Comprehensive review on Arishtaka (Sapindus trifoliatus L. and S. mukorossi...

[Full title: Comprehensive review on Arishtaka (Sapindus trifoliatus L. and S. mukorossi Gaertn)]

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REVIEW ARTICLE Jan-Feb 2022 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | Jan - Feb 2022 | Vol. 7 | Issue 1 158 Comprehensive review on Arishtaka ( Sapindus trifoliatus L. and S. mukorossi Gaertn) Aditi Gandhi 1 , Anoosha Adiga 2 , Prakash L. Hegde 3 , Pradeep 4 1,2 Post Graduate Scholar, Department of Dravyaguna, Sri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara College of Ayurveda and Hospital, Hassan, Karnataka, India. 3 Professor, Department of Dravyaguna, Sri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara College of Ayurveda and Hospital, Hassan, Karnataka, India. 4 HOD, Department of Dravyaguna, Sri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara College of Ayurveda and Hospital, Hassan, Karnataka, India. I NTRODUCTION Ayurveda has mentioned innumerable herbal drugs for different purposes in Yuktivyapashraya Chikitsa i.e., Ahara and Aushadha . In Ayurveda science, whole drug or the specific part of the drug is used for medicinal purpose and not an isolated chemical compound. Address for correspondence: Dr. Aditi Gandhi Post Graduate Scholar, Department of Dravyaguna, Sri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara College of Ayurveda and Hospital, Hassan, Karnataka, India. E-mail: draditigandhi@gmail.com Submission Date: 06/01/2022 Accepted Date: 11/02/2022 Access this article online Quick Response Code Website: www.jaims.in Published by Maharshi Charaka Ayurveda Organization, Vijayapur, Karnataka (Regd) under the license CC-by-NC-SA Hence, a drug is useful in numerous conditions as there are different constituents in various parts of the drug. Arishtaka is one among many herbal drugs mentioned in ayurveda classics which is mainly used as cleansing agent in folklore practice. It is mentioned under different names such as Phenila, Garbhapatana, Pitaphena, etc. It is indicated in treatment of various diseases such as Graharoga, Visha, Visphota, Mutrakricchra, Daha and Kushta . It has Lekhana and Grabhapatana Karma . Even though there are many references in our classics with the name Arishta , the drug Arishtaka is considered as the one which belongs to Sapindaceae family. Sapindus species are also called as Soapnut trees. Sapindus mukorossi and Sapindus trifoliata are considered as the two main sources for Arishtaka . Sapindus mukorossi is mainly used in North India and Sapindus trifoliata in South India. The fruits, called as soap nuts are widely used in cosmetics. The major constituents of Sapindus mukorossi fruit are saponins (10%-11.5%), sugars (10%) and mucilage A B S T R A C T Introduction: Arishtaka is a small to medium sized deciduous tree, mentioned in Ayurveda classics which is botanically identified as Sapindus trifoliatus L. and Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn. belonging to family Sapindaceae. Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn is mainly used in North India while Sapindus trifoliatus in Southern India. Fruit, root, leaf and seed are the useful parts. The plant has been mentioned with different synonyms in our classics. Objective : To obtain a comprehensive review on Arishtaka from Ayurvedic scriptures and ethnomedicinal practices. Method: Information regarding the drug Arishtaka has been compiled from Brhattrayi - Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, Ashtanga Hrudaya and Samgraha , printed and online sources of Nighantu , The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, Database on Medicinal Plants used in Ayurveda, Quality Standards of Indian Medicinal Plants, Indian Medicinal Plants, Indian Materia Medica, Wealth of India, Dravyaguna Vijnana Volume 2 by Priyavrat Sharma, Dravyakosha by Karnataka Knowledge Commission, Dravyaguna Hastamalaka and Online articles related to experimental study on Sapindus species. Result: The drug shows wide therapeutic and folklore use. It was found the drug was known with 22 synonyms which was compiled from 6 Nighantus. Conclusion: Since the drug is available in the most parts of Indian subcontinent, further experimental, pre-clinical and clinical research on the drug is required to establish the therapeutic efficiency and mechanism of action on the wide spectrum of disorders. Key words: Ayurveda, Arishtaka, Sapindus, Soapnut, Ritha.

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Aditi Gandhi et al. Comprehensive review on Arishtaka (Sapindus trifoliatus L. and S. mukorossi Gaertn) ISSN: 2456-3110 REVIEW ARTICLE Jan-Feb 2022 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | Jan - Feb 2022 | Vol. 7 | Issue 1 159 (10%). Saponins are secondary plant metabolites with divergent biological activities. Sapindus saponins are a mixture of six sapindosides (sapindosides A, B, C, D and mukorozi saponins (E 1 and Y 1) [1] It is the popular ingredient of many cosmetic products such as shampoo, cleansers and soaps. M ATERIALS AND M ETHODS Search Criteria Information regarding the drug Arishtaka has been compiled from Brhattrayi - Charaka Samhita , Sushruta Samhita, Ashtanga Hrdaya and Samgraha , printed and online sources of Nighantu - Bhava Prakash Nighantu (BPN), Kaiyadeva Nighantu (KN), Madanapala Nighantu (MpN), Raja Nighantu (RN), Shodhala Nighantu, Priya Nighantu (PN), Siddhamantra, Dhanwantari Nighantu , Nighantu Adarsh , The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, Database on Medicinal Plants used in Ayurveda, Quality Standards of Indian Medicinal Plants, Indian Medicinal Plants, Indian Materia Medica, Wealth of India, Dravyaguna Vijnana Volume 2 by Priyavrat Sharma , Dravyakosha Karnataka Knowledge Commission, Dravyaguna Hastamalaka and Online articles related to experimental study on Sapindus species. Botanical Name Sapindus Mukorossi Gaertn. Sapindus trifoliatus L. Table 1: Paryaya Paryaya BPN [ 2] KN [ 3] MpN [ 4] RN [ 5] Shodhala [6] PN [ 7] Arishtaka + + + + Mangalya + + Krshnavarn a + Arthasadha na + + + Rakta Beeja + + + Pita Phena + + + Phenila + + + + + + Raksha Beeja + Kumbha Beeja + + Garbhapati/ Garbhapata na + + + Kumbha Virya + Krshna Beeja + Jwalat Pushpa + Bahuphena + Vastra Dhavana + RN [5] - Gucha, Gucchala, Gucha Pushpaka, Prakirya, Somavalka, Rudrasangnyak, Arishta Table 2: Vernacular Names [8] English Soap nut tree Hindi / Punj. / Guj./ Marathi Ritha Kannada Antuvala, Kookata kayi, Kugate mara Telugu Kunkudu kaya, Kukudu, Kunkudum phenilamu Tamil Ponnankottai, Nittavanji Malayalam Chavakayimaram, Urunchi, pasakotta Bengali Ritha, bararite Part Used [8] Fruit, Root, Leaf, Seed

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Aditi Gandhi et al. Comprehensive review on Arishtaka (Sapindus trifoliatus L. and S. mukorossi Gaertn) ISSN: 2456-3110 REVIEW ARTICLE Jan-Feb 2022 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | Jan - Feb 2022 | Vol. 7 | Issue 1 160 Habitat [8] Sapindus laurifolius syn trifoliatus : A native of South India where it is common along the coast and in the open forests at low elevations. It is also found in some of the deciduous forests and along habitations. Occasionally cultivated in West Bengal, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh. Distributed in Sri Lanka and Burma Morphology [9] Genus - Sapindus Linn Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, paripinnate; leaflets entire; stipules 0. Flowers regular, polygamous, in panicles. Sepals 5, unequal, in 2 series, much imbricate. Petals 4-5. Disk annular, lobed. Stamens usually 8, inserted within the disk; filaments free. Ovary entire or 2-4-lobed, 2-4-celled; stigma 2-4-lobed; ovule solitary. Fruit fleshy or coriaceous, of 1-3 indehiscent drupes; drupes with fibrous pericarp, brittle when dry. Seeds with a very hard outer integument Species - Sapindus trifoliatus Linn . A handsome tree. Leaves abruptly pinnate; leaflets subopposite, 2-3 pairs, 7.5-18 by 2.5-10 cm., lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, entire, glabrous above, more or less pubescent beneath, base acute; main nerves about 8-12 pairs; petioles 3 mm. long, pubescent. Flowers dingy white, in terminal rusty-pubescent panicles, the males numerous, the bisexual flowers few. Sepals 5, rotund-ovate, ciliolate, fulvous-pubescent outside, glabrous within, 4 mm. long. Petals 4-5, shortly clawed, narrower than the sepals, lanceolate, villous outside and more or less so within, usually furnished with 2 villous scales attached at each side of the petal about half way up. Disk concave with a fleshy hirsute margin. Stamens 8; filaments villous; anthers oblong, apiculate. Ovary densely hairy. Fruit fleshy, 2- (usually 3-) lobed, clothed with fulvous hairs when young, glabrous and wrinkled when ripe, with 1 seed in each lobe. Seeds blackish, smooth, about the size of a large pea, very hard. Difference Ovary hairy - S. trifoliatus Ovary glabrous, anthers short - S. mukorossi Table 3: Gana Vargeekarana Charaka Samhita Not mentioned Sushruta Samhita Ashtanga Hrdaya Ashtanga Sangraha Pitta Shamana Dravya (Su.14/11) Bhava Prakash Ni. Vatadi Varga Kaiyadeva Nighantu Aushadhi Varga Madanapala Ni. Vatadi Varga Dhanwantari Ni. Not mentioned Raj Nighantu Prabhadradi Varga /71 Shodhala Nighantu Lakshmanadi Varga Guna Sangraha / 577 Siddhamantra Pittaghna Varga Priya Nighantu Haritakyadi Varga /250 Nighantu Adarsh Pheniladi Varga Guna Ratnamala Vatadi Varga Types a) Based on the size of fruit, it is of two types: [10,11] 1 Small variety - S. trifoliatus 2 Bigger variety - S . mukorossi b) Raja Nighantu mentions 6 varieties of Karanja, among which one belongs to Sapindus sp [5] : 1. Karanja, 2. Ghritha Karanja, 3. Maha Karanja, 4. Puti Karanja, 5 Guccha Karanja and 6 Ritha Karanja which is suggested as S. trifoliatus or S. mukorossi .

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Aditi Gandhi et al. Comprehensive review on Arishtaka (Sapindus trifoliatus L. and S. mukorossi Gaertn) ISSN: 2456-3110 REVIEW ARTICLE Jan-Feb 2022 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | Jan - Feb 2022 | Vol. 7 | Issue 1 161 Priyavrat Sharma mentions S. trifoliatus as the source plant for South India and S. mukorossi for Northern part of India. Table 4: Rasa Panchaka Rasa Panchaka B.P . [2] K.N. [3] Mp N .[4] R.N[ 5] Sh.N . [6] P.V.S [ 12] PN [7] Rasa - - - Tikta Tikt a Tikta , Katu - Guna - Tiksh na, Lagh u, - Snig dha - Lagh u, Tiksh na Tiksh na Vīrya - Ushna Shit a Ushn a - Vipāka - Katu - Katu - Katu - Doshagh nata Tridosha Hara VK Hara P Har a VPK Hara - Prabhava [12] - Vamaka Karma [2,3,4,7,10] Garbha Patana, Lekhana, Graha Nashana, Vamaka, Vedanasthapana, Kapha Nissaraka . Pharmacological Action [9] Anti-inflammatory, analgesic, hypotensive, insect repellant, antifungal, insecticidal, antiviral, spermicidal, pesticidal, anti-implantation. Alexipharmac [10] Tonic, expectorant, emetic and purgative. Seeds are narcotic and acrid poison [13] Pharmacological activity - Research Profile 1 Anti-inflammatory activity [14] 2 Anti-hyperalgesia activity [15] 3 Insecticidal activity [16] 4 Anthelmintic activity [17] 5 Anti-trichomonas [18] 6 Anti-tumour effect [19] 7 Anti-oxidant activity [20] 8 Anti-ulcer activity [21] Rogaghnata [2,3,4,5,6,10] Graha Roga, Kushtha, Visphota, Daha, Mutrakrcchra, Krimi, Rajo Rodha, Ahiphena Visha, Jangama Visha Vikara, Kandu, Kasa, Shwasa, Rakta Vikara, Kashta Artava. Phyto-Constituents [9] Fruit pericarp : Emarginatosides B & C (hederagenin glycosides), hederagenin, oleanolic acid, sapindic acid, trifolioside, sapindoside A characterised as hederagenin-3-a-L arabino-pyranosyl-2 a-Lrhamnopyranoside, sapindoside B characterised as hederagenin-3-a-L-arabinopyranosyl-2 a-Lrhamnopyranosyl-38-D -xylopyranoside, sapindoside C, D, E, glucopyranosides of stigmasterol; Nut : kaempferol, quercetin, ß-sitosterol. Seed oil : fatty acid diester of-1. cyano-2- hydroxymethyl-prop-1-ene-3-ol. Kernel : arachidic, behenic, linoleic, oleic, palmitic, stearic acids, eicosenoic acid, protein, carbohydrate, starch. Leaves : 3-O-rutinosides of isorhamnetin and quercetin. Peels : triterpenoid saponin. Amayika Prayoga 1 In case of Jwara associated with Daha - The paste of leaves of Phenila triturated with sour gruel added with Kola ( Badara ), Amalaka , and Shukta Dhanyamla should be applied [22] 2 Application of the froth of Badari Pallava or Arishta Pallava (Dalhana opines Arishta as Nimba or Phenila Vrksha ), it pacifies burning sensation, thirst and fainting completely [23] 3 Seeds used locally to kill lice stuck on bodies of animals [24] 4 In case of Madatyaya associated with Daha – Lepa of tender leaves of Badara and Arishtaka should be applied. (Ch.Chi.24/160)

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Aditi Gandhi et al. Comprehensive review on Arishtaka (Sapindus trifoliatus L. and S. mukorossi Gaertn) ISSN: 2456-3110 REVIEW ARTICLE Jan-Feb 2022 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | Jan - Feb 2022 | Vol. 7 | Issue 1 162 Formulation 1 Kapitthadi lepa - Indicated in Jwara associated with Daha, Vedana, Moha, Chardi and Trsna [25,26] 2 Bimbyadi Dravya Lepa - Indicated in Vataja Luta Visha Chikitsa [27] Ethnomedicinal Use [10,13,28] Leaf: Fragrant leaves are used in baths for painful joints and the root in gout, rheumatism and paralysis. Leaves are lopped for fodder. Externally it is detergent, and is given for the stings and bites of poisonous insects. In snake-bite the fruit is ground with water and used as a collyrium (Nighantu Ratnakara). In cases of scorpionsting the fruit is ground to a pulp and given internally, while the smoke from the burning nut is being inhaled (Subodhavaidyaka). In China the bark, grounded and macerated in cold water, is used to remove vermin from the hairy parts of the body. Fruit: Fruits are employed as emetic in doses of 1-2 drachms; as purgative in larger doses; nauseant and expectorant in doses, of 10-20 grains of the pericarp or pulp and kernel of the fruit. In 4-grain doses it is useful in colic, and is given with sherbet. Pulp is given in small doses as anthelmintic. Pulp is given to people bitten by venomous reptiles, also to those suffering from severe diarrhoea or cholera. It is administered as follows: Pulp is rubbed in water until it soaks and is then strained and given by the mouth. The fruit is alexeteric, aphrodisiac; useful in chronic dysentery, diarrhoea, cholera, hemicrania, tubercular glands, paralysis, of the limbs, lumbago, epileptic fits of children; allays uterine pain; fumigation good in melancholy. The fruits are used in salivation, epilepsy, and chlorosis. In Lakhimpur, Assam, a paste of the nut is used internally in fevers. Root: The root is expectorant; used as a collyrium in sore eyes and ophthalmia. A thick watery solution of the drug dropped into the nostrils relieves hemicrania, hysteria and epilepsy by irritating the mucous membrane and increasing its secretions. Fumigations with it are useful in hysteria and melancholia. Made into paste with vinegar it is externally applied to bites of reptiles and of centipedes, scorpion-sting, etc., and to lessen scrofulous swellings. Seeds: The seed is sweetish; used locally to stimulate the uterus in childbirth and to increase menstruation (Yunani). Seeds pounded up with water and introduced into the mouth cut short the paroxysm of epilepsy. The seeds pounded with water are given in epilepsy. In Malaya the seeds are supposed to remove tan and freckles from the skin, and a solution of the fruits is a remedy for cutaneous diseases. Powdered seeds are said to possess insecticidal properties. They are employed in the treatment of dental caries. They are also made into rosaries. Pessaries made of the kernel of the seeds are used to stimulate the uterus to childbirth and in amenorrhoea. Soapnuts are largely used as detergent for washing cloth before dyeing and for washing hair. They are utilized by Indian jewelers for restoring the brightness of tarnished ornaments. They are used as a substitute for soap in washing silk, woolens and other delicate fabrics; in Kashmir, soapnuts are preferred to the best soap for washing woolen shawls. Soapnuts are reported to be used for washing and bleaching cardamoms; the treatment is reported to improve the color and flavor of the Spice. Extracts of the pericarp mixed with DDT are used as a fungicide and insecticide. Matra Phala Churna 3 to 6 gm [12,29] 0.5 to 1.2 gm [8] 0.5 to 1 gm [10] For Vamana: 3 to 6 gm [10] For Rechana: 4 to 5 gm [10] Adulterant/ Substitute [8,29] S.mukorossi Gaertn . and S.emarginatus Gaertn. Used as substitute in North India. Fruits of Sapindus laurifolius Vahl (syn. S. trifoliatus sensu Hook.f.. p.p. (non Linn.)) and S. mukorossi are substitutes to each other.

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Aditi Gandhi et al. Comprehensive review on Arishtaka (Sapindus trifoliatus L. and S. mukorossi Gaertn) ISSN: 2456-3110 REVIEW ARTICLE Jan-Feb 2022 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | Jan - Feb 2022 | Vol. 7 | Issue 1 163 The main distinguishing characters between S. laurifolius and S. mukorossi are the presence of one type of stone cells in the former and three types of stone cells in the latter. The fruit is in cluster of 2-3 in S. laurifolius and distinct solitary in S. mukorossi . Controversy Confusion was due to synonyms i.e., Arishta and Arishtaka . The synonyms of Arishta is attributed to various drugs like Nimba ( Azadirachta indica A.Juss . ), Lashuna ( Allium sativum L.), Katuki ( Picrorrhiza kurroa Royle ex Benth.) (RN. Pippalyadi Varga /131) The term Arishta is considered for 2 drugs by commentators of Charaka as well Sushruta Samhita i.e., Arishtaka and Nimba . The term Phenila is identified as Upodika by Chakrapani in Vatarakta Chikitsa , [30] while mentioning about Mahapadma Taila and similar by Dalhana [22] Also Dalhana in Jwara Chikitsa mentions Arishta as Nimba and Phenila Vrksha [23] There is a difference of identification by commentators for Arishta and Phenila . Ayurvediya Shabdakosha mentions Arishtaka as Phenila . Thus, we can accept Arishtaka and Phenila as a same drug in context of Brhattrayi which is botanically identified as Sapindus sp. Toxicity [8] Fruit and root are used as fish poison. Honey from the flowers is reported to be poisonous to bees. DISCUSSION Arishtaka is botanically identified as Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn., Sapindus trifoliatus L. It is a medium-sized tree whose Fruit, Root, Leaf, Seed are useful parts. Authors of Brhattrayi have not mentioned under any specific Varga or Gana except Ashtanga Sangraha in Pitta Shamana Dravya and scanty references were found in Samhitas . This review includes compilation of 22 synonyms by 6 Nighantus. The synonym ‘ Phenila ’ is used by all Nighantukaras while comparing to the synonym Arishtaka. There is slight controversy of the drug due to its synonym mentioned in Brhattrayi Chakrapanidatta mentions Phenila as Upodika in context of Mahapadma Taila in Vatarakta Chikitsa and Dalhana also mentions Phenila as Upodika in Jwara Pratishedha Adhyaya. Dalhana in the same verse mentions Arishta as Nimba or Phenila Vrksha. Raja Nighantu mentions Arishtaka as one among the 6 varieties of Karanja in Prabhadradi Varga . P.V. Sharma mentions S. trifoliatus as the source plant for South India and S. mukorossi for Northern part of India. The drug finds its use in various therapeutic aspects described in Nighantus. Apart from its clinical use, the drug also is practiced by folklore practitioners and widely used in detergent industries. CONCLUSION Through thorough investigation of the drug Arishtaka - Sapindus trifoliatus and Sapindus mukorossi, it can be concluded that the drug possesses various therapeutic action like in cases of Graha Roga, Kushtha, Visha Vikara, Mutrakrcchra, Krimi, Ahiphena Visha, Jangama Visha Vikara, Kandu, Kasa, Swasa, Rakta Vikara, Kashta Artava . Apart from therapeutic use, the drug is also widely used as detergent for washing cloth and hair. Since the drug is available in the most parts of Indian subcontinent, further experimental, pre-clinical and clinical research on the drug is required to establish the therapeutic efficiency and mechanism of action on the above mentioned disorders. REFERENCES 1 Upadhyay A, Singh DK. Pharmacological effects of Sapindus mukorossi . Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo. 2012 Sep- Oct;54(5):273-80. doi: 10.1590/s 0036-46652012000500007. PMID: 22983291. 2 Chunekar K.C., Bhavaprakasha Nighantu of Bhava Mishra; Chapter Vatadi Varga: Verse no. 38; Varanasi: Chaukhambha Bharti Academy, 2015, p.517 3 Sharma P.V., Sharma G, Kaiyadeva Nighantu, Chapter Aushadhi Varga, Verse No. 981; 2019, Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia, p.181 4 Sastry J.L.N., Illustrated Madanapala Nighantu, 1 st ed, Chapter Vatadi Varga, Verse No. 67; 2010, Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia, p.552 5 Sankhyadhar S.C., Chunekar K.C., Raja Nighantu,1 st ed., Chapter Prabhadradi Varga; verse no.71-72,2012, Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia, p.433-38

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Aditi Gandhi et al. Comprehensive review on Arishtaka (Sapindus trifoliatus L. and S. mukorossi Gaertn) ISSN: 2456-3110 REVIEW ARTICLE Jan-Feb 2022 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | Jan - Feb 2022 | Vol. 7 | Issue 1 164 6 Sharma P.V., Shodhala Nighantu of Vaidyacharya Shodhala, 1 st ed., Chapter Lakshmanadi Varga; Verse no. 577; 1978, Baroda: Oriental Institute, p.141 7 Sharma P.V., Priya Nighantu, Chapter Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no.250; 2004, Varanasi: Chowkhambha Vidyabhwan, p.54 8 CCRAS, Database on Medicinal Plans used in Ayurveda, Vol. 6 New Delhi, p.20 9 Kirtikar K.R. and Basu B.D., Indian Medicinal Plants Vol. 1, 2 nd ed., Dehradun, International Book Distributors, p.631-32 10 Dwivedi Vishvanath, Dravyaguna Hastamalaka, Jaipur, Publication Scheme, 1986, p.427 11 Karnataka Knowledge Commission, Dept. of AYUSH, GAMC, Bengaluru, Dravyakosha Vol. 1, 1 st ed., p.32 12 Sharma P.V., Dravyaguna Vijnana Volume 2, Chapter 5, 2018, Varanasi: Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, p.385 13 Nadkarni KM., Indian Materia Medica Vol. 1, p.1162 14 B. Arul, R. Kothai, Philip Jacob B. Sangameswaran & K. Sureshkumar (2004) Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Sapindus trifoliatus Linn., Journal of Herbal Pharmacotherapy, 4:4, 43- 50, DOI: 10.1080/J 157 v 04 n 04_04 15 Arulmozhi DK., et al., Effect of ect of Sapindus trifoliatus on hyperalgesic in vivo migraine models. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research (2005) 38: 469-475 16 Rahman S.S., et al., Investigation of Sapindus Mukorossi Extracts for Repellency, Insecticidal Activity and Plant Growth Regulatory Effect. Journal of Applied Sciences Research, 2007 3(2): 95-101 17 Mali R.G., Mehta A., A Review on Anthelmintic Plants. Natural Product Radiance, Vol. 7(5), 2008, pp.446-475 18 Tiwari P., et al., Anti-Trichomonas activity of Sapindus saponins, a candidate for development as microbicidal contraceptive. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (2008) 62, 526 – 534, doi:10.1093/jac/dkn 223 19 X.-W. Zhu et al., In vitro and in vivo antitumor effects of the extract of Sapindus spp., Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2016.06.010 20 Pradhan D., Pharmacological effect of some fractions obtained from Sapindus trifoliatus acting as an antioxidant and against mammary cell proliferation., African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 2014-May-8, Vol.8(17), pp 455-463. DOI: 10.5897/AJPP 2014.4028 21 Kishore DV., et al., Anti-Ulcer activity of Methanolic and Aqueous extract of leaves of Sapindus trifoliatus Linn., International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research, 2011-Jan-February, Volume 6, Issue 1 22 Acharya JT, Sushruta Samhita of Sushruta with Nibandhasangraha tika of Sri Dalhanacharya, Uttaratantra, Chapter 39: Jwara Pratishedha, Verse No. 284, 2013, Varanasi: Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan, p.692 23. Acharya JT, Sushruta Samhita of Sushruta with Nibandhasangraha tika of Sri Dalhanacharya, Uttaratantra, Chapter 39: Jwara Pratishedha, Verse No. 285, 2013, Varanasi: Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan, p.692 24 Joshi K., Nishteswar K. A Review of ethnoveterinary practices associated with animal healthcare in barda hills Gujarat, India. Pharma Science Monitor 5(1). 2014 Jan-Mar. 25 Gupta KA., Ashtanga Hrdayam of Vagbhatta edited with Vidyotini Hindi commentary, Chikitsasthana, Chapter 1: Jwara chikitsa, Verse No. 134-135, 2019, Varanasi: Chaukhambha Prakashan, p.403 26 Gupta KA., Vagbhatta’s Ashtanga Samgraha with Hindi commentary Volume 2, Chikitsasthana, Chapter 2: Jeernajwara chikitsa, Verse No. 75, Varanasi: Chowkhambha Krishnadas Academy, p.12 27 Gupta KA., Vagbhatta’s Ashta nga Samgraha with Hindi commentary Volume 2, Uttaratantra, Chapter 44: Lutavisha pratishedha, Verse No. 34, Varanasi: Chowkhambha Krishnadas Academy, p.370 28 CSIR, Wealth of India Volume 9, New Delhi, p.225 29 ICMR, Quality Standards of Indian Medicinal Plants Vol. 3. New Delhi, 2005, p.326-327 30 Acharya JT, Charaka Samhita by Agnivesha, Chikitsasthana, Chapter 29: Vatarakta chikitsa, Verse No. 110, 2016, New Delhi: Chaukhambha Publications, p.632 ****************************** How to cite this article: Aditi Gandhi, Anoosha Adiga, Prakash L. Hegde, Pradeep. Comprehensive review on Arishtaka (Sapindus trifoliatus L. and S. mukorossi Gaertn). J Ayurveda Integr Med Sci 2022;1:158-164. Source of Support: Nil, Conflict of Interest: None declared.

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