Methods of evaluating Anukta Dravya

REVIEW ARTICLE December 2022 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | December 2022 | Vol. 7 | Issue 11 175 Methods of evaluating Anukta Dravya Rathod Geeta Krishna 1 , Shashidhar P. Naik 2 1 Post Graduate Scholar, Dept. of Dravyaguna, BLDEA’S AVS Ayurveda Mahavidyalaya Vijaypur, Karnataka, India. 2 Vice Principal, Professor and Head, Dept. of Dravyaguna, BLDEA’S AVS Ayurveda Mahavidyalaya Vijaypur, Karnataka, India. I NTRODUCTION Dravyaguna has special emphasis on Ayurveda Shastra . The main aim of Ayurveda is to maintain the health and to cure the disease. This aim is fulfilled only when the drug is studied thoroughly and used appropriately. As the whole Universe ( Bramanda ) is Panchbhautika , and Sharira is also Panchabhautika in the same way all the Dravyas are Panchabhautik and acts as medicine. No single drug in the universe is useless [1] In Khudakchatuspada Adhyaya of Sutra Sthana , Acharya Charaka has described the importance of Bheshaja in the successful management of the disease [2] Literary meaning of word Anukta Address for correspondence: Dr. Rathod Geeta Krishna Post Graduate Scholar, Dept. of Dravyaguna, BLDEA’S AVS Ayurveda Mahavidyalaya Vijaypur, Karnataka, India. E-mail: geetarathod 1199@gmail.com Submission Date: 17/10/2022 Accepted Date: 24/11/2022 Access this article online Quick Response Code Website: www.jaims.in Published by Maharshi Charaka Ayurveda Organization, Vijayapur, Karnataka (Regd) under the license CC-by-NC-SA is न - उक्त i.e., un-said. Nokta or Anuka is a drug which is not included in Ayurvedic Samhita or Nighantus . The term Anukta Dravyas means that the drugs, which are available in the universe, have to be studied in terms of their identification, morphology and provide scientific validation. India has got dense medicinal flora and hundreds of medicinal plants are available which are therapeutically important and those folklore medicines are used in day-to-day life for major and minor ailments are not included in Ayurveda . Therefore, it is necessary to identify, name these plants and then analyze them scientifically in terms of Rasapanchaka . Simultaneously, the plants should be studied for their chemical composition so that they can be successfully utilized in therapeutics and documented for future reference [3] Need Study of Anukta Dravya helps in achieving many objectives like many important medicinal plants have been red listed and many are on the way. If Anukta Dravyas are studied scientifically and if we find pharmacodynamic properties similar to the drugs which are red listed then this Anukta Dravya is a best substitute for it. A B S T R A C T In Dravyaguna Shastra medicinal plants are documented by means of Rasapanchaka and Karma . Chronological up gradation of medicinal plants has been observed from Vedic Kala to Samhita Kala and up to Nighantu Kala . Still many folklore plants and exotic plants are available in India which have not been mentioned in Ayurvedic Samhitas and Nighantus . Such undocumented or unexplored drugs are known as Anukta Dravya (extra pharmacopeial drugs). It is noted that raw drugs for making good number of formulations are derived from plants. And some plants are fall under endangered category. Because of increased population and over exploitation of drugs, habitat degradation is going on. Earth is losing at least one potential major drug every two years. Pandit Narahari author of Raja Nighantu has provided criteria for nomenclature of undocumented drugs. Acharya Charaka has explained guidelines for drug standardization in Viamana Sthana . If these methods are followed to study Anukta Draya along with modern parameters of Pharmacognosy will provide new ways to preserve some endangered species by adapting tissue culture technique. Additional activity can be explored by screening the drugs. And at the end the Standardized drug can be added in API Monograph. Key words: Anukta Dravya, Extra pharmacopeial drugs, Undocumented, Unexplored

Rathod Geeta Krishna et al. Methods of evaluating Anukta Dravya ISSN: 2456-3110 REVIEW ARTICLE December 2022 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | December 2022 | Vol. 7 | Issue 11 176 Ethno-medicine is a study of traditional medicine practiced by various ethnic groups. Charaka clearly states that information about unknown drugs should be collected from forest dwellers, shepherds tribes etc. This will expand the knowledge of herbs [4] To find new molecule in the plant. Explore the floras in the world. अनेनउपदेशेन नानौषधिभूतंजगधत धिधित्द्रव्यं उपलभ्यते तां तां युक्तिमर्थं च तं तं अधभप्रेत्य ! ( च . सु .26/12) There is no single drug in the universe, which is not Aushadha or which is useless. Every plant is useful for one or the other purpose [5] Methods for evaluating new drug 1 Field survey and documentation through folklore गोपालास्तापसाव्यािायेचान्येवनाचारिण : | मूलाहािाश्चयेतेभ्यो भेषजव्यक्तिरिष्यते || 2 The Aushadanaama , Roopa which is unknown can be known through Gopalaka , Vanacharini , folklore practitioners usually these nomadic forest tribes know very well the vernacular names [6] 3 Extensive study of literature: Review of various medical databases like Pubmed, Dhara etc, Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita and books like Dravyaguna Vigyana by different authors etc. related to Anukta Dravya and the concept of ‘ Dravya Pariksha Vidhi. 4 Nomenclature: After identification, nomenclature of plants in Sanskrit should be done prior to determining the name to every plant as per the criteria of nomenclature mentioned in Nighantus नामाधन क्वधचधदह रूधितः प्रभावाद्देश्योक्त्या क्वधचधदह लाञ्छनोपमाभ्याम्। वीयेण क्वधचधदतिाह्वयाधददेशाद रव्याणाधमह सप्तघोधदताधन।। ( िा . नी . ) Names and Synonyms are assigned to plants on the following seven bases according to Raja Nighantu as follows [7] a) Rudhi (Traditional usages) e.g., Atarushaka, Tuntuka b) Prabhava (Effect), e.g, Krimighna, Vatari c) Desha (Habitat), e.g., Vaidehi . d) Lanchana (Morphological characters), e.g., Citratandula, Chitraparni e) Upama (Simile), e.g., Kinshuka, Hinhasya f) Virya (Potency), e.g., Ushana g) Itarahvaya (Names prevalent in other regions or other factors) e.g., Indrayava , kakahvaya 5. Dravya Pariksha Vidhi as per Charaka Samhita तस्यापीयं पिीक्षा - इदमेवंप्रिृत्येवंगुणमेवंप्रभावमक्तिनदेश जातमक्तिन्नृतावेवं गृहीतमेव मुपस्कृतमनया च मात्रया युिमक्तिन व्यािावेवधविस्य पुरुषसेव्य तावन्तं दोषमपिषषत्युपशमयधत वा ; यदन्यदधप चैवंधविं भेषजं भवेत तच्चानेन धवशेषेण युिधमधत॥ ( च धव .8/87) Acharya Charaka has given guidelines for drug standardization, which are as relevant in today’s era too. It indicates that a drug should be studied as follows: 1 Prakruti : Name, Natural order of drug and botanical morphology. 2 Guna: Rasa, Virya, Gunas and chemical properties 3 Prabhava : Therapeutic actions. 4 Desha : Botanical distribution 5 Rutu Gruhitam : Time and method of collection 6 Nihit : Method of preservation 7 Upaskrit : Sanskar , Pharmaceutical processing for its preparations 8 Matra : Dosage 9 Vyadhi : Various diseases in which drug can be therapeutically used 10 Evam Vidham Purushasya : Clinical trials or in which person it is probably useful [8] ▪ Determination of Rasa : Rasa of a drug is gustatory appeal. Poisonous and unknown drug if put on tongue may prove fatal hence may not be advised to put on tongue hence before tasting any drug on human volunteers that drug should undergo chemical analysis. According to modern chemistry, the taste are resultant from certain chemicals for

Rathod Geeta Krishna et al. Methods of evaluating Anukta Dravya ISSN: 2456-3110 REVIEW ARTICLE December 2022 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | December 2022 | Vol. 7 | Issue 11 177 ex- Carbohydrates such as sucrose, glycogen and starch are sweet in taste. Tannins have astringent taste. Volatile oils may have pungent taste. Alkaloids are generally bitter in taste. Lavana rasa in salts. Amla rasa in acids etc [9] ▪ Determination of Guna : The Gunas inherent in a Dravya can be understood by their Rasa , applications and biological responses. They can be inferred also by its known Pharmacological actions. Ex. Madhura Rasa is having Snigdha, Seeta and Guru Guna . Hence can be considered as Vata Shamaka and used in Vataja Vikara. [10] ▪ Determination of Vipaka: Vipaka can be assessed by its action produced on Doshas , Dhatus and Malas. Ex Madhura , Amla, Lavna Rasa- Srustavinmutra Pravrutti. Katu, Tikta, Kashaya Rasa- Baddhavinmutra Pravrutti. [11] ▪ Determination of Virya: Chakrapani quoted that Virya can be perceived either by Nipata (by means of external contact with body) or Adhirasa (by means of internal contact i.e., with site of action) ex. Seeta Virya of Saindhava Lavana and Ushna Veerya of Anupa Mamsa may be perceived through inference [12] ▪ Determination of Prabhava : The property which is responsible for a special or peculiar action of a drug. Two plants may have a single chemical component in common and yet the remaining chemicals may be slightly different. Even then, the required changes in the analytical tests have to be made. Haritaki and Dhataki are both examples of Dravayas having Kashaya Rasa but Haritaki acts as a laxative whereas Dhataki causes constipation. It is the natural property of Kashyaya Rasa to cause constipation; but chemical analysis of Haritaki revealed the presence of anthroquinone which has laxative properties. Thus, laxative action of Haritaki could be explained. It is possible to obtain similar explanations in case of Danti and Chitraka. [13] Pharmacognostical Studies of natural drug ▪ Identification and Official name ▪ Synonyms and vernacular terms. ▪ Habitat ▪ Morphological Features - macroscopic study ▪ Microscopic Features ▪ Cultivation, collection and processing of drug ▪ Chemical analysis- Involves series of process of identification, quantification and separation of active constituents present in the plant. ▪ Bio Assay- The Bio assays are performed by In Vitro and In Vivo methods to confirm Pharmacological actions, Toxicological studies, Additional or unexplored Pharmacological activity ▪ Toxicological studies are carried out to confirm the Toxicity, Lethal dose, Therapeutic effective dose by animal experimentation. ▪ From the above points, it is clear that Pharmacognostic study covers thorough information regarding a natural drug. Thus, this can be co-related with the Dravya Pariksha Vidhi in Vimana Sthana of Charaka Samhita Examples of some Anukta Dravya : Kusuma and Joshi (2010) have done nomenclature of 10 Anukta Dravya present in the peripheries of Varanasi, U.P. Based on Principles of Naamrupagyanam (basonyms and synonyms) [14] 1 Raatki Rani - Cestrum nocturnum Linn. Indication- Spasm, Heart disease 2 Poinsetta - Euphorbia pulcherrima Wild. ex Klotzsch. Indication- Tumors 3 Ban Tambaku - Solanum erianthum D Don . Indication- Inflammation, Pain, Cough, Skin disease, Wound, Asthma , Diabetes 4 Jonkmari - Anagallis arvensis . Indication- Epilepsy, Mania, Hysteria, Dropsy, Leprosy 5 Nagphool - Gmelina asiatica . Indication- Syphilis, Gonorrhoea, Burning sensation in eye, Fever, Dysuria, Dandruff 6 Rangoon ki bel - Quisqualis indica Linn. Indication- Diarrhoea, Fever, Worm, infestation, Boil, Ulcer Dysuria

Rathod Geeta Krishna et al. Methods of evaluating Anukta Dravya ISSN: 2456-3110 REVIEW ARTICLE December 2022 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | December 2022 | Vol. 7 | Issue 11 178 7 Ghoda Tulasi - Scoparia dulcis Linn. Indication - Headache, Toothache, Cough, Wound, Heart disease, Haemorrhoids, Diarrhoea 8 Gulabbas - Mirabilis jalapa. Indication - Boil, Syphilis, Abscess, Diabetes, Dropsy, Gonorrhoea, Itch, Tumor 9 Aarogyappacha - Trichopus zeylanicus Gaertn. Indication- Fatigue, Aging, Debility, Loss of appetite 10 Khogar, Khaarpat, Kaikar - Garuga pinnata Roxb. Indication - Asthma, Roundworm, Obesity, Eye disease, Snake bite, Cough, cold. DISCUSSION Multiple medicinal plants are in folklore use with satisfactory results. Hence, to include them in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia that drug should be studied thoroughly. Experts of Ayurveda , taxonomy and traditional healers should come together to give a proper place to Anukta Dravya in Ayurvedic pharmacopoeia. While confirming one pharmacological activity of the drug we may find another pharmacological activity. Acharyas suggested utilizing Yukti (intellect) along with Anumana (Inference) to determine properties of undocumented drugs. ‘ Dravya Pariksha Vidhi’ explained by Acharya Charaka may be utilized to assess purity, quality and efficacy of already known or documented drug as well as unknown drugs. By following these methods, writer of previous age might have evaluated the properties of new herbs and added their application in management of various diseases. Such as Yashtimadhu, Hingu, Chopachini etc. herbs have been added to Ayurvedic Pharmacopeia in later period. CONCLUSION The methods of evaluation of drug explained by different Acharyas along with modern concept of pharmacognosy gives textual background to study undocumented drug or Anukta Dravya . The study of Anukta Dravya by these methods would facilitate its inclusion to the API Monograph. It would facilitate the use of drug in Ayurvedic practice once its Rasapanchaka etc. are known. Increased population, industrialization, threatened the wealth of plant species. Many plants are enlisted endangered hence we should look forward for alternate source. REFERENCES 1 Sharma P. V. Dravyaguna Vijnana Vol 1. Basic concepts. Chaukham babharati Academy, Varanasi, Reprint 2002 2 Vidyadhar Shukla, Tripathi R.-Charaka Samhita of Agnivesha vol 1. Chaukhambha Sanskrit Pratisthana Delhi, Reprint 2017 , Pp 149 3 Jaimala A Jadhav, Aparna G.-Dravya Pariksha vidhi w. s. r. to Anukta Dravya.International Journal Of Research In Indian Medicine. vol 4, Jan 2020 E-ISSN 2456-4435. 4 Vidyadhar Shukla, Tripathi R. Charaka Samhita of Agnivesha vol 1. Chaukhambha Sanskrit Pratisthana Delhi, Reprint 2017, Pp 47 5 Vidyadhar Shukla, Tripathi R.-Charaka Samhita of Agnivesha vol 1. Chaukhambha Sanskrit Pratisthana Delhi, Reprint 2017, Pp 358 6 Mahendra Bhogik, Dhanvantari Nighantu; by Acharya Priyavrit Sharma and Dr. Guru Prasad Sharma; Chaukumba orientalia, Varanasi, Reprint 2012, pp-3. 7 J.L.N. Shastri, Fundamental Principles of Pharmacotherapeutics in Ayurveda, Vol 1, Chaukhambha Orientalia, 2006. Pp- 292 8 Vidyadhar Shukla, Tripathi R.-Charaka Samhita of Agnivesha vol 1. Chaukhambha Sanskrit Pratisthana Delhi, Reprint 2017, Pp 639 9 Dr. J.L.N. Shastri, edited, “Illustrated Dravyaguna Vigyana”, Vol.1; 3 rd edition; Published by Chaukhambha Orientalia, 2008. 10 J.L.N. Shastri, Fundamental Principles of Pharmacotherapeutics in Ayurveda, Vol 1, Chaukhambha Orientalia, 2006. 11 J.L.N. Shastri, Fundamental Principles of Pharmacotherapeutics in Ayurveda, Vol 1, Chaukhambha Orientalia, 2006. Pp 150

Rathod Geeta Krishna et al. Methods of evaluating Anukta Dravya ISSN: 2456-3110 REVIEW ARTICLE December 2022 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | December 2022 | Vol. 7 | Issue 11 179 12 J.L.N. Shastri, Fundamental Principles of Pharmacotherapeutics in Ayurveda, Vol 1, Chaukhambha Orientalia, 2006. Pp 166 13 Singh Preetam et al. World Journal Of Pharmaceutical And Medical Research, A Critical Review on Concept of Prabhava. ISSN 2455-3301 14 Ganji Kusuma, Joshi V.K.- Nomenclature of Anukta Dravya, Ancient Science of Life. Vol 29, No 4 (2010) pages 17-23 ******************************* How to cite this article: Rathod Geeta Krishna, Shashidhar P. Naik. Methods of evaluating Anukta Dravya. J Ayurveda Integr Med Sci 2022;11:175-179. Source of Support: Nil, Conflict of Interest: None declared. Copyright © 2022 The Author(s); Published by Maharshi Charaka Ayurveda Organization, Vijayapur (Regd). This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and perform the work and make derivative works based on it only for non-commercial purposes, provided the original work is properly cited

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