Medicinal plants of Bhavaprakasha Nighantu having Jwarahara (anti-pyretic),...

[Full title: Medicinal plants of Bhavaprakasha Nighantu having Jwarahara (anti-pyretic), Shwasahara (anti-asthmatic) and Kasahara (anti-tussive) properties for the management of COVID 19 : A Review]

[Find the meaning and references behind the names: Rita, Kalpana, Rasa, Don, Ham, Clarke]

REVIEW ARTICLE May 2022 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | May 2022 | Vol. 7 | Issue 4 27 Medicinal plants of Bhavaprakasha Nighantu having Jwarahara (anti-pyretic), Shwasahara (anti-asthmatic) and Kasahara (antitussive) properties for the management of COVID 19 : A Review Dr. Rita Assistant Professor, Department of Rasashastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, Gangaputra Ayurvedic College and Hospital, Kandela, Jind, Haryana, India. I NTRODUCTION COVID 19 is an acute respiratory syndrome caused by novel Corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) [1] According to World Health Organization (WHO) there are Address for correspondence: Dr. Rita Assistant Professor, Department of Rasashastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, Gangaputra Ayurvedic College and Hospital, Kandela, Jind, Haryana, India. E-mail: drritaambavata@yahoo.in Submission Date: 16/03/2022 Accepted Date: 27/04/2022 Access this article online Quick Response Code Website: www.jaims.in Published by Maharshi Charaka Ayurveda Organization, Vijayapur, Karnataka (Regd) under the license CC-by-NC-SA 2,30,57,288 confirmed cases in 216 countries with 8,00,906 deaths till August 2021 [2] Though it is reduced now and COVID is in control but it is going to be persist in community as cold and flu or waves are coming after a period of time. The virus has 2-14 days incubation period and patients may remain asymptomatic and can transmitted through human beings [3] Further, fever and dry cough are the earliest, dominant and most common symptoms appear in SARS Cov 2 infected patients. COVID 19 infected patients having mild symptoms needs only supportive treatments at its early stage [4] In early stage of COVID 19 controlling measures like social distancing, hand washing and use of masks can contribute very much. In supportive/symptomatic treatment antipyretic and analgesic drugs like paracetamol (acetaminophen) are drug of choice in the conventional system of medicine. But some concerns have been presented by French A B S T R A C T Aim: To find out effective plants from Bhavaprakasha Nighantu in the management of COVID 19 and their analysis on the basis of pharmacodynamics attributes and reported pharmacological activities. Background: COVID 19 is declared as a pandemic by W.H.O. which is affecting 216 countries. The graph of confirmed cases and deaths is rising day by day. Due to lack of definitive treatment, anti-virals are choice of drug along with other antimicrobial and supportive treatment. High grade fever, sore throat and difficulty in breathing are cardinal signs of its early stage. In Bhavaprakasha Nighantu various plants has been mentioned which are having Jwarahara (anti-pyretic), Shwasahara (anti-asthmatic) and Kasahara (anti-tussive) properties. A complete review of these plants with pharmacodynamic attributes ( Rasa , Veerya , Vipaka ) has been done form Bhavaprakasha Nighantu . The plants were further reviewed from PubMed for anti-viral, anti-pyretic, anti-tussive/anti-asthmatic and immunomodulatory activities to make it more scientific. Results: 22 plants were found which are having all these properties. Kutki [ Picrorhiza kurroa Royale ex. Benth], Kiratatikta [ Swertia chirayita (Roxb.) Buch. Ham.ex C.B.Clarke] and Guduchi [ Tinospora sinensis (Lour) Merr.] etc were found to be having immunomodulatory action. Kiratatikta , Guduchi, and Pippali [ Piper longum L.] etc. were found having anti-pyretic activity. Kutki , Kiratatikta and Katphala [ Myrica esculenta Buch. Ham. ex D. Don] etc. were found having beneficial for respiratory illnesses. Kutki, Kiratatikta, Haritaki, Aamalaki and Sariva [ Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R. Br. ex Schult] etc were found having antiviral activities. Conclusion: 22 plants found to be effective in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu and they are also reported having pharmacological activities which are beneficial in COVID 19. Clinical Significance: Among these plants many are easily available and also in day-to-day practice. Thus, these plants and their combinations can be used in early stage of COVID 19 and also in later stages with minimised dose and drug interactions. Key words: Anti-pyretic, Anti-tussive/Anti-asthmatic, Anti-viral, COVID 19, Immunomodulatory, Jwarahara, Kasahara, Shwasahara.

Dr. Rita. Medicinal plants for the management of COVID 19 : A Review ISSN: 2456-3110 REVIEW ARTICLE May 2022 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | May 2022 | Vol. 7 | Issue 4 28 officials with the use of NSAIDs in patients with severe lung infections, such as those seen with COVID 19. Nonaspirin NSAIDs has been associated with an increase in cardiovascular risk; thus, the use of these drugs in patients with cardiovascular disease and COVID 19 should be evaluated on the basis of risk versus benefit [5] Thus, there are certain limitations in the choice of drug and the definitive anti-viral drug or vaccine is not available for the treatment of COVID 19. In this scenario, Ayurveda, the traditional system of medicine can contribute in the treatment as well as prevention of COVID 19 as a stand-alone therapy and a supportive therapy. In Ayurveda, various single herbs have been described in Nighantus, the wealth of herbs/plants. In Bhavaprakasha Nighantu and other Nighantus , Jwarahara (anti-pyretic), Shwasahara (antiasthmatic) and Kasahara (anti-tussive) herbs/plants are described, which can make useful contribution in the symptomatic management of COVID 19. To avoid the risk of drug interaction and multiple drug use for early symptomatic/supportive treatment in COVID 19 infection, single drugs which are having anti-pyretic and anti-asthmatic/anti-tussive effects can be used. Keeping this fact in mind, a complete review of Bhavaprakasha Nighantu was done to find out the herbs/plants which are having all these properties with their pharmacodynamics attributes ( Rasa , Veerya , Vipaka ). These plants are also reviewed for their pharmacological activities i.e., anti-viral, anti-pyretic, anti-tussive/anti-asthmatic and immunomodulatory activities from PubMed database for their rational use in COVID 19. Hence, this work will give a comprehensive knowledge of different medicinal plants described in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu , that can be used for the prophylactic and therapeutic intervention in the ongoing pandemic COVID 19. Modern pharmacological studies provided more evidence for substantiating the effects of these plants. R EVIEW R ESULTS A total of 22 plants were found having Jwarahara, Shwasahara and Kasahara properties. All these are placed in Table 1 with their pharmacodynamics attributes. Among them maximum eight plants were having Tikta Rasa followed by five Katu Rasa , five Madhura Rasa , three Kashaya Rasa and one Amla Rasa plants . In Veerya aspect maximum of 12 plants were found having Ushna Veerya , nine having Sheeta and one having Anushna Veerya . In Vipaka aspect majority of plants (14) were found having Katu Vipaka , seven having Madhura and one having Amla Vipaka. (Table 1) Table 1: Herb/plant of Bhavaprakasha Nighantu having Jwarahara , Shwasahara and Kashara properties with their pharmacodynamics attributes. Drug Name Rasa Veerya Vipaka Reference Haritaki [ Terminalia chebula Retz.] Kashaya dominant, five Rasa except Lavana Ushna Katu B.P.Ni. Haritkyadi varga, Verse 19, Pg. 5 Aamalaki [ Phyllanthus emblica L.] Amla dominant, five Rasa except Lavana Sheeta Amla B.P.Ni. Haritkyadi varga, Verse 39-40, Pg. 10 Pippali [ Piper longum L.] Katu Anushna Madhura B.P.Ni. Haritkyadi varga, Verse 54, Pg. 15 Vanshlochana [ Bambusa arundinacea ( Retz.) Willd. shoot] Madhura, Kashaya Sheeta Madhura B.P.Ni. Haritkyadi varga, Verse 117, Pg. 56 Kutki [ Picrorhiza kurroa Royale ex. Benth] Tikta Ushna Katu B.P.Ni. Haritkyadi varga, Verse 151-52, Pg. 67

[Find the meaning and references behind the names: Moon]

Dr. Rita. Medicinal plants for the management of COVID 19 : A Review ISSN: 2456-3110 REVIEW ARTICLE May 2022 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | May 2022 | Vol. 7 | Issue 4 29 Kiratatikta [ Swertia chirayita (Roxb.) Buch. Ham.ex C.B.Clarke] Tikta Sheeta Katu B.P.Ni. Haritkyadi varga, Verse 154-55, Pg. 70 Rasna [ Pluchea lanceolate (DC.) C.B. Clarke] Tikta Ushna Katu B.P.Ni. Haritkyadi varga, Verse 163-64, Pg. 76 Karkatshringi [ Pistacia chinensis subsp. Integerrima (J. L. Stewart ex Brandis) Rech. F.] Kashaya, Tikta Ushna Katu B.P.Ni. Haritkyadi varga, Verse 179, Pg. 95 Katphala [ Myrica esculenta Buch.- Ham. ex D. Don] Kashaya, Tikta Ushna Katu B.P.Ni. Haritkyadi varga, Verse 181, Pg. 97 Bharangi [ Clerodendrum serratum (L.) Moon.] Katu, Tikta, Kashaya Ushna Katu B.P.Ni. Haritkyadi varga, Verse 183, Pg. 98 Bakuchi [ Psoralea corylifolia L.] Madhura, Tikta Sheeta Madhura B.P.Ni. Haritkyadi varga, Verse 207-09, Pg. 119 Rasona [ Allium sativum L.] Katu, Madhura Ushna Katu B.P.Ni. Haritkyadi varga, Verse 221-23, Pg. 127 Guduchi [ Tinospora sinensis (Lour) Merr.] Tikta, Katu, Kashaya Ushna Madhura B.P.Ni. Guduchyadi varga, Verse 8-10, Pg. 257 Vartaki [ Solanum indicum L.] Katu, Tikta Ushna Katu B.P.Ni. Guduchyadi varga, Verse 37, Pg. 275 Kantakari [ Solanum xanthocarpum Schrad. & H. wendl.] Tikta, Katu Ushna Katu B.P.Ni. Guduchyadi varga, Verse 40-41, Pg. 277 B.P.Ni. Shaka varga, Verse 89, Pg. 679 Vasa [ Justicia adhatoda L.] Tikta, Kashaya Sheeta Katu B.P.Ni. Guduchyadi varga, Verse 90, Pg. 306 Sharpunkha [ Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Pers.] Tikta, Kashaya Sheeta Katu B.P.Ni. Guduchyadi varga, Verse 210, Pg. 393 Sariva [ Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R. Br. ex Schult] Madhura Sheeta Madhura B.P.Ni. Guduchyadi varga, Verse 238, Pg. 411 Suvarchala [ Cleome gynandra L.] Tikta, Kashaya, Katu Ushna Katu B.P.Ni. Guduchyadi varga, Verse 286, Pg. 450 Kharjura [ Phoenix dactylifera L.] Madhura Sheeta Madhura B.P.Ni. Aamradi varga, Verse 117-19, Pg. 574

Dr. Rita. Medicinal plants for the management of COVID 19 : A Review ISSN: 2456-3110 REVIEW ARTICLE May 2022 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | May 2022 | Vol. 7 | Issue 4 30 Rajkoshataki [ Luffa acutangula (L.) roxb.] Madhura Sheeta Madhura B.P.Ni. Shaka varga, Verse 68, Pg. 671 Karkoti [ Momordica dioica Roxb. ex Willd.] Katu Ushna Katu B.P.Ni. Shaka varga, Verse 86, Pg. 677 * B.P.Ni. – Bhavaprakasha Nighantu For the consumption of these plants their useful parts, doses forms and doses are also described in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu all are summarized and placed in Table 2. Table 2: Herbs/plants of Bhavaprakasha Nighantu having Jwarahara , Shwasahara and Kashara properties with their Useful parts, dose and doses forms. Drug Name Part used Dose and form Reference Haritaki [ Terminalia chebula Retz.] Fruit 3-6 g, Churna (Powder) B.P.Ni. Haritkyadi varga, Pg. 8 Aamalaki [ Phyllanthus emblica L.] Fruit 3-10 g Churna B.P.Ni. Haritkyadi varga, Pg. 12 Pippali [ Piper longum L.] Fruit 250-500 mg Churna B.P.Ni. Haritkyadi varga, Pg. 16 Vanshlochana [ Bambusa arundinacea ( Retz.) Willd. shoot] Niryasa (exudate) 0.5-2 g Niryasa B.P.Ni. Haritkyadi varga, Pg. 57 Kutki [ Picrorhiza kurroa Royale ex. Benth] Rhizome 0.5-1 g Churna B.P.Ni. Haritkyadi varga, Pg. 68 Kiratatikta [ Swertia chirayita (Roxb.) Buch. Ham.ex C.B.Clarke] Whole plant 0.5-1.5 g Churna B.P.Ni. Haritkyadi varga, Pg. 71 Rasna [ Pluchea lanceolate (DC.) C.B. Clarke] Whole plant 30-125 mg Churna B.P.Ni. Haritkyadi varga, Pg. 79 Karkatshringi [ Pistacia chinensis subsp. integerrima (J. L. Stewart ex Brandis) Rech. F.] Gall 0.5-2 g Churna B.P.Ni. Haritkyadi varga, Pg. 96 Katphala [ Myrica esculenta Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don] Bark 1-3 g Churna B.P.Ni. Haritkyadi varga, Pg. 98 Bharangi [ Clerodendrum serratum (L.) Moon.] Root 1.5-3 g Churna B.P.Ni. Haritkyadi varga, Pg. 99 Bakuchi [ Psoralea corylifolia L.] Seed 1-3 g, Churna B.P.Ni. Haritkyadi varga, Pg. 121 Rasona [ Allium sativum L.] Bulb 10-30 drops of Swarasa (expressed juice), 2-3 g Kalka (Paste) B.P.Ni. Haritkyadi varga, Pg. 130.

[Find the meaning and references behind the names: Pushpa, Flower]

Dr. Rita. Medicinal plants for the management of COVID 19 : A Review ISSN: 2456-3110 REVIEW ARTICLE May 2022 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | May 2022 | Vol. 7 | Issue 4 31 Guduchi [ Tinospora sinensis (Lour) Merr.] Stem 0.5- 2 g Satwa , 1-3 g, Churna , 40-80 ml Kwatha (decoction) B.P.Ni. Guduchyadi varga, Pg. 259 Vartaki [ Solanum indicum L.] Fruit and root 1-2 g Churna B.P.Ni. Guduchyadi varga, Pg. 276 Kantakari [ Solanum xanthocarpum Schrad. & H. wendl.] Fruit, root and leaves 1-2 g Mula Churna (Root powder), 2.5- 5 ml Patra Swarasa (expressed juice of leaves), 20-40 ml Mula Kwatha (Decoction of root) B.P.Ni. Guduchyadi varga, Verse 40-41 Pg. 279 B.P.Ni. Shaka varga, Pg. 679 Vasa [ Justicia adhatoda L.] Root, leaves and flower 0.5-1 g Mula Twak Churna (Powder of root bark)/ Pushpa Churna (Powder of flower); Patra Churna (Powder of leaves) 1- 2 g; 5-15 ml Swarasa , 10-20 ml Kwatha B.P.Ni. Guduchyadi varga, Pg. 308 Sharpunkha [ Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Pers.] Root 3-6 g Mula Churna , 10- 20 ml Swarasa B.P.Ni. Guduchyadi varga, Pg. 394 Sariva [ Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R. Br. ex Schult] Tuber 50-60 g Phanta (Hot infusion), 3-6 g Kalka B.P.Ni. Guduchyadi varga, Pg. 414 Suvarchala [ Cleome gynandra L.] Seed, leaves, and root 5-10 ml Swarasa B.P.Ni. Guduchyadi varga, Pg. 451 Kharjura [ Phoenix dactylifera L.] Fruit B.P.Ni. Aamradi varga, Pg. 574 Rajkoshataki [ Luffa acutangula (L.) roxb.] Fruit As a vegetable B.P.Ni. Shaka varga, Pg. 671 Karkoti [ Momordica dioica Roxb. ex Willd.] Fruit As a vegetable B.P.Ni. Shaka varga, Pg. 677 * B.P.Ni. – Bhavaprakasha Nighantu All the plants were also screened from PubMed database for anti-viral, anti-pyretic, anti-tussive/anti-asthmatic and immunomodulatory which can play important role in COVID 19 prevention and management. All these are mentioned in Table 3. Among them seven are reported having anti-viral activity, eight for anti-pyretic and anti-asthmatic/antitussive and ten are reported for immunomodulatory activity.

[Find the meaning and references behind the names: Liu, Singh, Ram, Yadav, Gupta, Kumar, Hussain, Ahn, Dulal, Verma, Sai, Kim, Akram, Mishra, Lin]

Dr. Rita. Medicinal plants for the management of COVID 19 : A Review ISSN: 2456-3110 REVIEW ARTICLE May 2022 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | May 2022 | Vol. 7 | Issue 4 32 Table 3: Pharmacological activities of herbs/plants of Bhavaprakasha Nighantu having Jwarahara , Shwasahara and Kashara properties Drug Name Anti-viral activity Anti-pyretic activity Anti-tussive activity/ Anti-asthmatic activity Immuno-modulatory Activity Haritaki + (Kesharwani A et al. 2017, [6] Ajala OS 2014, [7] Mishra NN et al. 2018, [8] Oyuntsetseg N et al 2014, [9] Ahn MJ et al. 2002, [10] el-Mekkawy S et al. 1995, [11] Lin LT et al. 2011, [12] Badmaev V et al. 2000, [13] Yukawa TA et al. 1996, [14] Kurokawa M et al. 1995, [15] Loshi B et al. 2020 [16] ) - - + (Nando Dulal Das et al. 2012, [17] Das ND et al. 2011, [18] Trinh TA et al. 2020 [19] ) Aamalaki + (Lv JJ et al. 2015, [20] Xiang Y et al. 2011, [21] Mishra NN et al. 2018, [22] Liu G et al. 2011, [23] Xiang YF et al. 2010 [24] ) + (Perianayagam JB el al. 2004 [25] ) - + (Baliga MS et al. 2011, [26] Zeng Z et al. 2017, [27] Singh MK et al. 2013, [28] Chatterjee A et al. 2011, [29] Ganju L et al. 2003, [30] Sai Ram M et al. 2002 [31] ) Pippali - + (Chuchawankul S et al. 2012, [32] Kim HG et al. 2012, [33] Pathak N 2006 [34] ) + (Meghwal M et al. 2013, [35] Yadav V et al. 2020, [36] Nilani P et al. 2009, [37] Kumar S 2012, [38] Nilani P et al. 2010 [39] ) + (Meghwal M et al. 2013, [35] Sunila ES et al. 2004, [40] Akram M et al. 2014 [41] ) Vanshlochana - - - - Kutaki + (Win NN et. al. 2019, [42] Verma et. al. 2009, [43] - + (Dorsch W et.al. 1991, [45] + (Kumar et.al.2016, [48] Hussain A et.al. 2013, [49] Gupta A

[Find the meaning and references behind the names: Zhang, Bala, Sharma, Rana, Pal, Wang, Joshi, Haque, Patel, Guo, Rauf]

Dr. Rita. Medicinal plants for the management of COVID 19 : A Review ISSN: 2456-3110 REVIEW ARTICLE May 2022 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | May 2022 | Vol. 7 | Issue 4 33 Thyagarajan SP et.al. 2002 [44] ) Dorsch W et.al. 1994 [46] Pfuhler S et.al. 1995 [47] ) et.al. 2006, [50] Labadie RP et.al.1989, [51] Sane SA et.al. 2011, [52] Sidiq T et.al. 2011, [53] Russo A et.al. 2001 [54] ) Kiratatikta + (Woo SY et.al.2019 [55] ) + (Pal T et.al. 2018 [56] ) + (Wang YL et. al. 2013 [57] ) + (Lad H et.al. 2016 [58] ) Rasna - + (Mohanty S et.al. 2013 [59] ) - - Karkatshringi - + (Rauf A et.al.2014 [60] ) + (Rana S et.al.2016, [61] Shirole RL 2014 [62] ) - Katphala - - + (Patel K et.al. 2010 [63] ) - Bharangi + (Joshi B et.al. 2020 [64] ) - + (Patel JJ et.al.2014, [65] Kajaria D et.al. 2012 [66] ) - Bakuchi - - - - Rasona + (Sahoo M. et al. 2016, [67] Guo NL et al. 1993, [68] Zhang J et al. 2013 [69] ) - - + (Foroutan-Rad M. et al. 2017 [70] Oosthuizen C et al. 2017 [71] ) Guduchi - + (Hussain L. et al. 2015 [72] ) - + (Sharma U et al. 2012, [73] Haque MA et al. 2017, [74] Sachdeva H et al. 2014, [75] Bala M et al. 2015, [76] Aher V et al. 2012, [77] Narkhede AN et al. 2014, [78] Aranha I et al. 2012, [79] Singh N et al. 2004, [80] Desai VR et al. 2007, [81] Aranha I et al. 2020, [82] Singh

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Dr. Rita. Medicinal plants for the management of COVID 19 : A Review ISSN: 2456-3110 REVIEW ARTICLE May 2022 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | May 2022 | Vol. 7 | Issue 4 34 N et al. 2004, [83] Desai VR et al. 2007, [84] Anaha I et al. 2020 [85] ) Vartaki - - - - Kantakari - - + (Kajaria DK et al. 2012 [86] ) - Vasa - + (Sridhar N et al. 2015 [87] ) - - Sharpunkha - - + (Janbaz KH et al. 2013 [88] ) + (Damre AS et al. 2003 [89] ) Sariva + (Bonvicini F et al. 2018 [90] ) + (Das S et al. 2013 [91] ) - + (Das S et al. 2013 [91] ) Suvarchala - - - - Kharjura - - - - Rajkoshataki - - - + (Shendge PN et al. 2018 [92] ) Karkoti - - - - DISCUSSION Manifestation of COVID 19 shows variations in clinical presentation ranging from asymptomatic to fever, dry cough, rhinitis, fatigue and severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) and death [93] and the disease course including the short-term as well as long term complications are yet to understand more. Moreover, the diagnostic protocol, treatment guidelines are keep changing on time. In the present scenario, there is no effective cure or prophylactic measure for COVID 19 in the conventional system of medicines, rather than the symptomatic and supportive care. Being a novel disease, the exact reference is not available in Ayurveda textbooks. Clinical profile of COVID 19 have similarities with diseases like Vata- Kapha predominant Sannipatika Jwara [94] Symptomatic management in Ayurveda include the logical implementation of the treatment of Jwara, Kasa, Pratishyaya etc. Apart from the cure of the disease, Ayurveda can do wonders in preventing the infection, reducing the disease burden and also in rehabilitation of the patients [95]

[Find the meaning and references behind the names: Lee, Nair, Deva, Sultan, Med, Chen]

Dr. Rita. Medicinal plants for the management of COVID 19 : A Review ISSN: 2456-3110 REVIEW ARTICLE May 2022 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | May 2022 | Vol. 7 | Issue 4 35 All the herbs/plants of Bhavaprakasha Nighantu having Jwarahara , Shwasahara and Kasahara properties can be divided in to two categories Aushadha and Aahara . (Table 1) Maximum are Aushadha while Rajakoshataki and Karkoti are vegetables and Kharjura is fruit. Rasona can be included in both Ahara and Aushadha . Ayurveda believed that a strong body itself is most effective warrior in fighting against the diseases and maintain Health. So, Ayurveda gives the utmost priority to improve the strength of the body and enhancing the immunity thus the resistance against various ailments [96] The drugs like Kutki , Kiratatikata , Rasona , Guduchi, Haritaki, Aamalaki, Rajakoshataki, Pippali, Sharapunkha, and Sariva are found to have immunomodulatory action. (Table 3) For symptoms like fever, cough, dyspnoea having mild to moderate severity the certain Ayurvedic herbs can be used. In case of fever, Kiratatikata , Guduchi , Karakatakashringi , Vasa and Pippali (Table 3) are especially beneficial as their anti-pyretic activity was proven experimentally and these are used widely in clinical practice from ancient times. Similarly, the drugs Kutki , Kiratatikta, Karakatakashringi, Katphala, Bharngi, Pippali, Kantakari and Sharapunkha (Table 3) are useful in respiratory pathologies like Shwasa, Kasa etc. Moreover, the herbs Kutki, Kiratatikta, Bharngi, Rasona, Haritaki, Aamalaki and Sariva have antiviral activities also (Table 3). Thus, use of single herb or in combination can be administered according to the clinical presentation of the COVID 19. Kiratatikta is reported for anti-viral, anti-pyretic, antiasthmatic/anti-tussive and immunomodulatory activities. Thus, Kiratatikta may be the best choice among all of these plants. To resolve the difficulty of use, the useful part of these plants, their doses forms and doses are also described in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu (Table 2) among them suitable doses forms can be adopted as per clinical manifestation or age and Prakruti of patients. CONCLUSION Total 22 plants were found in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu which are having Jwarahara , Shwasahara and Kasahara properties. Among them many are reported for having pharmacological activities like anti-pyretic, anti-tussive / anti-asthmatic, anti-viral and immunomodulatory which are beneficial in COVID 19. Clinical Significance Among these plants many are easily available and also in day-to-day practice. Thus, these plants and their combinations can be used in early stage of COVID 19 and also in later stages. Use of these plants or their combinations may be helpful in minimising the dose and drug interactions. These drugs also can pave a path to the researchers for development of effective remedy for COVID 19. REFERENCES 1 Harapan H, Itoh N, Yufika A, et al. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A literature review. J Infect Public Health 2020;13(5):667-673. 2 https://covid 19.who.int/ last assessed on 24.08.2020 at 3.45 PM. 3 Singhal T. A Review of Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID- 19). Indian J Pediatr 2020;87(4):281-286. 4 Wang Y, Wang Y, Chen Y, Qin Q. Unique epidemiological and clinical features of the emerging 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) implicate special control measures. J Med Virol 2020;92(6):568-576. 5 Triggle CR, Bansal D, Farag EABA, Ding H, Sultan AA. COVID-19: Learning from Lessons to Guide Treatment and Prevention Interventions. mSphere 2020;5(3):e 00317-20. 6 Kesharwani A, Polachira SK, Nair R, Agarwal A, Mishra NN, Gupta SK. Anti-HSV-2 activity of Terminalia chebula Retz extract and its constituents, chebulagic and chebulinic acids. BMC Complement Altern Med 2017;17(1):110. 7 Ajala OS, Jukov A, Ma CM. Hepatitis C virus inhibitory hydrolysable tannins from the fruits of Terminalia chebula. Fitoterapia 2014;99:117-123. 8 Mishra NN, Kesharwani A, Agarwal A, Polachira SK, Nair R, Gupta SK. Herbal Gel Formulation Developed for Anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-1 Activity Also Inhibits In Vitro HSV-2 Infection. Viruses 2018;10(11):580. 9 Oyuntsetseg N, Khasnatinov MA, Molor-Erdene P, et al. Evaluation of direct antiviral activity of the Deva-5 herb formulation and extracts of five Asian plants against influenza A virus H 3 N 8. BMC Complement Altern Med 2014;14:235. 10 Ahn MJ, Kim CY, Lee JS, et al. Inhibition of HIV-1 integrase by galloyl glucoses from Terminalia chebula and flavonol

[Find the meaning and references behind the names: Ran, Park, Raja, Nepal, Jing, Choi, Chung, Christina, Krishnan, Han, Genet, Krishna, Jang, Jung, Sato, Joseph, Yogesh, Yang, Karan, Neetu]

Dr. Rita. Medicinal plants for the management of COVID 19 : A Review ISSN: 2456-3110 REVIEW ARTICLE May 2022 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | May 2022 | Vol. 7 | Issue 4 36 glycoside gallates from Euphorbia pekinensis. Planta Med 2002;68(5):457-459. 11 el-Mekkawy S, Meselhy MR, Kusumoto IT, Kadota S, Hattori M, Namba T. Inhibitory effects of Egyptian folk medicines on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) reverse transcriptase. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 1995;43(4):641-648. 12 Lin LT, Chen TY, Chung CY, et al. Hydrolyzable tannins (chebulagic acid and punicalagin) target viral glycoproteinglycosaminoglycan interactions to inhibit herpes simplex virus 1 entry and cell-to-cell spread. J Virol 2011;85(9):4386-4398. 13 Badmaev V, Nowakowski M. Protection of epithelial cells against influenza A virus by a plant derived biological response modifier Ledretan-96. Phytother Res 2000;14(4):245-249. 14 Yukawa TA, Kurokawa M, Sato H, et al. 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[Find the meaning and references behind the names: Gopalakrishnan, Rehman, Raj, Elango, Ansari, Shahzad, Borrelli, Kuttan, Gandhi, Shabbir, Hari, Chauhan, Basu, Hamid, Uddin, Jayaram, Khalil, Maksood, Rao, Rahman]

Dr. Rita. Medicinal plants for the management of COVID 19 : A Review ISSN: 2456-3110 REVIEW ARTICLE May 2022 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | May 2022 | Vol. 7 | Issue 4 37 38 Kumar S, Mabalirajan U, Rehman R, et al. A novel cinnamate derivative attenuates asthma features and reduces bronchial epithelial injury in mouse model. Int Immunopharmacol 2013;15(1):150-159. 39 Nilani P, Duraisamy B, Dhamodaran P, Ravichandran S, Elango K. Effect of selected antiasthmatic plant constituents against micro organism causing upper respiratory tract infection. Anc Sci Life 2010;29(3):30-32. 40 Sunila ES, Kuttan G. Immunomodulatory and antitumor activity of Piper longum Linn. and piperine. J Ethnopharmacol 2004;90(2-3):339-346. 41 Akram M, Hamid A, Khalil A, et al. Review on medicinal uses, pharmacological, phytochemistry and immunomodulatory activity of plants. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2014;27(3):313-319. 42 Win NN, Kodama T, Lae KZW, et al. 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[Find the meaning and references behind the names: Ibrahim, Lakshmi, Abbas, Chin, Kaur, Venkatesh, Pandey, Akash, Clement, Pratap, Munshi]

Dr. Rita. Medicinal plants for the management of COVID 19 : A Review ISSN: 2456-3110 REVIEW ARTICLE May 2022 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | May 2022 | Vol. 7 | Issue 4 38 64 Joshi B, Panda SK, Jouneghani RS, et al. Antibacterial, Antifungal, Antiviral, and Anthelmintic Activities of Medicinal Plants of Nepal Selected Based on Ethnobotanical Evidence. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2020;2020:1043471. 65 Patel JJ, Acharya SR, Acharya NS. Clerodendrum serratum (L.) Moon. - a review on traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological activities. J Ethnopharmacol 2014;154(2):268-285. 66 Kajaria D, Tripathi JS, Tiwari SK, Pandey BL. Anti-histaminic, mast cell stabilizing and bronchodilator effect of hydroalcoholic extract of polyherbal compound- Bharangyadi. Anc Sci Life 2012;31(3):95-100. 67 Sahoo M, Jena L, Rath SN, Kumar S. Identification of Suitable Natural Inhibitor against Influenza A (H 1 N 1) Neuraminidase Protein by Molecular Docking. 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[Find the meaning and references behind the names: Krishnadas, Qadir, Jun, Ayush, Nil, Jan]

Dr. Rita. Medicinal plants for the management of COVID 19 : A Review ISSN: 2456-3110 REVIEW ARTICLE May 2022 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | May 2022 | Vol. 7 | Issue 4 39 88 Janbaz KH, Jan A, Qadir MI, Gilani AH. Spasmolytic, bronchodilator and vasorelaxant activity of methanolic extract of Tephrosia purpurea. Acta Pol Pharm 2013;70(2):261-269. 89 Damre AS, Gokhale AB, Phadke AS, Kulkarni KR, Saraf MN. Studies on the immunomodulatory activity of flavonoidal fraction of Tephrosia purpurea. Fitoterapia 2003;74(3):257- 261. 90 Bonvicini F, Lianza M, Mandrone M, Poli F, Gentilomi GA, Antognoni F. Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R. Br. extract inhibits the early step of herpes simplex type 1 and type 2 replication. New Microbiol 2018;41(3):187-194. 91 Das S, Bisht SS. The bioactive and therapeutic potential of Hemidesmus indicus R. Br. (Indian Sarsaparilla) root. Phytother Res 2013;27(6):791-801. 92 Shendge PN, Belemkar S. Therapeutic Potential of Luffa acutangula : A Review on Its Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology and Toxicological Aspects. Front Pharmacol 2018;9:1177. 93 Guan WJ, Ni ZY, Hu Y, et al. Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med 2020;382(18):1708-1720. 94 Puthiyedath R, Kataria S, Payyappallimana U, et al. Ayurvedic clinical profile of COVID-19 - A preliminary report [published online ahead of print, 2020 Jun 12]. J Ayurveda Integr Med 2020;S 0975-9476(20)30039-5. 95 Tillu G, Salvi S, Patwardhan B. AYUSH for COVID-19 management. J Ayurveda Integr Med 2020;11(2):95-96. 96 Vaghbhata. Ashtanga Hridaya Vol. II, Chikitsa sthana, Jwarachikitsa adhyaya, 1/95, Varanasi: Chaukhambha krishnadas Academy; 2009. p. 190. ******************************* How to cite this article: Dr. Rita. Medicinal plants of Bhavaprakasha Nighantu having Jwarahara (antipyretic), Shwasahara (anti-asthmatic) and Kasahara (anti-tussive) properties for the management of COVID 19 : A Review. J Ayurveda Integr Med Sci 2022;4:27-39. Source of Support: Nil, Conflict of Interest: None declared. Copyright © 2022 The Author(s); Published by Maharshi Charaka Ayurveda Organization, Vijayapur (Regd). This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and perform the work and make derivative works based on it only for non-commercial purposes, provided the original work is properly cited

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