Pharmacological and phytochemical study of Haridra in Maharashtra state with...

[Full title: Pharmacological and phytochemical study of Haridra in Maharashtra state with special reference to Desh Vichar]

ORIGINAL ARTICLE Mar-Apr 2021 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | Mar - Apr 2021 | Vol. 6 | Issue 2 21 Pharmacological and phytochemical study of Haridra in Maharashtra state with special reference to Desh Vichar Vd. Balaji Sawant 1 , Vd. Darshana Mishra 2 , Vd. Janhavi Alwe 3 1 Professor and HOD, 2 Final Year M.D. Scholar, 3 Assistant Professor, Department of Dravya Guna, Smt. K.G. Mittal P. Ayurveda Mahavidyalaya, Charni Road, Mumbai, Maharashtra, INDIA. I NTRODUCTION Haridra has been recorded in the texts like Vedas (6000 BC), Samhita (1500 BC - 600 AD) and Sangrah Grantha (800 AD – 1900 AD). Recently drug or formulations of herbal origin has gained great importance. Among these Dravya, Harida has been used as a spice and also for curative purpose since ages. It is India’s most ancient and traditional export commodities. It is known as king of spice and since it belongs to India its known as Indian saffron Address for correspondence: Vd. Darshana Mishra Final Year M.D. Scholar, Department of Dravya Guna, Smt. K.G. Mittal P. Ayurveda Mahavidyalaya, Charni Road, Mumbai, Maharashtra, INDIA. E-mail: darshu 0602@gmail.com Submission Date: 08/03/2021 Accepted Date: 16/04/2021 Access this article online Quick Response Code Website: www.jaims.in DOI: 10.21760/jaims.6.2.4 After lots of observation it was found that geographical variations and climate of the place of origin of the drug is the major factor in influencing the potency of drug, the reference of Desh (region) are present since the Vedic Kaal in the form of Aarya- Aanarya Desh Later in Samhita as per Charak Samhita Viman Sthan as Trividha Desh : Jangam Desh, Anup Desh and Sadharan Desh . Among the drugs of herbal origin plants like Haridra are used as spices and also for curative purpose. Haridra in particular, has gained global attention for its properties like anti-mutagenic, hypocholesterlemic, anti-diabetic, choleretic, expectorant and many more [1] One of its property like anti-obesity has been focused here. In pathophysiology of Sthaulya (obesity) Kapha and Vaat Dosh is involved and Medodushti is seen dominantly. So, the treatment must be Kaphahar Vaathara and Lekhan Karma is expected. On that account, Haridra is mentioned having Lekhan properties and Kaphahar and Vaathar Guna Dharma. A B S T R A C T Haridra ( Curcuma Longa Linn.) has been well documented in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeias which includes Samhita (treatise), Nighantus (lexicons), Chikitsagrantha (compendia of Ayurveda). It provides a collective information regarding Haridra , its morphological characters, properties and actions, from Nighantu , Samhita, analysis of Haridra rhizome as per Desh Vichar (different geographical conditions). It reveals Haridra actions on Sthaulya (obesity). The article reveals its synonyms, botanical description, pharmacognosy and its different pharmacotherapeutic actions. Indication in various diseases as per Samhitas and Nighantu . Importance of different geographical conditions remains untouched, so an attempt was made for analysis of rhizome from three different regions of Maharashtra and to notice the changes in its percentage of composition. Key words: Haridra, Curcuma longa Linn., Desh Vichar, Phyto-Constituents, Pharmacognosy, Maharashtra.

Vd. Balaji Sawant et al. Pharmacological and phytochemical study of Haridra ISSN: 2456-3110 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Mar-Apr 2021 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | Mar - Apr 2021 | Vol. 6 | Issue 2 22 Haridra is botanically identified as Curcuma longa Linn., Taxonomical classification [2] ▪ Kingdom - Plantae ▪ Division - Angiospermae ▪ Order - Zingiberale ▪ Family - Scitaminae ▪ Subfamily - Zingiberoidae ▪ Tribe - Zingibereae ▪ Scientific name - Curcuma longa ▪ Genus - Curcuma ▪ Species - Longa Botanical description [3] Latin name Curcuma longa Linn. Family Zingiberaceae Vernacular names Sanskrit - Rajni, Gauri, Haridra, Hattavilasini, Nisha Hindi - Haldi Marathi - Halad English - Indian saffron, turmeric Bengali - Halud Tamil - Manjal Telugu - Pampi, Pasupu Habitat [4] Extensively cultivated all over India. In Bombay presidency there are two varieties 1 Oval rhizomes with hard rich colour, chiefly used in dyeing - Lokhandi Haldi 2 Softer, larger, lighter coloured long rhizomes which are usually used for eating Plant is a native of South Asia and is cultivated extensively throughout warmer parts of the world, including India. Haridra is a tropical returning plant, native to India and is cultivated throughout the tropics around the world. Botanical description It is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial plant belonging to the family zingiberaceae. Individual plant grows to a height of 1 m and have long oblong leaves. Rhizome having aromatic, deep orange yellow color rhizome, root fibers with tubers. Leaves are elliptic - oblong, caudate - acuminate. Inflorescence is central to the leaf-tuft and appearing with the leaves, flower few to a bract, yellow, not exserted. Plants are gathered annually for their rhizomes and are reseeded from some of those rhizomes in the following seasons. The rhizome from which the turmeric is derived is tuberous with a rough and segmented skin. The rhizome matures beneath the foliage in the ground Parts used Tubers and rhizomes Rasa-Panchaka (as per Bhavprakash and Raj Nighantu ) [5] Dravya - Haridra Guna - Laghu, ruksha Rasa - Katu, Tikta Virya - Ushna Vipaka - Katu Doshagnata - Kapha Pithagna (Bhavprakash Nighantu), Kapha Vatahara (Raja Nighantu) Varieties of Haridra Around 133 species of curcuma have been identified worldwide. There are more than fifty types of Haridra . Haridra mentioned in Nighantu and Samhitas ▪ Haridra - Curcuma longa linn. ▪ Daru Haridra - Berberis aristata ▪ Amragandhi Haridra - Curcuma amada ▪ Vana Haridra - Curcuma aromaticum Salisb ▪ Krushna Haridra - Curcuma caesia Roxb. ▪ Shweta Haridra - Curcuma zedoaria Rosc. Paryaya - Haridra, Harita, Haladi, Haladika, Kanda, Peetha, Peethika, Pinga, Ranjani, Ranghini, Swaran Varus, Varna Vathi, Vara Vasmini, Varna,

Vd. Balaji Sawant et al. Pharmacological and phytochemical study of Haridra ISSN: 2456-3110 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Mar-Apr 2021 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | Mar - Apr 2021 | Vol. 6 | Issue 2 23 Hatavilasini, Yoshitpriya, Krumighani, Vishaghani, Nisha, Pinda, Nirvisha, Nishakhya, Jayanti, Gauri, Sumangalya, Yuvathi, Vara, Bhadra Latha, Pinda Bhadra, Sundari , Rajani, Vaisya, Syama, Ratri, Pingal, Varnada, Mangalya, Mangal, Laxmi, Shobhana. A glance at some of the major varieties of turmeric grown in India [6] Varieties of Indian Turmeric State Allepey Erode, Salem, Roma, Suguna Rajapore, Sangli Nizamabad Bulb Duggirala, Suguna (Prabha) [16] Lakadong Kerala Tamilnadu Maharashtra Telangana Andhrapradesh Meghalaya Concept of Desh Vichar In Vachaspati , the word Desh is defined as that which indicates or directs the particular substance mainly an area or geographical place. ▪ As per Sushurut Samhita Sutrasthan 3 types of Desh are mentioned - Anup, Jangam and Sadharan [7] ▪ As per Sushrut Samhita Sutrasthan, Bhumipravibhagiya Adhyay the quality of Dravya depends on the quality of soil. o As per Charak Kalpasthan 3 types of Desha are mentioned - Jangama, Sadhanarana, Anup. [8] o Bhavprakash Purvakhand :3 types of Desh have been mentioned Jangam, Anup and Sadharan o Raj Nighantu has also mentioned Desh as Sadharan, Jangam, Anup Desh (Pradhan Anup Desh, Madhyam Anup Desh, Kaniya Anup Desh) in Anupadi Varga . M ATERIALS AND M ETHODS Botanically identified Haridra ( Curcuma longa Linn.) belonging to Scitaminae family was procured from three regions of Maharashtra. o Western Maharashtra: Sangali o Vidarbha: Wardha o Marathwada: Beed Identified by Department of Dravya Guna, Smt. KGMP Ayurvedic Mahavidyalya, Charni Road, Mumbai, India. Authenticated and Standardised by Alarsin Pharmaceuticals, Andheri, Mumbai, India. Sample of Sangali Sample of Beed Sample of Wardha

Vd. Balaji Sawant et al. Pharmacological and phytochemical study of Haridra ISSN: 2456-3110 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Mar-Apr 2021 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | Mar - Apr 2021 | Vol. 6 | Issue 2 24 Analytical report of sample of Haridra of Sangali Test Specifications Result Appearance Fresh rhizomes Fresh rhizome Colour Yellow Yellow Odour Characteristic Characteristic Taste Characteristic Characteristic Moisture content NMT 80% 78.3% Total Ash NMT 9% 8% Acid insoluble ash NMT 1% 0.85% Alcoholic soluble extractive NLT 8% 8.08% Water soluble extractive NLT 12% 16.10% Volatile oil NLT 4% 4% NMT : Not more than, NLT : Not less than Analytical report of sample of Haridra of Wardha Test Specifications Result Appearance Fresh rhizomes Fresh rhizomes Colour Yellow Yellow Odour Characteristic Pleasant characteristics Taste Characteristic Characteristics Moisture content NMT 80% 79.7% Total Ash NMT 9% 7.00% Acid insoluble ash NMT 1% 0.76% Alcoholic soluble extractive NLT 8% 8.12% Water soluble extractive NLT 12% 18.21% Volatile oil NLT 4% 4% NMT : Not more than, NLT : Not less than Analytical report of sample of Haridra of Beed Test Specifications Result Appearance Fresh rhizomes Fresh rhizomes Colour Yellow Yellow Odour Characteristic Characteristic Taste Characteristic Characteristic Moisture content NMT 80% 76.2% Total Ash NMT 9% 6.87% Acid insoluble ash NMT 1% 0.89% Alcoholic soluble extractive NLT 8% 8.02% Water soluble extractive NLT 12% 17.26% Volatile oil NLT 4% 4% NMT : Not more than, NLT : Not less than Chemical composition [9] ▪ By far the most researched constituents in turmeric are the 3 alkaloidal curcumins which belong to the group – curcumin, demethoxycurcumin and bisdemethoxycurcumin. These are the gold substances in turmeric. ▪ Root extract contains curcuminoids and bisabolene types sesquiterpines such as turmerone, curcumene, zingiberene. ▪ The root is 70% carbohydrate, 7% protein, 4% minerals and 4 to 14% essentials oils which is mostly turmerone, zingiberone.

Vd. Balaji Sawant et al. Pharmacological and phytochemical study of Haridra ISSN: 2456-3110 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Mar-Apr 2021 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | Mar - Apr 2021 | Vol. 6 | Issue 2 25 ▪ Curcuminoids are polyphenols and are crystallized from turmeric oleo-resins. They appear as free flowing yellow orange powder. Of the 3 to 5% curcuminoids in turmeric typically 85% is curcumin, 10% demethoxycurcumin and 5% is bisdemethoxy-curcumin Not just the curcumins ▪ Turmerin, a water-soluble antioxidant peptide is found. ▪ Turmerin forms 0.1% of the dry weight of turmeric and is obtained in a crystalline form. ▪ Fresh rhizome has at least 9 sesquiterpenoids like beta curcumin, alpha turmerone etc. ▪ Other molecules like d-camphor, 1-a-curcumene, sabinene, zingerene etc. Phytochemical variations as per following three regions of Maharashtra 1) Western Maharashtra - Sangali Geographical climate [10] The Sangli district comes under deccan plateau geographic region. The maximum temperature in the district reaches upto 42°C whereas minimum temperature is usually around 14°C. Humidity of Sangli district is 30-35. Climate of Sangli district is hot and dry which helps to improve quality of turmeric. Appearance in Sangli turmeric rhizomes is having less wrinkles as boiled in water before. Curcumin content (%) - 3.45% (2.8 to 4.366%) due storage facility for turmeric its curcumin content increase from 3.426 to 5.784 upto 2.5 years. Curcumin is an active ingredient which has distinctly earthy, slightly bitter, a little hot peppery flavour and a mustardy aroma. Oil content - 4.5034 curcumin yield (kg ha-l) - 228.053 s. Ranges from 4 % to 5%. Sugar content - Sangli turmeric possesses higher sugar contents. 2) Vidarbha - Nagpur Geographical climate The black soil of Vidarbha is suitable for turmeric cultivation. Additionally, 10 feet deep black soil available layer helps in water retention in soil. Black soil from Vidarbha is alkaline in nature having Ph more than 8.6 and it contains high organic carbon [11] Appearance and curcumin% The specific characteristics of Vidarbha haldi are pungent odour, dark mustard yellow colour, concentric rings on wet stem, Curcumin oil is above 6 percent and when crushed manually it is about 8 percent. It has higher Curcumin oil content. The standard curcumin content in turmeric is 2 to 4% by weight, anything over 6% is considered good. Spices board of India found that Vidarbha turmeric’s curcumin content is 6.24% by weight. 3) Marathwada - Beed Geographical climate The medium black soil covers about 64.75 percent portion of the Marathwada region. The coarse and shallow soil covers about 22.26 percent portion of the Marathwada region. Ph value is 7.4 to 8.4%, organic carbon present in soil range from 0.34% [12] Curcumin and essential oil content Curcumin percentage is 4.5 to 5% and essential oil content is 4 to 5% as per spice board of India and analytic report. Pharmacotherapeutic actions of Haridra on Obesity Anti-obesity Lipid metabolisms demonstrate that the inhibition of adipogenesis can prevent obesity and that the activation of lipolysis can cure obesity. Accordingly, there is increasing evidence that some natural plants can induce the inhibition of adipogenesis and lipogenesis or the activation of lipolysis. One such plant is the root of Curcuma longa ,

Vd. Balaji Sawant et al. Pharmacological and phytochemical study of Haridra ISSN: 2456-3110 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Mar-Apr 2021 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | Mar - Apr 2021 | Vol. 6 | Issue 2 26 which is widely cultivated mainly in tropical regions of Asia and Africa [13] It possesses various biological activities such as antiobesity, anti-atherosclerosis, anti-diabetes, antimutagenesis, anti-cancer, and anti-oxidation effects. These effects might be related to its well-known biologically active compounds, curcuminoids, which include curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, and bisdemethoxycurcumin. Even though C. Longa l. Has good medicinal efficacy, it has strong flavour and taste, which decrease consumer palatability and limit the industrial applications in food. Consequently, it is necessary to improve its characterization. C. longa l. Fermented by aspergillus oryzae has various properties including reduced bitterness and harsh taste that increase consumer acceptance. In the current study, we investigated the effects of C. longa l. 50% ethanolic extract supplementation in 60% high-fat diet-induced obese rats measured by the activation of adipogenesis and lipolysis. Curcuma longa decreases cholesterol. It can stimulate the conversion of cholesterol to bile acids, an important way of eliminating cholesterol from the body [14] A case study of 1992 in India shows that by intake of 500 mg of curcumin cholesterol count dropped by an average of 27% [14] CONCLUSION The Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics of Haridra unveils that it poses Ruksha, Ushna property and pacifies Kapha Pitta Doshas and poses properties like Lekhan, Varnya, Rujahar . The drug is indicated in disease like Prameh, Kustha, Pandu, Vrana . With its properties like Ruksha, Ushna, Kaphhar it can be used in Sthaulya for Lekhan Karma . Phytochemical variations of Haridra as per different regions of Maharashtra. It has several synonyms which indicates its properties, its morphology its pharmacotherapeutic actions etc. It even possesses pharmacotherapeutic properties like anti-mutagenic, choleretic, hypocholesterolemic, antiobesity. It possesses properties like activation of lipolysis. Analytic report of Haridra rhizome of Sangli, Wardha and Beed shows changes in percentage composition. It possesses not only curcuminoids as essential chemical groups but even water extract of turmeric like turmerin in an essential chemical compound for various pharmacotherapeutic actions. This work may steer further scientific researches to explore all the pharmacological properties of Haridra delineated in various Samhitas and may be referred as a revisit of classical description of Haridra and its concurrent utility. REFERENCES 1 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK 92752/ The golden spice: from traditional medicine to modern medicine 2 http://wgbis.ces.iisc.ac.in/energy/water/paper/Turmer ic/Pub_%20 Phytochemical%20 and%20 Pharmacological %20 Importance%20 of%20 Turmeric%20(1).pdf 3 Priyavrat Sharma, Dravya Guna Vigyan, Part-2, Chaukhmbha Bharati Academy, Varanasi, edition 2002 4 Dr . Bramhanand Tripathi, Sharangdhar Samhita, Chaukhamba Surbharti Prakashan, Varanasi, edition 2016; page no. 107. 5 Prof. Krishnachandra Chunekar, Bhavprakash Nighantu, Chaukhamba Bharti Academy, Varanasi, edition 2015; page no. 628 6 http://www.turmeric.co.in/turmeric_varieties.htm 7 Dr . Ananthram Sharma, Sushrut Samhita, Chaukhamba Sanskrit Sansthan, Varanasi, edition 2006; page no. 309. 8 Dr . Bramhanand Tripathi, Charak Samhita, Part 1, Chaukhamba Surbharti Prakashan, Varanasi, edition 2006;page no. 76-77. 9 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283863862 _Chemical_constituents_and_bA%20 used,of%20 medici nal%20 and%20 pharmacological%20 applications.&text =Turmeric%20 contains%203- 6%25%20 polyphenolic,of%20 curcumin%2 C%20 demeth oxycurcumin%20 and%20 bisdemethoxycurcumin. 10 haridra+curcumin+percentage&aqs=chrome.69 i 57.787 839 j 0 j 4&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8

Vd. Balaji Sawant et al. Pharmacological and phytochemical study of Haridra ISSN: 2456-3110 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Mar-Apr 2021 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | Mar - Apr 2021 | Vol. 6 | Issue 2 27 11 https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/apinch-of-waigaon-haldi-a-day-keeps-canceraway/articleshow/68879787.cms 12 https://www.gitagged.com/gi-tagged-waigaonturmeric/ 13 https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3402/fnr.v 60 .30428 - Antiobesity Mechanism 14 Prashanti De Jager MS, Turmeric the Ayurvedic spice of life, edition 2018, published by full circle, page no. 25,44,76. ******************************* How to cite this article: Vd. Balaji Sawant, Vd. Darshana Mishra, Vd. Janhavi Alwe. Pharmacological and phytochemical study of Haridra in Maharashtra state with special reference to Desh Vichar. J Ayurveda Integr Med Sci 2021;2:21-27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21760/jaims.6.2.4 Source of Support: Nil, Conflict of Interest: None declared. Copyright © 2021 The Author(s); Published by Maharshi Charaka Ayurveda Organization, Vijayapur (Regd). This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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