A compilation of herbal drugs processing Vishanut (Anti-toxicity) properties...

[Full title: A compilation of herbal drugs processing Vishanut (Anti-toxicity) properties as stated in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu]

REVIEW ARTICLE January 2023 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | January 2023 | Vol. 8 | Issue 1 126 A compilation of herbal drugs processing Vishanut (Anti-toxicity) properties as stated in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu Soubhagya R. Sarashetti Professor & HOD, Department of Agadatantra, SMVVs RKM AMCH & PGRC, Vijayapura, Karnataka, India. I NTRODUCTION Visha : the one which pervade the whole body immediately after ingestion [4] In classics there are certain Kashta Aushadhas, Rasa Aushadhas that may produce Vishokta Lakshana. Vishokta Lakshanas may be produced because of the Bheshaja which is used in the form of Apakva, Ashudha, Atimatra, Adhika Kala etc. Simultaneously to pacify this, treatment is given for the same. We are also having references which is noticed by the bite of different poisonous animals like Alarka, Luta, Vrischika, Mushika, Sarpa etc. Dravyas which pacify these Vishokta Lakshanas in the form of Address for correspondence: Dr. Soubhagya R. Sarashetti Professor & HOD, Department of Agadatantra, SMVVs RKM AMCH & PGRC, Vijayapura, Karnataka, India. E-mail: drsoubhagyashetty 76@gmail.com Submission Date: 16/11/2022 Accepted Date: 23/12/2022 Access this article online Quick Response Code Website: www.jaims.in Published by Maharshi Charaka Ayurveda Organization, Vijayapur, Karnataka (Regd) under the license CC-by-NC-SA internal, Lepa, Anjana, Nasya, Dhuma etc. are beneficial. A physician or practitioner knows various treatment modalities in different diseases. It is necessary to know which Aushadha is to be given or Chikitsa to be done to pacify the Vishokta Lakshana. [5] Hence, Acharya Bhavaprakasha has explained certain Dravyas with Vishanut properties, which can be used to treat the poisonous effects. Vishanut Dravyas according to Bhavaprakasha [6] Chandana, Shankhapushpi, Yashtimadhu, Kumari, Katuparni, Moksha, Kasamarda, Kundam, Kasturi, Sthoola Ela, Renuka, Trayamana, Rakta shali, Rasanjana. M ATERIALS AND M ETHODS Drug name Properties Chemistry Uses Chandana [7] Cooling, drying, bitter in taste, pleasing and is light in action. Heart wood and roots contain tannins, ketosantalic acid, exonorbicyclockas antalal. Leaves contain wax, Sandal wood oil is given internally to relieve burning micturation. A B S T R A C T The foundation of Ayurveda is based on 8 branches and in those one of the divisions is Agada Tantra or Visha Tantra. Visha Tantra means- "Vishopashamanee Tu Ya Saa Kriya". [1] So, it is the science dealing with anti-poisonous measures. We come across 24 such measures, [2] among them Aushadha / Dravya are having greater importance in the treatment of Visha . While explaining certain Dravyas we come across the terminologies such as Vishanut, [3] Vishapaham, Vishanashana, Vishajit etc. to explain their Vishaghna properties. Vishanut refers to "Visham Nudati Doorikaroti" (shabda chandrika) - that which pacify Vishokta Laxanas. Here, we are concentrating only on Vishanut Dravyas according to Bhavaprakasha Nighantu . Key words: Visha Tantra, Visha, Aushadhi Dravyas, Vishanut Dravyas, Anti-toxicity.

Soubhagya R. Sarashetti. A compilation of herbal drugs processing Vishanut (Anti-toxicity) properties ISSN: 2456-3110 REVIEW ARTICLE January 2023 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | January 2023 | Vol. 8 | Issue 1 127 It cures tiresomen ess, wasting, poisonous effects, Kapha diseases, thirst, haemorrh ages and burning sensation. betulinic acid, beta sitosterol, glucose, fructose and sucrose The paste when applied cures itching, excess sweating and pimples. Relieves burning sensation in herpetic lesions Shankhapus hpi [8] Laxative, braintonic, aphrodisia c and cures psychologi cal diseases. It is astringent in taste, hot in potency, acts as a tissue vitalizer, boosts memory power, promotes lustre and vigour and is an appetizer. It alleviates, diseases of three doshas, epilepsy, evil spirits, poverty, skin diseases, worm infestation and poisonous effects. Shankhapushpine, sitisterol, kaempferol, nhexacosanol Considered by Charaka as the best brain tonic in the form of paste of the whole plant. Solid extract used to promote sleep in anxiety neurosis. Juice or paste is given in distension and constipation . Yashtimadh u [9] Yashti is cooling, heavy to digest, sweet in taste, good for eyes, provides strength, promotes complexio n. It enhance secretions in the body, and increases the quantity of semen. It is a hair tonic, improves voice and reduces the problems of Pitta, Vata and Rakta . It cures the inflammat ory edema, poisonous effects, vomitings, thirst, tiresomen ess and wasting Glycyrrhizin - a mixture of potassium and calcium salts of glycyrrhizic acid, glabranin A and B, glycyrrhetol glabrolide, iroglabrolide, iroflavones like formononetin, glabrone, commarins like herniarine, umbelliferone, triterpene sterols like onocerin, beta - amyrin, stigmasterol. Decoction is used with butter milk in peptic ulcers to heal them up. Powder with honey is used as a brain tonic. Powder is used in all types of respiratory tract diseases Kumari [10] Aloe - expels out hard faeces, cold in potency, bitter and sweet in taste, good for vision, Hydroxy anthraquinone derivatives i.e., aloin and 7 hydroxyaloin isomers. Aloe emodin, chrysophanol, chromone derivatives i.e., aloeresin B, with Used as fresh juice or dried powder in Amenorrho ea, anaemia and constipation . Used as a laxative in small doses

Soubhagya R. Sarashetti. A compilation of herbal drugs processing Vishanut (Anti-toxicity) properties ISSN: 2456-3110 REVIEW ARTICLE January 2023 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | January 2023 | Vol. 8 | Issue 1 128 nourishing , acts as a tonic, aphrodisia c and cures the effects of Vata and poisons. It cures intestinal growths, spleen and liver problems, fever due to Kapha , glandular enlargeme nts, burns, eruptive skin diseases, diseases due to Pitta and Rakta and skin diseases. its P - coumaryl derivatives, aloe resins A and C and the aglycone aloesone. and in jaundice. Externally applied as a moisturizing agent and highly useful in burns and scalds. Katuparni [11 ] This is purgative, bitter, removes the hardness of the faeces and gastric irritant. It brings relief from worms, itching sensation, poisonous effects, distension of abdomen, diseases due to Kapha, Pitta and Phenolic compounds Latex is used as a purgative in ascites and other hapatobiliary conditions. Externally the latex is applied on inflammator y edema. Rakta and skin diseases Moksha [12] It is pungent and bitter in taste, hot in potency, absorbent, cures the diseases of Kapha and Vata , alleviates poisons, body fats, intestinal growths itching, diseases of bladder, worm infestation and is antiviral. Mannitol, fructose and digalactoside - swietenose, bark and leaves contain tannins Ghee prepared with the root of Mokshaka is useful in Kushta . Alkali or ash prepared from plant is considered the best. Bark is used as astringent and antiedemat ous. In unconscious ness, leaves are used for fumigation. Kasamarda [ 13] The leaves of Kasamard a are sweet in taste, promote taste perception , aphrodisia c, pacify cough, poisonous effects, diseases of Rakta, Kapha and Vata , act as digestant and clear voice. The leaves are particularl y useful in Cassiolin, chrysophanol, emodol, anthraquinones, phytosterol, physcion, occidentol 1 and 2, dianthronic heteroside, seeds - emodin, toxalbumin and chrysorobin Leaf juice is given with honey in all types of cough. Decoction of the entire plant is laxative. Leaf paste is applied externally in inflammator y edema

Soubhagya R. Sarashetti. A compilation of herbal drugs processing Vishanut (Anti-toxicity) properties ISSN: 2456-3110 REVIEW ARTICLE January 2023 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | January 2023 | Vol. 8 | Issue 1 129 cough, control Pitta , absorb water and are light in action. Kundam [14] Kundam is cold in potency, light in action and cures Kapha diseases, head ache, poisonous effects and vitiated Pitta . Jasmultiside, friedelin, dupeol, betulin, geraniol, farnesol, eugenol, vaniline etc. Flowers and pippali grinded are given in bronchitis. Leaves are made into a poulice and used in non healing ulcer. Kasturi [15] It is pungent and bitter in taste, has Kshara property, hot in potency increases semen and is heavy. It eliminates Kapha, Vata, poisonous effects, vomiting, cold, bad smell of the body and tuberculos is. Ammonia, oleine, cholesterin, fat, wax, muscone, steroids etc. Acts as Nadi Balya, Mastishka Dourbalya and Aakshephar a . Sthula Ela [16] This drug is pungent in taste and post digestive effect, Cineol and terpenenes are present. It's hot infusion is gargled to relieve gum diseases. Its seed increases Vata and is light in action. It is drying hot in potency and cures Kapha diseases, haemorrh ages, itching sensation, dyspnoea and thirst. It subsides regurgitati on, poisonous effects and diseases of urinary bladder, oral cavity and upper clavicular areas. It controls vomiting and cough. powder is given along with cucumber seed in urinary calculi. Its powder is used to reduce hepatitis. Renuka [17] It is pungent in post digestive effect, pungent and bitter in taste, neither hot nor cold in potency and is light in action. It increases Pitta , acts as an appetizer, brain tonic, Lactones sesquiterpenes, Umbelliprenine terpene alcohol. One among the herbs used for Prayogika Dhumapana , also mentioned in the formulation s such as Mrita Sanjivini Agada.

Soubhagya R. Sarashetti. A compilation of herbal drugs processing Vishanut (Anti-toxicity) properties ISSN: 2456-3110 REVIEW ARTICLE January 2023 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | January 2023 | Vol. 8 | Issue 1 130 digestant and abortifacie nt. It increases Kapha and Vata and reduces thirst. Itching sensation, poisonous effects and burning sensation. Trayamana [ 18] Trayanti is bitter and astringent in taste, laxative, pacify excess Pitta and Kapha and cure fever, cardiac problems, intestinal growths, haemorrh oids, vertigo, colic and poisonous effects. Catapol and aucubin from roots and rhizomes. Trayamana is boiled in milk and given in herpatic lesions. Powder is given with milk in fevers. Powder is given with honey in haemorrhoi ds and hepatomega ly. Rakta Shali [19] Rakta Shali : out of all the varieties of rice, Raktashali is considere d the best. It strengthen s the body, enhances complexio n, pacifies Rich source of antioxidants, iron, magnesium, calcium and zinc. Kritanna Kalpana preparation s can be made out of this drug. all the three Dosas , beneficial for vision, diuretic, improves voice and semen and cures thirst, fever, poisons, ulcers, dysnoea, cough and burning sensation and boosts the digestive capacity. All the other varieties of rice are inferior to it. Rasanjana [2 0] - a solidified water extract of Daru Haridra Rasanjana is pungent and bitter in taste and pacifies Kapha , poisonous effects and eye diseases. It is heat generating , vitalizer, expectora nt and cleanses and heals wound/ulc ers. Berberine, Karachine, Taxilamine, Palmatine, Jatrorrhizine, Oxycanthine. Decoction of Daru Haridra and milk are to be boiled in equal quantity till solidificatio n. Then, that substance is known as Rasanjanam which is very useful for eyes. DISCUSSION Pharmacological actions of the above mentioned drugs are discussed below. Depending upon the Visha

Soubhagya R. Sarashetti. A compilation of herbal drugs processing Vishanut (Anti-toxicity) properties ISSN: 2456-3110 REVIEW ARTICLE January 2023 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | January 2023 | Vol. 8 | Issue 1 131 Laxanas one can use the drugs which reduces the effects of Visha . 1. Chandana: Tannins - non nitrogenous constituents. Astringent and protective to mucous membranes. Betulinic acid - antiinflamatory. Glucose, fructose and sucrose. 2. Shankhapushpi: Antidepressant, carbohydrates. Alkaloid - Shankhapushpin. Sitosterol - acts on radiation induced toxicity. Kaempferol: acts as potent inhibitors of airway inflammation. n - hexacosanol - neurotrophic activities on cultured neurons and to attenuate the degeneration of cholinergic neurons after injury 3. Yashtimadhu: Glacyrrhizin - pharyngeal demulcents - useful in cough due to irritation of the pharyngeal mucosa above the epiglotis. Glabranin - anti-inflammatory, antiallergic and antibacterial. Antitussive and expectorant. Anticoagulant, antiulcer, hepatoprotective and immunomodulator. 4. Kumari : mild laxative - anthraquenone, antioxidant, anti inflamatory, antiseptic, aloin and emodin act as analgesics 5. Katuparni : phenolic compounds act as antimicrobial. 6. Moksha: Mannitol reduces intra cranial and intraocular pressure. Act as anti-glaucoma, promotes the urinary excretion of toxic materials and protects against nephrotoxic. Fructose act as anti-nausea 7. Kasamarda: Chrysophanol - act as hepatoprotective, neuro protective, antiinflammatory, anti-ulcer and anti-microbial. Emodol - Act as analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic etc. Anthraquinones act as anti-bacterial, anti-parasitic, insecticidal, fungicidal, anti-viral and anti-cancer. Phytosterol act as anti-cancer and anti-oxidant. Also has anti-inflammatory action 8. Kundam: Dupeol - anti cancer and antiinflammatory, Betulin - anti-inflammatory, Geraniol - anti oxidant and anti-inflammatory, Eugenol - anti bacterial, anti-fungal and antioxidant 9. Kasturi : used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders, neurological diseases, nausea, bad odor, strengthening cardiac muscles and respiratory diseases. 10. Sthula Ela: Cineol act as anti-inflammatory, Terpenenes act as anti-plasmodial. 11. Renuka: act as anti-inflammatory and antibacterial. 12. Trayamana: Catalpol is effective in Ischemic stroke. Aucubin act as Hepatoprotective, can protect liver from poison. 13. Rakta Shali : helps in regulating insulin level. It also gives pulmonary benefits. 14. Rasanjana : berberine - a natural isoquinoline alkaloid - shown efficacy in the treatment of mood disorders. It modulates neurotransmitters and their receptor system within the central nervous system. CONCLUSION When a person consumes Vishadravya or Visha accidentally or purposely, the main aim is to get rid from the effects of Visha through any of the Chaturvimashati Upakrama. The above discussed drugs can be used to pacify Visha Laxanas , if used by the Yukti of practitioner depending upon the Guna Karma of each Dravyas and thereby it free's from toxic effects. Thus, we can make use of different formulations prepared by the drugs named under Vishanut Dravyas according to Bhavaprakasha . REFERENCES 1 Ayodhya Prasad Achal. Agad Tantra, Text book of ayurveda toxicology, translated and revised by Dr. Jina Pattanaik, Edited by Deepak Yadav Premchand, Chaukhambha surbharati prakashana, Varanasi, p.01. 2 U. R. Sekhar Namburi. A text book of Agada Tantra illustrated, Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthana Varanasi, p.59.

Soubhagya R. Sarashetti. A compilation of herbal drugs processing Vishanut (Anti-toxicity) properties ISSN: 2456-3110 REVIEW ARTICLE January 2023 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | January 2023 | Vol. 8 | Issue 1 132 3 Santosh Neelappa Belawadi, Prativisha and Visha chikitsa in Ayurveda, Vaishnavi Publications Gadag, Karnataka, p.45. 4 U. R. Sekhar Namburi. A text book of Agada Tantra illustrated, Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthana Varanasi, p.06. 5 Santosh Neelappa Belawadi, Prativisha and Visha chikitsa in Ayurveda, Vaishnavi Publications Gadag Karnataka, p.2-3. 6 Santosh Neelappa Belawadi, Prativisha and Visha chikitsa in Ayurveda, Vaishnavi Publications Gadag, Karnataka, p.45. 7 Bhavamishra. Bhavaprakasha, Commentary by Dr. Bulusu Sitaram, Foreward by Prof. K.C.Chunekar, Chaukhambha orientalia, Varanasi, p.195. 8 Bhavamishra. Bhavaprakasha, Commentary by Dr. Bulusu Sitaram, Foreward by Prof. K.C.Chunekar, Chaukhambha orientalia, Varanasi, p.302. 9 Bhavamishra. Bhavaprakasha, Commentary by Dr. Bulusu Sitaram, Foreward by Prof. K.C.Chunekar, Chaukhambha orientalia, Varanasi,p.159. 10 Bhavamishra. Bhavaprakasha, Commentary by Dr. Bulusu Sitaram, Foreward by Prof. K.C.Chunekar, Chaukhambha orientalia, Varanasi,p.289. 11 Bhavamishra. Bhavaprakasha, Commentary by Dr. Bulusu Sitaram, Foreward by Prof. K.C.Chunekar, Chaukhambha orientalia, Varanasi,p.169. 12 Bhavamishra. Bhavaprakasha, Commentary by Dr. Bulusu Sitaram, Foreward by Prof. K.C.Chunekar, Chaukhambha orientalia, Varanasi,p.358. 13 Bhavamishra. Bhavaprakasha, Commentary by Dr. Bulusu Sitaram, Foreward by Prof. K.C.Chunekar, Chaukhambha orientalia, Varanasi,p.455. 14 Bhavamishra. Bhavaprakasha, Commentary by Dr. Bulusu Sitaram, Foreward by Prof. K.C.Chunekar, Chaukhambha orientalia, Varanasi,p.330. 15 Bhavamishra. Bhavaprakasha, Commentary by Dr. Bulusu Sitaram, Foreward by Prof. K.C.Chunekar, Chaukhambha orientalia, Varanasi,p.193. 16 Bhavamishra. Bhavaprakasha, Commentary by Dr. Bulusu Sitaram, Foreward by Prof. K.C.Chunekar, Chaukhambha orientalia, Varanasi,p.208. 17 Bhavamishra. Bhavaprakasha, Commentary by Dr. Bulusu Sitaram, Foreward by Prof. K.C.Chunekar, Chaukhambha orientalia, Varanasi,p.221. 18 Bhavamishra. Bhavaprakasha, Commentary by Dr. Bulusu Sitaram, Foreward by Prof. K.C.Chunekar, Chaukhambha orientalia, Varanasi,p.294. 19 Bhavamishra. Bhavaprakasha, Commentary by Dr. Bulusu Sitaram, Foreward by Prof. K.C.Chunekar, Chaukhambha orientalia, Varanasi,p.428. 20 Bhavamishra. Bhavaprakasha, Commentary by Dr. Bulusu Sitaram, Foreward by Prof. K.C.Chunekar, Chaukhambha orientalia, Varanasi,p.178. ******************************* How to cite this article: Soubhagya R. Sarashetti. A compilation of herbal drugs processing Vishanut (Antitoxicity) properties as stated in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu. J Ayurveda Integr Med Sci 2023;01:126-132. Source of Support: Nil, Conflict of Interest: None declared. Copyright © 2023 The Author(s); Published by Maharshi Charaka Ayurveda Organization, Vijayapur (Regd). This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and perform the work and make derivative works based on it only for non-commercial purposes, provided the original work is properly cited

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