऽशु लभिे सुखम् | Application of lukewarm mustard oil + Saindhava in Guda Pradesha , followed by Anguli Sweda this gives immediate relief to the child. After considering different classics for the treatment, following treatment principle of Charaka can be adopted. 3 Aspects of Krimi Chikitsa - Apakarshana, Prakruti Vighata, Nidana Parivarjana 1. Apakarshana The word Apakarshana derived as “ Krush Vilekhane Dhatus ”, It means to scratch or remove or extracted the Dosha , Mala or unwanted elements forcefully from the body. Apakarshana of Krimi includes the manual and instrumental removal of Krimi where it is applicable. Apakarshana of the Bahyakrimi by manual method. Apakarshana of Abhayantara Krimi is explained in Table. 4 Table 4: Apakarshana Shirovirechana ( Pradhaman , Pratimarsha and Avapidananasya ) Effect over the mucosa Stimulates the nerve ending. With the Katu Tikta Rasa and Ushna Guna , the Krimi as well as Doshas are driven off by Shirovirechana . Vamana Amashaya - seat for production of Kapha When it is vitiated, it produces Kaphajavikara as well as Kaphajakrimi , for its elimination Vamana therapy is applicable. Virechana Pachayamanashaya / Pakvashaya - main seat for acting Virechana drug. When Krimi is in Pachyamanashay a the method of Apakarshana is Virechana with the Krimighna drug having the capacity to do Virechana . Asthapana Basti The active principles or the medicine will directly reach at the site of Krimi 1) Kriminashano Vidangaadya Prasritko Niruha (As.S.K.4) 2) Kriminashano Niruha Yoga ( Chakrapani ) 3) Dashmooladi Niruha Basti (Su.Chi.38/64-66) 4) Krimi Kusthaapaha Prasritiko Niruha Basti (As.S.K.4) Kashayadravya i.e., contents of Asthapanabasti has Karshan Guna and they the growth of Krimi and its activities. 2. Prakriti Vighatana Prakriti = Utpadakakarana. Vighata = to destroy. That is any measures which will be successful against the infestation and reinfestation of Krimi. After doing Samshodhan Chikitsa , if their Prakriti is not altered, the disease will occur again.

[Find the meaning and references behind the names: Dhanya, Megha, Sara, Daiva, Ama, Puja]

Priyanka Bairagi et al. Concept of Krimi and its scientific understanding ISSN: 2456-3110 REVIEW ARTICLE June 2023 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | June 2023 | Vol. 8 | Issue 6 162 Having Vitiated Kapha - Agnimandya - formation of Ama = formation of Kaphajakrimi . During Sara Kitta Vibhajan if Vijatiya portion ( Kittabhaga ) due to any reason accumulates in Pakwashaya , Kotha (Putrefaction) - formation of Pureeshajakrimi . [Here Pureesh = act as its Prakriti ] That’s why Charakacharya has advised to make use of Dravyas which possess the opposite properties to that of Kapha and Purisha for Prakritivighata which is mentioned in Table. 5 Table 5: Prakriti Vighatana Swarasa Palashabeeja with rice water, Paribhadra Patra with honey, Karanjatwak , Sireesa, Apamarga, Surasadi group medicines Churna Palashabeeja, Vidanga, Kampillaka, Yavani, Ativisa, Maricha, Vachadi, Nimba, Bhoonimba Churna, Vidangaadi Churna, Krimighna Churna Kwatha Triphala, Vidanga, Dadimatwak, Surasadi, Khadiradi, Kharjurapatra, Mustadi, Bhoonimbadi Kwath. Kalka Nimba Kalka, Vidanga - Pippali Kalka etc Avaleha Pippalyadi, Paribhadra Avaleha. Asava and Arista Vidangarista, Khadirarista. Taila Surasadi Taila, Vidangadi Taila, Bhallataka Taila, Dhatura Taila, Katu Taila. Ghrita Vidanga Ghrita, Triphala Ghrita. Yoga Vidangadi Takra Yoga, Surasadiganayoga, Vidanga Bhallataka Yoga, Katukavidanga Yoga etc Gutika Krumighatini Gutika, Lakshadivati. Khanda Haridrakhanda Rasa Krimimudgara Rasa, Krimi Kuthara Rasa, Vidangadi Loha, Krimikalanala Rasa. Peya Vidangadi Peya. Manda Vidangadi Manda. Dhoopa Krimighna Maheshwara Dhoopa, Lakshadi Dhoopa Bhasm Lohabhasma, Vangabhasma Daiva Vyapashraya Chikitsa Mantra, Japa, Puja etc., are included and the natural substances like Maruta, Jala, Megha are praised to destroy worms. 3. Nidana Parivarjana It is followed after Prakruti Vighata . The factors told as Nidana and Dravya similar to the qualities of Nidana should be discarded or avoided from the usage, explained in Table. 6 [13] Table. 6: Nidana Parivarjana Pathya Ahara Kasaya, Katu and Tikta Rasatmaka Herbs Patola, Rasona, Amalaki, Paribhadra, Sarsapa , fruit of Brihati , Vidanga , Tambula , Haridra etc. Shakha Karavellaka , Nimbapatra . Cereals Raktashali Dhanya , Kulattha Taila Til and Sarshapa Taila . Kshara Kulattha & Yava Kshara . Apathya Ahara Avoid diet articles of Madhura and Amla Rasa . Plant products Parnasaka , Masha , Guda . Animal products Eight types of milk, curd, ghee etc. Food regimen Ajirna, Virudha, Asatmyabhojan and Adhyasana . Vihara Having Day sleep & holding of natural urges like Nausea, vomiting etc. DISCUSSION The word Krimi broadly described. From the Vedic period its existence was felt. But details of it is somewhat found in later period. In modern science due

[Find the meaning and references behind the names: Sarkar, Med, Good]

Priyanka Bairagi et al. Concept of Krimi and its scientific understanding ISSN: 2456-3110 REVIEW ARTICLE June 2023 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | June 2023 | Vol. 8 | Issue 6 163 to invention of microscope the study of microbes become easy. Among the two types of Krimi - Drishya and Adrisya , the Adrishya one is Anumangamya . The three types of Rogipariksha mentioned in Ayurvedic text among which Anumana is used for Adrishya Krimi . Medical microbiology is the study of microbes, which are invisible to the unaided eye, includes bacteria, protozoa, algae, fungi and acellular agents like viruses. Whereas Medical parasitology deals with parasites includes unicellular protozoans and multicellular helminthes. But in Ayurveda single terminology Krimi includes both macro and micro organisms. The correlation of the Krimi with microbes and parasites depend upon their habitat, available morphological character along with sign and symptoms they produce in host. Individual probable correlation of all the Krimi with microorganisms is quite difficult but some of the Krimi produce similar features like microbes and parasites. Few attempts had been made by Ayurvedic scholars to correlate the types of Abhyantara Krimi with parasites and other microorganisms described in modern literature. Bahya Krimi, Yuka can be compared with louse (head, body, pubic) and eggs of louse which stick to the root of hair. Raktaja Krimi are those which reside and travel in Raktavaha Sira and Dhamani , they are very minute, without legs, coppery colour, can’t visualized by naked eye and produce Kustha like diseases, Nakha , Loma Dhwamsa, Brana, Twak, Sira, Snayu, Tarunasthi Bhakshana etc. Here some examples of microbes in blood stream which produce similar feature in body. Bacteria - Staphylococcus, Streptococcus Pyogens, Beta Streptococcus Haemolyticus . Fungi - Epidermophytes, Candida albicans, Tinea corporis, Tinea imbricata, Tinea cruris, Tinea barbae, Tinea capitis. Parasites - Plasmodium, Trypanosomes, Wuchereria. The Kaphaja Krimi resides in upper part of gut, but when increases in numbers travel through both direction of gut. They have different shapes like thick, flat, elongated, rounded, ring like etc. and produce nausea, salivation, anorexia, indigestion, fever, syncope, vomiting, emaciation etc. The following parasites can be compared with Kaphaja Krimi . Parasite - Ancylostoma duodenale, Taenia solium,Taenia saginata, Trichinella spiralis, Ascaris lumbricoides Purisaja Krimi lives in lower gut but when increase in numbers travels through upper and lower part of gut. Their size varies from microscopic to macroscopic and produces clinical features like diarrhea, emaciation, pallor, horripilation, perianal itching etc. The following organisms may be the probable correlation of Purisaja Krimi . Bacteria - Vibrio cholera, E.coli, Salmonella, Shigella. Virus - Rota virus, Astro virus, Adeno virus, Norwalk virus. Fungi - Candida albicans. Parasites - Trichuris trichiura, Enterobius vermicularis, Giardia lambia, Balantidium coli. CONCLUSION Worm infestation is very common in paediatric age group. According to Chakrapani “ Atra Samshodhanam Apaharanam Samshamanam Vighataha Nidanavarjanam Tu Sabdhen Api Samaanam ” Samshodhana (elimination therapies) for the removal, Samshamana (alleviation) is for the measures of counteracting the factors responsible for the treatment of Krimi and the third principle i.e., Nidanaparivarjana (avoidance of causative factors) for prevention of further infection. Chikitsa is the one which helps to destroy the causes and pathogenesis of the disease completely. While explaining Chikitsa of Krimi , Acharyas given a systematic approach so that it can remove the pathology in a full-fledged form. The mode of treatment told is also helpful to overcome the further infections or the other diseases can cause by different types of Krimi . So, it can be understood that the Kramanusaraprayoga of Thrividhachikitsa here is good in both preventive and curative aspects. REFERENCES 1 Sarkar M. Personal hygiene among primary school children living in a slum of Kolkata, India. J Prev Med Hyg 2013;54:153-8 2 Sitotaw B, Mekuriaw H, Damtie D. Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections and associated risk factors

[Find the meaning and references behind the names: Nil, Dev, Prakashan]

Priyanka Bairagi et al. Concept of Krimi and its scientific understanding ISSN: 2456-3110 REVIEW ARTICLE June 2023 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | June 2023 | Vol. 8 | Issue 6 164 among Jawi primary school children, Jawi Town, North- West Ethiopia. BMC Infect Dis 2019;19:341 3 WHO. Mortality and burden of disease 2010, World Health Statistics 4 Dev RK. Shabdakalpadruma. Vol. – 2. Varanasi: Chaukhamba Sanskrit Series Office; 1967. P. 178. 5 Shastri RG. Vedomain Ayurved. Delhi: Jamna Printing Works; 1956. P. 49.4) Kantadev R. Shabdhakalpadruma, 3 rd edition, Chaukhambha Sanskrit Series Office, Varanasi, 1967; 178. 6 Kantadev R. Shabdhakalpadruma, 3 rd edition, Chaukhambha Sanskrit Series Office, Varanasi, 1967; 178. 7 Tripathy BN. Charaka Samhita. Vol. – 1 (Sutra Sthana). Varanasi: Chaukhamba Surbharati Publication; 2013. P. 340. 8. Shastri RG. Vedomain Ayurved. Delhi: Jamna Printing Works; 1956. P. 55 . 9 Tripathy BN. Charaka Samhita. Vol. -1 (Vimana Sthana). Varanasi: Chaukhamba Surbharati Publication; 2013. P. 711. 15. 10 Tripathy BN. Madhava Nidanam (Roga Viniscaya, Madhukosa). Vol. – I. Varanasi: Chaukhamba Surbharati Prakashan; 2014. P. 303. 16. 11 Tripathy BN. Charaka Samhita. Vol. -1 (Vimana Sthana). Varanasi: Chaukhamba Surbharati Publication; 2013. P. 713. 17. 12 Shastri AD. Susruta Samhita. Vol. – II. Varanasi: Chaukhamba Sankrit Sansthan; 2001. P.400. 18. 13 Tripathy BN. Charaka Samhita. Vol. -1 (Vimana Sthana). Varanasi: Chaukhamba Surbharati Publication; 2013. P. 712 14 Tripathy BN. Madhava Nidanam (Roga Viniscaya, Madhukosa). Vol. – I. Varanasi: Chaukhamba Surbharati Prakashan; 2014. P. 304. ******************************* How to cite this article: Priyanka Bairagi, Abhishek S, Anita Dandappanavar, Abhishek Shukla. Concept of Krimi and its scientific understanding. J Ayurveda Integr Med Sci 2023;06:158-164. http://dx.doi.org/10.21760/jaims.8.6.26 Source of Support: Nil, Conflict of Interest: None declared. Copyright © 2023 The Author(s); Published by Maharshi Charaka Ayurveda Organization, Vijayapur (Regd). This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and perform the work and make derivative works based on it only for non-commercial purposes, provided the original work is properly cited

Other Health Sciences Concepts:

[back to top]

Discover the significance of concepts within the article: ‘Concept of Krimi and its scientific understanding’. Further sources in the context of Health Sciences might help you critically compare this page with similair documents:

Sushruta-samhita, Atharvaveda, Adrishta, Vaidya, Varanasi, Krimi, Drishta, Samanyalakshana, Charakasamhita, Apakarshana, Amlarasa, Madhukosha, Visheshalakshana, Madhurarasa, Rogavinishcaya, Krimiroga, Abhishek, Krimichikitsa, Source of support, Scientific understanding, Kaphaja Krimi, Raktaja Krimi, Conflict of interest, Drishta and adrishta, Nidana Parivarjana, Prakriti Vighata, Bahya Krimi, Abhyantara Krimi, Vaikarika Krimi, Open access article, Creative Commons Attribution, Chaukhamba Surbharati Prakashan, Creative Commons Attribution License, Chaukhamba Sanskrit Sansthan, Drishya Krimi, Purisaja Krimi.