Pashanavajra Rasa: A drug for Urinary Calculi

[Find the meaning and references behind the names: Amit Kumar, Nepal, Karna, Kumar, Kalpana, Rasa, Ray, Amit]

REVIEW ARTICLE July-Aug 2021 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | July - Aug 2021 | Vol. 6 | Issue 4 180 Pashanavajra Rasa : A drug for Urinary Calculi Amit Kumar Karna 1 , Astha Ray 2 1 Assistant Professor, Dept. of RS & BK, SMACRC, Janakpur, Nepal. 2 Medical officer, Ashtang Ayurveda Hospital, Ithari, Nepal. I NTRODUCTION ‘ Pashana ’ [1] means stone and ‘ Vajra ’ [2] means diamond. So, the name ‘ Pashanavajra Rasa’ suggests a formulation which may be capable of treating the stone (urinary calculi) as hard as diamond. The incidence of mutrashmari is increasing in present era due to various reasons like altered food habits, changed life style, stress, strain environmental pollution etc. In contemporary science it is compared to urolithiasis, which is a commonest ailment observed in our general practice particularly in Anupadesha as explained by our great Acharyas . The prevalence of urolithiasis in general population is approximately 2.3% and recurrence rate in 10 years is about 50% [3] This disease has spread its devastating Address for correspondence: Dr. Amit Kumar Karna Assistant Professor, Dept. of RS & BK, SMACRC, Janakpur, Nepal. E-mail: mithilasmarika@gmail.com Submission Date: 19/07/2021 Accepted Date: 23/08/2021 Access this article online Quick Response Code Website: www.jaims.in Published by Maharshi Charaka Ayurveda Organization, Vijayapur, Karnataka (Regd) under the license CCby-NC-SA hands worldwide to the great extent. Urolithiasis is a disease which if untreated may lead to hydroureteronephrosis, hydronephrosis and infection etc., cause pain which is severe, colicky and intolerable and in extreme cases may lead to permanent damage to the kidney function and in turn kidneys. Hence, there is a need to understand the disease and to find an effective and economical remedy to this widely prevalent disease. Modern medical technology to combat the disease includes flush therapy, surgical extraction, extracorporeal short wave lithotripsy etc. But all the procedures are quite expensive, even prove risky many times and the rate of recurrence is equally high. Hence, by adopting the principles in which the line of treatment is not only to eliminate or to remove the same but also meanwhile avoid the recurrence by Prakritibighatana principle. For serving the same purpose, along with Nidana Parivarjana and Pathyapathyapalana many line of treatment is described in Samhitas . If the disease is diagnosed early and the size of calculus is small we can prefer Aushadha Chikitsa with more or less Shodhana Karma in spite of going for surgical procedures. Ayurveda offers many Kalpanas for the management of Mutrashmari like Ghrita, Kwatha, Vati, Kshara and A B S T R A C T Rasashastra, the Iatrochemistry of Ayurveda deals with therapeutic processing and use of various minerals and metals. Different types of Ashmarighna formulations ranging from herbal to mineral have been described in Ayurvedic classical texts . The formulations containing herbal drugs only have shown limited success that too requiring prolonged medication. Most of the times, patients seek surgical intervention as the final resort. So, there is a need to evaluate and validate the mineral and herbomineral preparations indicated for Mutrashmari ( urinary calculi ) in Ayurveda. Pashanavajra Rasa , a herbo-mineral preparation prescribed for Mutrashmari is mentioned in Ayurveda. It contains Kajjali which acts like catalyst, Punarnava and Pashanabheda as Ashmarihara , seems to be a product with high potential but less evaluated. Key words: Pashanavajra Rasa, Mutrashmari

[Find the meaning and references behind the names: Guna, Cool, Sara, Guru, Shweta, Aya]

Amit Kumar Karna et al. Pashanavajra Rasa : A drug for Urinary Calculi ISSN: 2456-3110 REVIEW ARTICLE July-Aug 2021 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | July - Aug 2021 | Vol. 6 | Issue 4 181 Rasayogas etc. Pashanavajra Rasa is one such formulation mentioned in various texts of Ayurveda like Yogaratnakara, Rasendrasarasangraha, Rasaratna Sammuchaya, Rasendra Chintamani etc. for the management of Mutrashmari and Bastishoola . Here, the Putitakajjali is mixed with jaggery or Pashanabheda Churna (differ according to text) and administered along with Anupanas like Gopalakarkati, Goksura , Kulattha, Karkati etc. Pharmaceutical method (as per Yogaratnakara ) [4] Ingredients and quantity ▪ Shuddha Parada - 1 Part ▪ Shuddha Gandhaka - 3 Part ▪ Shweta Punarnava - QS ▪ Pashanabheda Powder - equal to Kajjali Purification of ingredients [5,6] Ashuddha Hingula is triturated with Nimbu Swarasa for 7 times and is subjected to Urdhwapatana to extract Parada , Followed by Mardana of Parada in Haridra . Gandhaka is purified with Ghrita and Ksheera . Preperation of Pashanavajra Rasa Shuddha Parada and Gandhaka is taken in 1:3 ratio and triturated till a black, lustreless, smooth powder like collyrium is obtained. The Bhawana of Shweta Punarnava is given to prepared Kajjali for a day (12 hrs). The Sarava Samputita Kajjali is placed in a Bhudhara Yantra and heating is done till proper Paka . After Swanga Sheeta , the Samputa is opened carefully and product is collected. To this equal quantity of Pashanabheda Churna is mixed and kept in air tight clean container. Bhudhara Yantra [ 7 ] A small pit is made on the ground and enclosed ( Samputita ) medicinal drug is placed inside with two inches of sand on all the sides and above. Heat is applied from above by heaping the dry cow dung cakes. This type of Puta application is called as Bhudhara Puta . Here numbers of cow dung cakes are not specified. So, it has to be decided depending on the hardness of the medicinal drugs. When cool on its own the drug is collected back, triturated in a clean Khalwa Yantra and used for further pharmaceutical procedures or for therapeutic purposes. Bhudhara Puta is mainly used to prepare Parada Bhasma , Somala or Gauripashana Bhasma etc. Table 1: Pashanavajra Rasa described in different texts S N Text Ingredients Ratio of Parada and Gandhaka Dose Anupana 1. Rasaratna Sammucch aya [8] Kajjali, Swetapuna rnava, Guda 1:2 2 masha Patalakarka timula, Kulat tha, Gokantaka, Gambharim ula Kwatha 2. Yogaratna kara [4] Kajjali, Swetapuna rnava, Pashanabh eda 1:3 2 masha Gopalakark ati 3. Rasendra Chintama ni [9] Kajjali, Swetapuna rnava, Guda 1:2 1-2 ratti Gorakshaka rkatimula Kwatha, Kulattha 4. Rasendras ara Sangraha [1 0] Kajjali, Swetapuna rnava, Guda 1:2 1-2 ratti Gorakshaka rkatimula Kwatha, Kulattha Pharmaceutico-therapeutic properties of the ingredients used Parada (Hg) [11] Gandhaka (S) [12] Sweta Punarnava [13 ] (Trienthema portulacastr um) Pashanabheda [1 4] (Berginia ligulata) Rasa Shadrasa Madhura, Katu, Tikta, Kashaya Katu, Kashaya Kashaya, Tikta Guna Snigdha,s ara and guru Ushna, Sara, Snigdha Ushna Laghu, Snigdha, tikshna

[Find the meaning and references behind the names: Buddhi, Netra, Low, Pandu]

Amit Kumar Karna et al. Pashanavajra Rasa : A drug for Urinary Calculi ISSN: 2456-3110 REVIEW ARTICLE July-Aug 2021 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | July - Aug 2021 | Vol. 6 | Issue 4 182 Virya Ushna Ushna - Sheeta Vipaka Madhura Katu - Katu Karma Yogavahi, Rasayana, Ativrishya , Balya, Vajikara, Krimighna , Vayastam bhakara, Buddhi- Smriti- Kantiprad a Deepana, Pachana, Vishahara, Jantughna Agnideepana , Mutrala, Vranaghna, Shothaghna, Vishagha Ashmaribhedan a, Mutrala, Shothahara, Vranaropaka, Raktapittasham aka, Hrudya Doshapr abhava Tridoshag hna Kapha- Vatahara, Pittavardha ka Kaphahara Tridosashamaka Vyadhipr abhava Krimi, Kushta, Netra Roga, Vataroga, Tridoshaja roga, Valita- Palitaroga , etc. Kandu, Visarpa, Krimi, Kushta, Kshaya, Pleeha, Rasayana Pandu, Udararoga, Garbhapata Ashmari, Mutrakricchra, Atisara, Pravahika, Hridroga, Raktapitta, Kasa, Yonivyapada Table 2: Properties of the Anupanas explained for Pashanavajra Rasa [15-20] SN Anupana Scientific Name Properties 1. Patalakarkati Cocculus hirsutus Bastishothahara, Kaphavatashamaka 2. Kulattha Dolichos biflorus Ashmarighna, Dahashamaka, Mutrala 3. Gokantaka/Goraksha Tribulus terestris Bastishodhaka, Ashmarighna, Mutrakricchraghna 4. Gambharimula Gmelina arborea Dipana-pachana, Bhedini, Dahahara 5. Gopalakarkatimula Carica papaya Mutrala, Shothahara, Vedanasthapaka, Lekhana 6. Karkati Cucumis utilissimus Sheeta, Mutrajanan, Mutrakricchraghna, Mutraghatagha Anupana , Doses and indications 2 Masha (2 g) of Pashanavajrarasa with Gopalakarkati (papaya root ) as Anupana is given in Mutrashmari and Vastishula. DISCUSSION Pashanavajra Rasa is the unique preparation of Rasashastra . Three similar references of Pashanavajra rasa have been explained in the classics like Rasendra Sara Sangraha, Rasendra Chintamani and Yogaratnakara which have the common indication in Ashmari and Vastishula . Rasayogasagara has got another reference also. The above three references about the formulation are similar and the same Bhudhara Yantra is mentioned for the preparation. Rasendra Chintamani and Yogaratnakara have replaced jaggery ( Guda ) with Pashanabheda . In Yogaratnakara three parts of Gandhaka has been added. In Rasaratna Samucchyaya it has been named as Pashanabhedi Rasa . Parada is the only metal which is available in liquid state at room temperature and also having low boiling point of 357.5°C, which if crossed, starts evaporating and there will be no outcome of final product. For this purpose, a Puta method with low temperature is needed. Bhudhara Puta is one such kind of Puta where indirect heat is given by means of Valuka (sand) heated with limited no of cow dung cakes so that temperature does not exceed boiling point of Parada . Moreover, the heated Valuka provides slower and uniform distribution of heat for a given period of time, which facilitates the formation of Bhasma . Keeping these parameters in mind Acharyas might have selected Bhudhara Puta for the preparation of Rasa Bhasma . Pashanavajra Rasa contains Punarnavabhavita Kajjali and Pashanabheda Churna having anti-urolithiatic property. Kajjali acts a catalyst. Sweta Punarnava is

[Find the meaning and references behind the names: Sri, Sharma, Ratna, Ashok, Krishnadas, Motilal, Giri, Krishna, Nanda, Nandan, Ambika, Gopala, Prakashan, Mishra]

Amit Kumar Karna et al. Pashanavajra Rasa : A drug for Urinary Calculi ISSN: 2456-3110 REVIEW ARTICLE July-Aug 2021 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | July - Aug 2021 | Vol. 6 | Issue 4 183 having Ushna, Kaphahara, Mutrala properties. When triturating with Shweta Punarnava Swarasa, Kajjali attains the properties of it. Again, Pashanabheda is having Laghu, Tikshna properties, Tridosha Shamaka and having Ashmaribhedana, Mutrala, Shothahara, Vranaropaka properties. Gopalakarkati used as an Anupana has Laghu, Ruksha, Tikshna properties, Kapahavata Shamaka and Mutrala, Shothahara, Vedanasthapaka, Lekhana in action. So, in total compound have the actions like Lekhana, Kaphavata Shamaka, Mutrala, Vedanahara, Mtrakrichhahara . Because of these, as a whole drug might be act as the prominent medicine for Urinary Calculi. CONCLUSION Pashanavajra Rasa is one among many remedies mentioned for management of Mutrashmari in Ayurveda. The pattern of heat ( Bhudhara Puta ) plays a major role in the proper pharmaceutical processing and thus to make the drug therapeutically fit for administration. Efficacy of individual ingredients has been already proven by many preclinical and clinical studies in the management of Mutrashmari . Combination of these ingredients as Pashanavajra Rasa seems to be potent. Further studies needed to strengthen the data for pharmaceutical standardization, safety and efficacy of the formulation. REFERENCES 1 https://www.wisdomlib.org 2 https://www.shabdkosh.com 3 Sharma Gouravkumar, Pharmaceutico analytical study of Badarasma Bhasma and Pisti and their clinical efficacy in Mutrashmari, 2009-2012, 2 Pp. 4 Yogaratnakara by Vaidya Sri Laksmipati Sastri, Edited by Bhisagratan Brahmasankar Sasthri, Uttarardha, Chaukhambha Prakashan, Varanasi, reprint: 2015, Sloka no 1-3, 74 pp 5 Sharma Sadananda. Rasa Tarangini, Edited by Kashinath Shastri. New Delhi: Motilal Banarasidas publication; 1979. 11 th edition. Pp 201 6 Vagbhata. Rasa Ratna Samucchaya, Hindi teeka by Ambika Datta Shastri. Varanasi: Choukhambha Sanskrit Bhavan; II edn: 19. Pp 61 7 Sharma Sadananda. Rasa Tarangini, Edited by Kashinath Shastri. New Delhi: Motilal Banarasidas publication; 1979. 11 th edition. Pp 39-40. 8 Vagbhata, Rasa Ratna Samucchaya, with Rasaprabha hindi vyakhya by Dr. Indradev Tripathi, Edited by Dr. Kapildev Giri, Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan, Varanasi, reprint-2013, 17 th chapter, sloka no 5-6, 197 pp. 9 Mishra Siddhi Nandan, Rasendra Chintamani of Dhunduk Nath, Chaukhamba Orientalia, Varanasi, Ashmarirogadhikar, 288 Pp. 10 Ashok D. Satpute, Rasendrasara Sangraha of Sri Gopala Krishna with English translation, Chaukhamba Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi, edition:2003, Shloka no. 1-3, 537 pp 11 Krishnachandrachunekar, Bhavaprakash Nighantu of Bhavamishra with Hindi translation, Chaukhamba Bharati Academy, Varanasi, re-edition 2013, 601 Pp. 12 Krishnachandrachunekar, Bhavaprakash Nighantu of Bhavamishra with Hindi translation, Chaukhamba Bharati Academy, Varanasi, re-edition 2013, 604 Pp. 13 Krishnachandrachunekar, Bhavaprakash Nighantu of Bhavamishra with Hindi translation, Chaukhamba Bharati Academy, Varanasi, re-edition 2013, 406 Pp. 14 Krishnachandrachunekar, Bhavaprakash Nighantu of Bhavamishra with Hindi translation, Chaukhamba Bharati Academy, Varanasi, re-edition 2013, 101 Pp. 15 Krishnachandrachunekar, Bhavaprakash Nighantu of Bhavamishra with Hindi translation, Chaukhamba Bharati Academy, Varanasi, re-edition 2013, 435 Pp. 16 Krishnachandrachunekar, Bhavaprakash Nighantu of Bhavamishra with Hindi translation, Chaukhamba Bharati Academy, Varanasi, re-edition 2013, 638 Pp. 17 Krishnachandrachunekar, Bhavaprakash Nighantu of Bhavamishra with Hindi translation, Chaukhamba Bharati Academy, Varanasi, re-edition 2013, 279 Pp. 18 Krishnachandrachunekar, Bhavaprakash Nighantu of Bhavamishra with Hindi translation, Chaukhamba Bharati Academy, Varanasi, re-edition 2013, 264 Pp.

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Amit Kumar Karna et al. Pashanavajra Rasa : A drug for Urinary Calculi ISSN: 2456-3110 REVIEW ARTICLE July-Aug 2021 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | July - Aug 2021 | Vol. 6 | Issue 4 184 19 Krishnachandrachunekar, Bhavaprakash Nighantu of Bhavamishra with Hindi translation, Chaukhamba Bharati Academy, Varanasi, re-edition 2013, 806 Pp. 20 Krishnachandrachunekar, Bhavaprakash Nighantu of Bhavamishra with Hindi translation, Chaukhamba Bharati Academy, Varanasi, re-edition 2013, 669 Pp. ******************************* How to cite this article: Amit Kumar Karna, Astha Ray. Pashanavajra Rasa : A drug for Urinary Calculi. J Ayurveda Integr Med Sci 2021;4:180-184. Source of Support: Nil, Conflict of Interest: None declared. Copyright © 2021 The Author(s); Published by Maharshi Charaka Ayurveda Organization, Vijayapur (Regd). This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and perform the work and make derivative works based on it only for non-commercial purposes, provided the original work is properly cited

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Kashaya, Madhura, Pitta, Kulattha, Guda, Balya, Lekhana, Visahara, Haridra, Ghrita, Tikta, Katu, Rasayana, Rasashastra, Krimighna, Ushna, Kajjali, Shothahara, Mutrala, Anupana, Pashanabheda, Karkati, Vajikara, Ashmaribhedana, Kaphahara, Jantughna, Yogavahin, Vatahara, Gopalakarkati, Tridoshaghna, Yogaratnakara, Rasendrachintamani, Bhudharayantra, Shuddhaparada, Shuddhagandhaka, Urinary calculi, Shodhana Karma, Urolithiasis, Deepana, Nidana Parivarjana, Vedanasthapaka, Tridoshashamaka, Parada Bhasma, Agnideepana, Mutrashmari, Vranaropaka, Nimbu Swarasa, Rasendrasarasangraha, Ksheera, Herbo Mineral Preparation, Sheeta, Kaphavata shamaka, Aushadha chikitsa, Ashuddha Hingula.