An analysis of etiological factors of Vidagdhajirna

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REVIEW ARTICLE Nov-Dec 2020 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | Nov - Dec 2020 | Vol. 5 | Issue 6 200 An analysis of etiological factors of Vidagdhajirna Dr. K.V. Nimisha 1 , Dr. Ranjitha 2 1 2 nd Year Post Graduate Scholar, 2 Associate Professor, Government Ayurveda Medical College, Bengaluru, Karnataka, INDIA. I NTRODUCTION In Ayurveda it is said that proper functioning of Agni (digestive power) will imparts Ayu (longevity) which means it increases the life span of the human if Agni is working properly, it provides Varna (complexion) of the body, Balam (strength of the body), Swasthyam (health) it maintain the health i.e. physical, mental status of the human being, Utsaha ( enthusiasm) , Upachaya (body metabolism), Prabha (lusture), Ojas (tissue essence), it maintain the immunity of the body, Agnayah (bio fires), Prana (maintain the stable life of human being) [1] The derangement of Agni will cause digestive disorders called as Ajirna . Vidagdhajirna is one among them. The symptoms of Vidagdhajirna includes Dhuma Amla Udgara Address for correspondence: Dr. K.V. Nimisha 2 nd Year Post Graduate Scholar, Government Ayurveda Medical College, Bengaluru, Karnataka, INDIA. E-mail: nimishanaveen 90@gmail.com Submission Date: 19/11/2020 Accepted Date: 23/12/2020 Access this article online Quick Response Code Website: www.jaims.in Published by Maharshi Charaka Ayurveda Organization, Vijayapur, Karnataka (Regd) under the license CCby-NC-SA (eructation of smoky and sour liquid), Pittaja Ruja (different type of pain due to Pitta ), Daha (burning sensation of the body), Sveda (perspiration) , Trt (thirst) Brama (giddiness), Moorcha (fainting) [2] Many of the people are suffering digestive disorder same as that of Vidagdhajirna . This review was done to analysis the etiological factors of Vidagdhajirna. M ETHODOLOGY This article is based on review of various Ayurvedic texts and online websites. Among which important Ayurvedic texts which was referred are Ashtanga Hridaya, Charaka Samhitha, Madhava Nidana and Susrutha Samhitha . The websites which where reffered are www.healthline.com , www.medicalnews today com. Ajeerna Samanya Nidanas Athyambupana (drinking large quantity of water), Vishamasana (taking food either in large or small in quantity and at unusual times), Sandharana (suppression of natural urges), Swapnaviparyaya (loss of sleep at nights or sleeping during day), Eshya (envy), Bhaya (panic), Krodha (anger), Lubdhane (voracious), Rugdainya (suffering from disease), Pradvesha Yuktena cha Sevyamanya Mannam (taking food with jealousy), Chinta (stress), Shoka (grief) , Dukha (sadness) [3] A B S T R A C T In Ayurveda Agni is given for top priority for the maintenance of health. In the context of functioning of living organisms Agni performs its vital activities by doing Pakadi Karmas . Food substances undergo metabolic transformation by the effect of Jataragni, Bhutagni and Dhatvagni . Diseases arise as a result of less, excessive and irregular digestion of food known as Mandaagni , Tikshnagni and Vishamagni respectively. Our Acharyas included digestive disorder under the heading Ajirna . In classics types of Ajirna explained mainly as Vishtabdhajirna , Vidagdajirna and Amajirna . Among which Vidagdhajirna is more important in present days. Now a days number of patients with the symptoms of Vidagdhajirna is increasing. So it is important to analyse the etiological factors of Vidagdhajirna. Key words: Agni, Ajirna, Nidana, Amajeerna, Vishtabdhajeerna.

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Dr. K.V. Nimisha et al. An analysis of etiological factors of Vidagdhajirna ISSN: 2456-3110 REVIEW ARTICLE Nov-Dec 2020 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | Nov - Dec 2020 | Vol. 5 | Issue 6 201 Samprapti (pathogenesis) of Ajirna Due to the above etiological factors Doshas becomes vitiated and there will incomplete digestion of food leading to incomplete digestion of food and produces sourness which is toxic and produces pathologic process in the body and leads to formation of many diseases. Such patients do not digest food even though consumed at proper time, quantity, wholesome diet and easily digestible food substances [4] Samanya Lakshanas (General symptoms) of Ajirna Samanya Lakshanas are Vibandha (abdominal distention), Glani (general malaise), Siroruk (head ache), Brama (fainting), Moorcha (giddiness), Prshta Kati Graha (stiffness in back and waist), Jrmbh a (yawning) Angamarda (body pain), Jvara (fever), Chardhi (vomiting), Aruchi (anorexia) and Pravahana (tenesmus) [5] Types of Ajirna According to the predominance of vitiated Doshas Ajeerna is broadly classified into 3; 1 Amajirna - due to vitiation of Kapha Dosha 2. Vidagdajirna - due to vitiation of Pitta Dosha 3 Vishtabdhajirna - due to vitiation of Vata Dosha Other types are 4 Rasasheshajirna - due to indigestion of Ahara Rasa 5 Dinapaki Ajirna - in which the food is digested on next day but causes no difficulty [6] Etiological Factors Vidagdhajirna As already said Vidagdhajirna is caused by Pitta Dosha . So the etiological factors which cause aggravation of Pitta Dosha will also cause Vidagdhajirna . Table 1: Showing Pitta aggravating factors. [7,8] SN Ahara Other Nidanas 1. Katuahara Krodha 2. Amlaahara Soka 3. Lavanaahara Bhaya 4. Tikshnahara Ayasa 5. Ushnahara Upasava 6. Laguahara Maidhuna 7. Vidahiahara Gamana 8. Tilataila Madhyanasamaya 9. Pinyaka Ardharathri 10. Kulatha Jeeryathyanne 11. Sharshapa Sarathkala 12. Athasi Greeshmakala 13. Harithasaka 14. Godhamamsa 15. Matsya 16. Ajamamsa 17. Avikamamsa 19. Takra 18. Dhadhi 19. Kurchika 20. Masthu 21. Soviraka 22. Amlaphala 23. Katvara 24. Aranala Table 2: Some Pitta aggravating things in present lifestyle. [9] Pepper Black gram Refined oil Garlic Sesame Chocolates Curd Fish Excess spicy food Tomato based food Tea Excess salty food Raw onion Coffee Meat Sour fruits Beetle leaf chewing Dairy product Alcohol Pan parag Pickles

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Dr. K.V. Nimisha et al. An analysis of etiological factors of Vidagdhajirna ISSN: 2456-3110 REVIEW ARTICLE Nov-Dec 2020 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | Nov - Dec 2020 | Vol. 5 | Issue 6 202 Aerated beverages Sandwich Cigarette smoking Soda Noodles Horse gram Pasta R ESULTS The unhealthy food habits and activities which will aggravate Pitta are the responsible factors for Vidagdhajirna. Now a days we can observe difference in the food preparation, a variety of foods are available outside which is made up of excess spicy salty and sour in nature. Along with increase in the consumption of alcohol, smoking and other types of addictions will leads to Vidagdhajirna . Untimely intake of food and skipping food is also a responsible factor. DISCUSSION Krodha (anger), Soka (depression), Bhaya (fear) as Nidana Problems of digestion is common in person who have excess Krodha, Soka and Bhaya. Stress will affect the normal functions of digestive system. Intense stress is associated with more production of HCL production and it will create burning sensation of stomach and acid regurgitation [10] Sura like alcoholic preparation Sura is one among alcohol preparations said in Ayurveda [11] When looking into the properties it is described that it has properties like Amla Paka (metabolic end effect is sour in taste), Amla Rasa (sour taste) and Pittasra Dooshanam (vitiates Pitta Dosha and Rakta ) [12] So it is clear that Sura like alcoholic preparation will definitely vitiate Pitta Dosha. When a person excessively consumes Sura Madya will leads to Pitta vitiation and will create digestive problems and it will lead to Vidagdhajirna. According to the American College of Gastroenterology, alcohol relaxes the muscles around the stomach, which makes it more likely for the contents of the stomach to leak out. Alcohol also affects stomach acid. Alcohol can make the stomach produce more acid and it will lead to heart burn. Alcohol can affect judgment. After drinking alcohol, people are more likely to eat foods that disagree with them, eat late at night, or eat more than usual. These factors can cause digestive problems Alcoholic beverages that are sugary, citrus, or carbonated can also lead to heartburn and regurgitation of food in to oesophagus [13] Katu Lavana Amla Ahara (spicy, salty, sour food items) As we know the Rasas (tastes), Katu (acrid), Lavana (salty) and Amla (sour) will cause Pitta Prokopa. [14] So when we take the foods which are excess of spicy, sour and salty taste will aggravate Pitta and leads to problems in the digestion Spicy foods are notorious for causing heartburn. They often contain a compound called capsaicin, which may slow the rate of digestion. This means food will sit in the stomach longer, which is a risk factor for heartburn. Sour foods causes’ excess production of acid in the stomach and it will cause burning sensation of stomach. Salty food also has the same effect [15] Matsya Aja Avika Mamsa (meat of fish, goat and sheep) Matsya, Aja, Avika included under Mamsa Varga . The properties of Mamsa Varga are Guru (heavy), Ushna (hot) , Pittala (aggravate Pitta Dosha ) [16] Foods that might make gastric disturbance include meat, as it tends to be high in cholesterol and fatty acids. Oils and high-fat foods, which may cause the sphincter in the stomach to relax and will cause stomach content to reflex, back. So excess consumption of meat will leads to the disturbances in the stomach [17] Other Nidanas (etiological factors) of Vidagdhajirna Tilataila (gingelly oil), Dhadhi (curd), Takra (butter milk) , Aranala (rice water) , Suktha (vinegar) , Haritha Shaka (green leafy vegetables), Katvara (butter milk by product) , Sarshapa (mustard), Kulatha (horse gram) these are the other Nidanas explained by Acharyas . In which Suktha will lead to Utklesa of Rakta, Pitta and Kapha (will increase Pitta , Blood and

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Dr. K.V. Nimisha et al. An analysis of etiological factors of Vidagdhajirna ISSN: 2456-3110 REVIEW ARTICLE Nov-Dec 2020 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | Nov - Dec 2020 | Vol. 5 | Issue 6 203 Kapha ) [18] Kulatha (horse gram) has Amla Rasa (sour taste), Pittasrada Param (increases Pitta and Kapha greatly) [19] Dhadhi has Amla Paka and Rasa (sour in taste and metabolic end effect) [20] By looking in to the properties we can see that all these foods will cause aggravation of Pitta Dosha in the stomach and it wills leads to digestive problems related to Pitta Dosha and will cause Vidagdhajirna. Smoking, beetle leaf chewing The nicotine from tobacco relaxes the valve between the oesophagus and stomach (lower oesophageal sphincter). This can allow stomach acid and juices, the chemicals that break down food in the stomach, to back up (reflux) into the oesophagus. Smoking prompts the stomach to produce more acid, increasing the risk of gastric juices being refluxed into the oesophagus. Smoking also seems to make stomach acid more intense and damaging by promoting the transfer of bile salts from the intestines into the stomach [21] Foods which vitiate Agni in present life style. Now there is a change in the life style of the people, sedentary life style leads to the adoption of variety of food from outside, which includes junk foods like sandwich, noodles, fried rice, biryani, burger, pizza and many other varieties. All of these food items are made up of by using excess spicy, salty, sour ingredients and excess masala items. Along with there is increase in the use of alchol, cigarette, betel leaf chewing and different kind of addictions. All of these activities leads to the disturbance in the stomach because of the nature of ingredients it contains and leads to regurgitation of food content back into oesophagus and manifested as burning in the chest region acid belching these are the main symptoms of Vidagdhajirna. [22] CONCLUSION Majority of the disease are outcome of malfunctioning of the Agni which rightly has been called as root to health. The foods which vitiate Agni will cause various diseases depending upon the Dosha vitiation. When Agni vitiated Pitta by it causes causes Vidagdhatha and disease due to Pitta Dosha. Vidagdhajirna is due to Agni vitiated by Pitta Dosha. Now a days Vidagdhajirna is increasing day by day due to change in food habits of peoples. Major factor for Vidagdhajirna is Pitta aggravating foods . The main cause for increasing Vidagdhajirna is due to change in the food habits of people. Avoidance of etiological factors is the preliminary step in the management of Vidagdhajirna . Improper life style or changing life style, difference in the seasonal regimen, disturbance in mind may contribute in the development of Vidagdhajirna. REFERENCES 1 Agnivesha, Charaka Samhitha of Acharya Charaka, Drudhabala, edited by VaidyaJadavji Trikamji Acharya, Chikitsa Sthana, Ch. 15, ver.3, Reprint Edition Choukhambha Surbharati Prakashan, Varanasi, 2005 page no 512 2 KR Sreekanta Moorthy, Madhavakara, Madhava Nidanam, Madhukosa Commentary, Ch. 6 ver.11, Choukambha Sanskrit Series, Varanasi, 2011,page no 30. 3 Susrutha, Susrutha Samhitha, Dalhana and Sri Gayadasacharyakrt edited by Vaidya Jadavji Trikamji Acharya and Narayanan Ram Acharya Kavyatirtha, Sutra Stana 46, verse 507-508, Reprint edition, Choukambha Surbharati Prakashan, Varanasi, 2003 page no 223 4 P.S. Byadgi, Ayurvediya Vikruthi Vigyan and Roga Vigyan, Ajirna. Choukambha Publication, Varanasi, India,2009, p.74 5 Agnivesha, Charaka Samhitha of Acharya Charaka, Drudhabala, edited by Vaidya Jadavji Trikamji Acharya, Chikitsa Sthana, Ch. 15, ver. 45-46, Reprint Edition Choukhambha Surbharati Prakashan, Varanasi, 2005, page no 512 6 K.R. Sreekantha Moorthy, Madhavakara, Madhava Nidanam, Ch.6, ver.5-6, MadhuKosa Commentary, Choukambha Sanskrit Series, Varanasi, 2011,page no 29. 7 K.R Sreekantha Moorthy, Madhavakara, Madhavanidanam, Ch.1 ver.5 Madhukosa Commentary, Choukambha Sanskrit Series, Varanasi 2011, page no 29. 8 Susrutha, Susruta Samhita, Dalhana and Sri Gayadasacharyakrt edited by Vaidya Jadavji Trikamji Acharya and Narayanan Ram Acharya Kavyatirtha, Sutrastana 21, verse 21, Reprint edition, Choukambha Surbharati Prakashan, Varanasi 2003, page no. 103 9 www.healthline com › nutrition › foods -that-cause-heart burn 10 Www.medicalnewstoday.com › articles › alcohol -heartburn

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Dr. K.V. Nimisha et al. An analysis of etiological factors of Vidagdhajirna ISSN: 2456-3110 REVIEW ARTICLE Nov-Dec 2020 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | Nov - Dec 2020 | Vol. 5 | Issue 6 204 11 Vagbhata, Ashtanga Hrdaya, Arunadauttakrt, edited by Pt. Hari Sadasiva Sastri Pardarakara, SutraSthana, Ch.5,ver.72, Reprint edition, Choukhamba Surbhararti Prakashan, Varanasi, 2014, page no 80. 12 Vagbhata, Ashtanga Hrdaya, Arunadauttakrt, edited by Pt. Hari Sadasiva Sastri Pardarakara, SutraSthana, Ch.5,ver.68- 70, Reprint edition, Choukhamba Surbhararti Prakashan, Varanasi, 2014, page no 80. 13 www.medicalnewstoday.com › articles › alcohol -heartburn 14 Vagbhata, Ashtanga Hrdaya, Arunadauttakrt, edited by Pt. Hari Sadasiva Sastri Pardarakara, SutraSthana, Ch.1,ver.15, Reprint edition, Choukhamba Surbhararti Prakashan, Varanasi, 2014 page no 11. 15 www.healthline.com › nutrition › foods -that-cause-heartburn 16 Vagbhata, Ashtanga Hrdaya, Arunadauttakrt, edited by Pt. Hari Sadasiva Sastri Pardarakara, SutraSthana, Ch.6,ver.59 , Reprint edition, Choukhamba Surbhararti Prakashan, Varanasi, 2014, page no 95. 17 www.medicalnewstoday.com › articles › meat 18 Vagbhata, Ashtanga Hrdaya, Arunadauttakrt, edited by Pt. Hari Sadasiva Sastri Pardarakara, SutraSthana, Ch.5,ver.76, Reprint edition, Choukhamba Surbhararti Prakashan, Varanasi, 2014, page no 82. 19 Vagbhata, Ashtanga Hrdaya, Arunadauttakrt, edited by Pt. Hari Sadasiva Sastri Pardarakara, Sutra Sthana, Ch.6,ver.18, Reprint edition, Choukhamba Surbhararti Prakashan, Varanasi, 2014, page no 87 20 Vagbhata, Ashtanga Hrdaya, Arunadauttakrt, edited by Pt. Hari Sadasiva Sastri Pardarakara, Sutra Sthana, Ch.5, ver.29- 31 ,Reprint edition Choukhamba Surbhararti Prakashan, Varanasi 2014 page no 70. 21 www.uofmhealth.org>health-library,everyday health.com/gerd and smoking 22 www.healthline.com › nutrition › foods -that-cause-heartb ******************************* How to cite this article: Dr. K.V. Nimisha, Dr. Ranjitha. An analysis of etiological factors of Vidagdhajirna. J Ayurveda Integr Med Sci 2020;6:200-204. Source of Support: Nil, Conflict of Interest: None declared. Copyright © 2020 The Author(s); Published by Maharshi Charaka Ayurveda Organization, Vijayapur (Regd). This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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