Role of Abhyanga in Skin and Hair Care

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[Find the meaning and references behind the names: Tilak, Anil, Priya, Vishal, Long, Prasanna, Naik, Prabha, Good]

REVIEW ARTICLE July-Aug 2020 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | July - Aug 2020 | Vol. 5 | Issue 4 169 Role of Abhyanga in Skin and Hair Care Dr. Madhuri Anil Pachghare 1 , Vd. Priya Vishal Naik 2 1 Associate Professor, Dept. of Sanskrit Samhita & Siddhant, Government Ayurveda College, Sakkardara, Nagpur, 2 Ph.D Scholar, Tilak Maharashtra Vidyapeeth, Pune, & Assistant Professor, Dept. of Sanskrit Samhita & Siddhant, R. A. Podar Medical College (Ayur), Worli Mumbai, Maharashtra, INDIA. I NTRODUCTION Beauty is the attribution of a property or quality of an animal, idea, object, person or place that provides a perception of pleasure or satisfaction. Human beauty is largely a reflection of the quality of skin, hair, eyes, feet and so on. It is also an expression of healthy skin and healthy hair. Ayurveda is a lifestyle science which endeavors towards preserving health and prevention and treatment of diseases. So beauty in Ayurveda concepts is appreciated in terms of health. Hence a direct reference of the word ‘beauty’ is not found in Samhita Granthas . Instead words like ‘ Saukumarya’, Address for correspondence: Dr. Madhuri Anil Pachghare Associate Professor, Dept. of Sanskrit Samhita & Siddhant, Government Ayurveda College, Sakkardara, Nagpur, Maharashtra, INDIA. E-mail: drmap 1965@gmail.com Submission Date: 09/07/2020 Accepted Date: 12/08/2020 Access this article online Quick Response Code Website: www.jaims.in Published by Maharshi Charaka Ayurveda Organization, Vijayapur, Karnataka (Regd) under the license CCby-NC-SA ‘Kanti’, ‘Prabha’, ‘Prasanna’ etc. are used to describe beauty. The path towards health and beauty starts with Dinacharya and Rutucharya i.e. daily and seasonal regimen. Of the various regimes described for Dinacharya, one is Abhyanga . It is an oil massage involving warm medicinal oil s individual to one’s Prakruti . It opens up the channels (Srotas) , removes toxins, provides nutrition and moisturises hair and skin. It provides all the long term and short term benefits of facial and hair therapy done in salons in an affordable way. A IM To evaluate the role of Abhyanga in skin and hair care O BJECTIVES 1. To study the mode of action of Abhyanga 2. To evaluate the role of Abhyanga in skin care 3. To evaluate the role of Abhyanga in hair care 4. To define Abhyanga as a beauty enhancer M ATERIALS AND M ETHODS Various Ayurvedic classics and published research articles were reviewed and studied to evalute the role of Abhyanga in skin and hair care. A B S T R A C T Skin is the first presenting organ of the body. Healthy and lustrous hair symbolizes the inner health of the individual. When you look good, you feel good is the general psychology. There are numerous external beauty therapies cropping up in the arcade of beauty. But a simple, user-friendly and costeffective therapy described in ancient Ayurvedic texts, Abhyanga beautifies skin and hair from the inner core, in a healthy way, which is the purpose of this study. The references regarding Abhyanga , skin and hair from all the Ayurvedic texts were assembled and assessed. Also the role of Abhyanga in maintaining the definition of ‘ Swastha Purusha ’ was explored. Abhyanga leads to Vata - Shaman and Prabha-Vardhan thereby acting as an excellent anti-ageing therapy. It also takes care of certain ailments like pain, tingling, numbness etc. It also helps in improving blood circulation, removal of toxins, thus imparting strength to skin and care. Inclusively, Abhyanga can be considered as an excellent therapy for the enhancement of health and beauty. Key words: Abhyanga, Skin care, Hair care.

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[Find the meaning and references behind the names: Shri, Tam, Deep, Shweta, Flower]

Dr. Madhuri Anil Pachghare et al. Role of Abhyanga in Skin and Hair Care ISSN: 2456-3110 REVIEW ARTICLE July-Aug 2020 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | July - Aug 2020 | Vol. 5 | Issue 4 170 Concept of beauty in Ayurveda A phrase in English goes ‘Beauty is only skin deep’, which means someone may have a beautiful appearance but not necessarily beautiful character. Putting this in the terms of Ayurveda, this phrase seems incorrect. Beauty is mostly appreciated through eyes, skin, hair and physique and built of the body. In Ayurveda, these qualities are discussed in context of Prakruti, Saar , Saarvan Dhatus etc. The skin of a Ras- Saar person is lusturous and smooth. The body hair is soft, less dense and deeply rooted. The skin of Rakta- Saar person is described as Shri-mad-Bhrajishnu, which means delicate and lusturous skin. The texture of skin and hair in a Meda-Saar person is smooth and soft. Majja Saar persons have large and attractive eyes and soft complexion. A Sukra-Saar person has attractive eyes, white, dense teeth and lusturous complexion [1] Ayurveda, being more of a medical science, focuses majorly on the inner beauty obtained through good health. Concept of skin in Ayurveda According to Aacharya Sushruta , the amalgamation of Shukra and Shonita while being acted upon by Agni , gives rise to the formation of seven layers of the skin. The example of formation of cream when the milk is boiled is cited to explain this process [2] Aacharya Vagbhat has quoted the same example. But according to him, blood ( Rakta Dhatu ) when processed upon by its own agni helps in formation of the seven layers of the skin [3] Shashilekha commentary on Ashtang Sangraha mentions that the layers of skin are like the layers of the flower of banana. The quality of the Rakta Dhatu is reflected from the quality of skin [4] Ashtanga Sangraha has mentioned skin as a ‘ Maatruja ’ organ [5] Aacharya Charaka has also mentioned skin as a ‘ Maatruja ’ organ [6] The organs which are described as ‘ Maatruja ’ are derived from the maternal part and are soft and delicate in nature. Layers of skin Charaka Samhita and Ashtanga Sangraha has described 6 layers of skin [7] whereas Ashtang Hridaya and Sushruta Samhita has mentioned 7 layers of skin [8] 6 layers of skin according to Charak Samhita [7] 1 Outermost layer of skin is ‘ Udakadhara ’, the one which holds water. 2 Second is ‘ Asrugdhara ’, the one which holds blood. 3 Third layer is the seat of Sidhma and Kilasa. 4 Fourth layer is the seat of Dadru and Kushtha 5 Fifth layer is the seat of Alaji and Vidradhi 6 Sixth layer, if cut, causes tam-pravesh (or loss of consciousness) and seat of blackish or reddish boils, deep-rooted on joints and incurable. Ashtang Sangraha has also mentioned these layers of skin. The sixth layer has been named Pranadhara by Aacharya Vagbhat [9] 7 layers of skin according to Aacharya Sushruta [10] Name of the layer Thickness Diseases related Avabhasini 1/18 th of the thickness of Brihi Sidhma, Padmakantaka Lohita 1/16 th of the thickness of Brihi Tilkalak,Nyachh, Vyanga Shweta 1/12 th of the thickness of Brihi Charmadal, Ajagalii, Mashak Tamra 1/8 th of the thickness of Brihi Kilaas, Kushtha Vedini 1/5 th of the thickness of Brihi Kushtha, Visarpa Rohini Same as thickness of Brihi Apachi, Tumour, Filariasis, Abcess Galgand

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[Find the meaning and references behind the names: Mala]

Dr. Madhuri Anil Pachghare et al. Role of Abhyanga in Skin and Hair Care ISSN: 2456-3110 REVIEW ARTICLE July-Aug 2020 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | July - Aug 2020 | Vol. 5 | Issue 4 171 Mamsadhara Twice the thickness of Brihi Fistula, Abcess, Haemorrhoids Concept of hair in Ayurved Hair is a Pitruja-Avayava [11] It mainly comprises of Prithvi-Mahabhoota . It is formed as a Mala of Asthi- Dhatu [12] The scalp is called the Kesh-Bhumi , ie the place of origin of hair. According to Aacharya Kashyap, the scalp should be Snigdha , having good amount of blood supply, devoid of any disorders or wounds [13] The hair of Pitta-Prakruti individual are soft, less dense, slightly brownish in colour [14] Vaat-Prakruti individuals have rough and weak hair. Pitta-Prakruti individuals develop the signs of aging like prematures greying of hair, hairfall and wrinkling of skin earlier [14] Hairfall is a symptom present in Asthi-Kshaya [15] Keshbhumi-sputana is one of the 80 diseases occuring due to Vat-Dushti [16] Abhyanga or oil massage Abhyanga is a form of massage where medicated oils are infused into the skin or scalp. It is described as a part of daily routine by Ayurveda. It is used as an individual therapy and also as a Poorva-Karma in Panchkarma . It removes the toxins and increases blood circulation of the specific area. According to Aacharya Vagbhat, Abhyanga should be practised regularly. It keeps away the signs of aging (pre-mature aging), fatigue and symptoms arisisng due to Vaat-Vriddhi . It helps to improve the vision, improves the health of eyes, beautifies and strengthens the skin as well as imparts a peaceful sleep [17] Along with entire body, Abhyanga should be done mainly on head (scalp and hair), ears and feet [18] Three examples namely; the wheels, skin from dead animals and earthen pot are illustrated in Ashtang Sangraha to explain the benefits of Abhyanga . These three when regularly rubbed upon by oil become soft and strong. Likewise when the skin is regualrly nourished with oil it becomes soft, subtle, elastic and strong. The Vaat-Dosha takes the abode ( Ashraya ) of the skin and performs its function of recognising touch and sensations. Oil is the unsurpassed medicine for maintaining the proper functioning of Vaayu . Hence oil massage is extremely important for the skin [19] Aacharya Charak adds that the body becomes exceptionally strong, capable of lifting heavy weights and youthful by regular oil massage [20] Aacharya Sushruta also advocates the same regarding Abhyanga . He also states that the body becomes strong, toxin-free, Dhatus become nourished and Kapha and Vaata Dosha are maintained in their proper proportion. Further he adds that the time period required for the oil to reach the roots of hair is 300 Matras, skin 400 Matras, blood 500 Matras , muscles 600 Matras, Meda Dhatu 700 Matras, bones 800 Matras and 900 Matras to reach the bone marrow and destroy various diseases [21] Oil is mentioned as the one which destroys increased Vaat-Dosha without increasing Kapha-Dosha. It is said to be beneficial to the skin and imparting strength to it [22] The person who is desirous of subtle, soft, smooth skin and strong, active, muscular and stable body should use oil application regularly [23] Oil is the best medicine for increased Vaat-Dosha imparting strength, beneficial to skin and increasing the brain power [24] Padabhyanga or foot massage Padabhyanga relieves the feet of roughness, numbness, dryness and fatigue immediately. It also promotes the beauty, strength and power of the feet. It also helps to improve the health of the eyes and maintains the Vaat-Dosha in its proper limits. It also takes care of ailments like cracked feet, sciatica and other nerve disorders. Muscle cramps also decrease by regular foot-massage [25] It also helps to obtain a peaceful sleep [26] Aacharya Sushruta has explained continuous travelling on foot due to which the dryness in the Vaat-Dosha increases, give rise to cracked feet or Pad- Daari. [27] The treatment for the same is specified as Sira-Vedha, Swedan, Abhyanga and Lepa-Chikitsa. Shiro-Abhyanga or head massage Acharya Charak explains that a person having regular head massage does not experience headache.

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[Find the meaning and references behind the names: Moha, Low, Sneha]

Dr. Madhuri Anil Pachghare et al. Role of Abhyanga in Skin and Hair Care ISSN: 2456-3110 REVIEW ARTICLE July-Aug 2020 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | July - Aug 2020 | Vol. 5 | Issue 4 172 Premature greying of hair, hairfall, disorders of hair does not occur with head massage. The hair becomes strong, long and black. The sense organs become wellnourished and the facial skin becomes lusturous. Deep and peaceful sleep is experienced by regular head massage [28] Aacharya Vagbhat promotes four types of applying oil to the head, namely, Abhyanga, Sek, Pichu and Shirobasti. Their benefits go on increasing from Abhyanga to Shirobasti. Abhyanga relieves the hair and scalp of dryness, itching and impurities. Seka helps in dandruff, headache, burning sensation and scalp wounds. Sneha-pichu helps in diseases related to scalp and disorders of the eyes. Shiro-basti relieves numbness, insomnia, vision disturbances and other severe diseases related to supra-clavicle region [29] Indralupta and Khalitya are the diseases in which the pores of hair roots get blocked by Pitta and Vaat. [30] The treatment for the same is given as Sira-Vedha followed by Abhyanga. [31] Darunak occurs at the scalp level where the scalp is severely damaged by dryness due to Vaata and itching due to Kapha. [32] A vapeeda, Shirobasti and Abhyanga are the therapies advocated for this disease [33] Palitya is described as a disease caused by the damage of the scalp due to Vaata and Pitta. [34] Its treatment includes Nasya and Abhyanga. Properties of oil Predominantly oil is used for Abhyanga. The qualities of oil or Taila , which is one of the four important Snehan Dravyas , are very well explained in the Samhitas . Aacharya Charak and Sushruta has mentioned oil as Twachya- beneficial to the skin [35] Conversely in Ashtang Hridaya it is mentioned that oil is Twak-Dosha-Krut harmful to the skin. But it is explained in Ayurveda Rasayan commentary that oral consumption of oil in excess is detrimental to the skin but if oil is used for massage it is favorable to the skin [36] Properties of individual oils Sesame oil is Sukshma and beneficial to the skin if used as external application [37] Sesame oil has low molecular weight and hence it is considered as the best oil to infiltrate in the skin. Sesame oil has antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties. It is said to have natural sunscreen properties. It is rich in Vit A, E and B. According to Ashtang Hridaya, sesame oil is beneficial in obesity as well as emaciation. Mustard oil is useful in all types of skin diseases, internal and external worm infestations and wound healing [38] Mustard oil is rich in Vit E and Omega-3 fatty acids. It also acts as an antibacterial and antifungal agent. It helps healing skin allergies, rashes and infections, reduces wrinkles on skin thus promoting anti-aging. It increases blood circulation to skin and scalp thus promoting hair growth. Oil obtained from Bibhitaka is beneficial for the healthy growth of hair [38] It prevents premature graying of hair, heals dandruff and lice infestation thus boosting hair growth. It is also useful in skin allergies, acne and wound healing. Neem oil is helpful in skin disease, worm infestations and symptoms like itching, secretions produced due to vitiated kapha [38] It is a well known antifungal medicine thus helping to cure dandruff. It alleviates dryness and itching. It helps healing wounds and fades the dark spots of acne. Being rich in Vit-E and fatty acids, it improves the elasticity of skin. Ashtang Sangraha has mentioned many oils like Karanja, Shigru, Mulak, Agaru, Devdaru, Tuvarak, Bibhitak as beneficial in skin disease and worm infestations [39] Oils of plants like Bibhitaka, walnut, coconut, Trapusha, Moha, Priyaal are beneficial for the growth of hair [40] Almond oil gives strength and lusture to the hair. It reduces infection and inflammation of the skin as well as scalp. It facilitates skin lightening and tan removal. It heals chapped lips, wrinkles and cracked heels. Walnut oil is an excellent source of Omega-3 fatty acids. It is also an antiseptic and antimicrobial. It has rejuvenation and regeneration properties due to which it promotes hair growth. It also helps in skin toning and anti-aging process.

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[Find the meaning and references behind the names: Happy]

Dr. Madhuri Anil Pachghare et al. Role of Abhyanga in Skin and Hair Care ISSN: 2456-3110 REVIEW ARTICLE July-Aug 2020 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | July - Aug 2020 | Vol. 5 | Issue 4 173 O BSERVATIONS 1 Skin or Twak is an organ developed from maternal factors and hair develops from paternal factor. Maternal factor develops from mainly Jala- Mahabhoota and paternal factor develops mainly from Prithvi Mahabhoota . Oil massage or Abhyanga nourishes both these Mahabhootas by its Snigdha and Sthira qualities. 2 Vaat-Dosha resides in the abode of skin. Hair is the Mala of Asthi-Dhatu . Hence any imbalance in Vaat Dosha impairs the health of skin and hair. Oil is the choice of medicine for maintaining the natural health of skin and hair. 3 Sushruta-Samhita is a surgery pre-dominant text. As it is more focused on the anatomical aspects of the body, it has explained the time period required for the oil to reach each Dhatus from superficial to deep. 4 The diseases mentioned in relation to skin and hair are mostly caused due to imbalance of Pitta and Vaata. Abhyanga helps to restore this imbalance. 5 Ashtang Hridaya has proposed levels in the oil therapy for various ailments, like Abhyanga, Sek, Pichu and Shiro-Basti. These therapies can be in corporated in the treatments of various diseases cropping up today due to the modern lifestyle. DISCUSSION Beauty cannot reside inside a diseased body and mind. So the most important component of beauty is good health, which can only be achieved by maintaining a discipline in daily routine. These practices like Abhyanga are not limited only to certain festive rituals, but have to be an unavoidable part of our schedule. The action of Abhyanga can be basically explained in two mechanisms; Mechanism of action of oil massage on skin and hair: ▪ Relaxation action: Massage increases the levels of Serotonin and Dopamine which are mood-lifter hormones. Cortisol hormone, which increases stress levels, decreases. Decrease in stress and anxiety levels improves the quality of sleep. Massaging relieves the body of physical and mental fatigue. ▪ Mechanical action: Massaging dilates the small blood vessels thus increasing blood circulation. Due to this oxygen supply to the cells increase thereby promoting the nourishment to the tissues. It also opens the pores of the skin thus enhancing the transport of nutrients to the tissues. The rubbing action clears the skin and scalp off dead cell layer, eg. Dandruff. This also exposes the newer cells to nourishment. The lymphatic drainage improves facilitating the removal of toxins. Due to the unctuous nature of oil, the hair and skin are conditioned. It also prevents the skin and hair of infestations and infections by maintaining their health. Ayurveda defines a healthy individual as the one who has the proper balance of the three Doshas, has good digestive power, the balanced functioning of the seven Dhatus and three Malas . Along with these factors, content and peaceful soul, sense organs and mind are very much a part of a healthy individual. (Shu.Su.15/41) Abhyanga plays a major role in maintaining the overall health of the individual by balancing and nourishing the functional units of the body - the Dosha, Dhatus and Malas. By promoting a good sleep and relieving stress it takes care of the mental health of the individual. When a person is healthy and happy physically as well as mentally, it reflects upon the aura of the individual. Thus Abhyanga can be termed as a beauty enhancer. Absorption of oils in skin and scalp The skin is permeable to fat soluble substances. When oil is applied to the skin, the oil molecules pass through the strateum corneum, dermis, capillaries and finally the blood stream. Hair follicles and sweat ducts also help in absorption of oil molecules. The process of Abhyanga or massage increases blood circulation and warmth of the skin. As the blood

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[Find the meaning and references behind the names: Debris, Sharma, Singh, Anna, Indu, Tika, Prakashan]

Dr. Madhuri Anil Pachghare et al. Role of Abhyanga in Skin and Hair Care ISSN: 2456-3110 REVIEW ARTICLE July-Aug 2020 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | July - Aug 2020 | Vol. 5 | Issue 4 174 circulation towards the skin increases, t he skin’s permeability to oils increases. The warm oil used in Abhyanga opens the pores of the skin. Clean and open skin pores improves absorption of oil molecules. Also rubbing the oil exfoliates the skin to remove the dry cells and debris. The absorption also depends on time duration of contact. It takes approximately 30 minutes for the oil to be absorbed into the skin which is fairly the time taken for process of Abhyanga . The thickness of the skin also matters in oil absorption. But oil is best absorbed in soles of feet, palms and face Oils are extremely essential for maintaining the health of hair. Some oils penetrate the hair follicles and due to its hydrophobic nature lessen the water absorbed in the hair. It enhances lubrication of the hair follicle, improves elasticity thus preventing hair damage. Regular use of oil massage to scalp reduces the protein loss from the hair. The lubrication effect reduces friction and prevents damage of hair to unwanted abrasions [41] CONCLUSION Abhyanga acts on a physical as well as mental and psychological level to create a sense of well-being. Abhyanga imparts strength, softness, durability and lustre to the skin and hair, which are the significant aspects in defining the beauty of an individual. Abhyanga imparts beauty with health in an individual. Abhyanga delays the occurrence of aging signs and promotes a graceful aging process. Overall, Abhyanga can be defined as a beauty enhancer REFERENCES 1 Pandit Kashinath Shastri, Dr. Gorakhnath Chaturvedi, Charak Samhita with Vidyotini tika, Chaukhamba Orientalia, Varanasi, Edition 1984, Vimaan-sthana, Chapter 8/102-109, page no. 775-777 2 Kaviraja Ambikadatta Shastri, Sushrut Samhita with Nibandhsangraha commentary, Chaukhamba Sanskrit Sansthan, Varanasi, Edition: Reprint 2012, Sharirsthana, Chp.4/4, Garbhavyakaran Sharir, Page no.355 3 Collated by Dr. Anna M.Kunte, Ashtang Hridaya of Vagbhata with commentaries of Sarvangasundara of Arundatta and Ayurved Rasayana of Hemadri, Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan, New Delhi, Edition : Reprint 2002, Sharir-sthana, Chp.3/8-9, page no.386 4 Prof. Jyotir Mitra, edited by Dr. Shivprasad Sharma, Ashtang Sangraha of Vriddha Vagbhat with Shashilekha sanskrit commentary by Indu, Chaukhamba sanskrit series, Varanasi, Edition 4 th 2016, Sharir-sthana Chp 5/24, Page nos. 301 5 Prof. Jyotir Mitra, edited by Dr. Shivprasad Sharma, Ashtang Sangraha of Vriddha Vagbhat with Shashilekha sanskrit commentary by Indu, Chaukhamba sanskrit series, Varanasi, Edition 4 th 2016, Sharir-sthana Chp 5/14, Page nos. 300 6 Edited by Vd. Yadavji Trikamji Aacharya, Charak Samhita with Ayurved Dipika commentary of Chakrapanidatta, Chaukhamba Surbharti Prakashan, Varanasi, First Edition, Sharirsthana Chapter no.3/6, Page no. 310 7 Edited by Vd. Yadavji Trikamji Aacharya, Charak Samhita with Ayurved Dipika commentary of Chakrapanidatta, Chaukhamba Surbharti Prakashan, Varanasi, First Edition, Sharirsthana Chapter no.7/4, Page no.337 8 Kaviraja Ambikadatta Shastri, Sushrut Samhita with Nibandhsangraha commentary, Chaukhamba Sanskrit Sansthan, Varanasi, Edition: Reprint 2012, Sharirsthana, Chp.5/6, Page no. 364 9 Prof. Jyotir Mitra, edited by Dr. Shivprasad Sharma, Ashtang Sangraha of Vriddha Vagbhat with Shashilekha sanskrit commentary by Indu, Chaukhamba sanskrit series, Varanasi, Edition 4 th 2016, Sharir-sthana Chp 5/28, Page nos. 302 10 Kaviraja Ambikadatta Shastri, Sushrut Samhita with Nibandhsangraha commentary, Chaukhamba Sanskrit Sansthan, Varanasi, Edition: Reprint 2012, Sharirsthana, Chp.4/4, Page no. 355 11 Pandit Kashinath Shastri, Dr. Gorakhnath Chaturvedi, Charak Samhita with Vidyotini tika, Chaukhamba Orientalia, Varanasi, Edition 1984, Sharir-sthana, Chapter 3/7, page no. 856 12 Edited by Vd. Yadavji Trikamji Aacharya, Prologue by Prof. R.H. Singh, Charaka samhita of Agnivesha elaborated by Charak and Dridhabala with the

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[Find the meaning and references behind the names: Sri, Ram, Narayan]

Dr. Madhuri Anil Pachghare et al. Role of Abhyanga in Skin and Hair Care ISSN: 2456-3110 REVIEW ARTICLE July-Aug 2020 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | July - Aug 2020 | Vol. 5 | Issue 4 175 Ayurvedadipika commentary by Shri Chakrapaanidatta, Chaukhamba Surbharati Prakashan, Varanasi, Edition:2019, Chikitsa-sthana, Chapter 15/19, Page no. 515 13 Revised by Vatsya with sanskrit introduction, Kashyapa samhita by Vriddha Jivaka with Vidyotini Hindi commentary, Chaukhamba Sanskrit Sansthan, Varanasi, Sutra-sthana, Chp.28/6, Page no. 48 14 Pandit Kashinath Shastri, Dr. Gorakhnath Chaturvedi, Charak Samhita with Vidyotini tika, Chaukhamba Orientalia, Varanasi, Edition 1984, Vimaan-sthana, Chapter 8/97, page no. 773 15 Pandit Kashinath Shastri, Dr. Gorakhnath Chaturvedi, Charak Samhita with Vidyotini tika, Chaukhamba Orientalia, Varanasi, Edition 1984, Sutra-sthana, Chapter 17/67, page no. 348 16 Pandit Kashinath Shastri, Dr. Gorakhnath Chaturvedi, Charak Samhita with Vidyotini tika, Chaukhamba Orientalia, Varanasi, Edition 1984, Sutra-sthana, Chapter 20/11, page no. 399 17 Collated by Dr. Anna M.Kunte, Ashtang Hridaya of Vagbhata with commentaries of Sarvangasundara of Arundatta and Ayurved Rasayana of Hemadri, Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan , New Delhi, Edition : Reprint 2002, Sutra-sthana, Chp.2/8, page no.26 18 Collated by Dr. Anna M.Kunte, Ashtang Hridaya of Vagbhata with commentaries of Sarvangasundara of Arundatta and Ayurved Rasayana of Hemadri, Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan , New Delhi, Edition : Reprint 2002, Sutra-sthana, Chp.2/9, page no.26 19 Vd. P.G. Aathavale, Drishtarth Ashtang-Sangraha, first part, Drishtarthmala Publishers, Edition second, Sutrasthana, Chapter 3/55-57, page no.22 20 Pandit Kashinath Shastri, Dr. Gorakhnath Chaturvedi, Charak Samhita with Vidyotini tika, Chaukhamba Orientalia, Varanasi, Edition 1984, Sutra-sthana, Chapter 5/88-89, page no. 129 21 Edited by Vd. Yadavji Trikamji Aacharya and Narayan Ram Aacharya Kavyatirth, Sushruta Samhita with Nibandhasangraha commentary of Sri Dalhanachraya and Nyayachandrika Panjika of Sri Gayadas acharya on Nidanasthana, Chaukhamba Surbharati Prakashan, Chikitsthana, Chapter 24/30-34, page no. 488 22 Pandit Kashinath Shastri, Dr. Gorakhnath Chaturvedi, Charak Samhita with Vidyotini tika, Chaukhamba Orientalia, Varanasi, Edition 1984, Sutra-sthana, Chapter 13/15, page no. 258 23 Pandit Kashinath Shastri, Dr. Gorakhnath Chaturvedi, Charak Samhita with Vidyotini tika, Chaukhamba Orientalia, Varanasi, Edition 1984, Sutra-sthana, Chapter 13/45, page no. 267 24 Pandit Kashinath Shastri, Dr. Gorakhnath Chaturvedi, Charak Samhita with Vidyotini tika, Chaukhamba Orientalia, Varanasi, Edition 1984, Sutra-sthana, Chapter 27/287, page no. 559 25 Pandit Kashinath Shastri, Dr. Gorakhnath Chaturvedi, Charak Samhita with Vidyotini tika, Chaukhamba Orientalia, Varanasi, Edition 1984, Sutra-sthana, Chapter 5/90-92, page no. 129 26 Vd. P.G. Aathavale, Drishtarth Ashtang-Sangraha, first part, Drishtarthmala Publishers, Edition second, Sutrasthana, Chapter 3/55-57, page no.22 27 Edited by Vd. Yadavji Trikamji Aacharya and Narayan Ram Aacharya Kavyatirth, Sushruta Samhita with Nibandhasangraha commentary of Sri Dalhanachraya and Nyayachandrika Panjika of Sri Gayadas acharya on Nidanasthana, Chaukhamba Surbharati Prakashan, Chikitsthana, Chapter 13/29, page no. 321 28 Pandit Kashinath Shastri, Dr. Gorakhnath Chaturvedi, Charak Samhita with Vidyotini tika, Chaukhamba Orientalia, Varanasi, Edition 1984, Sutra-sthana, Chapter 5/81-83, page no. 127 29 Collated by Dr. Anna M.Kunte, Ashtang Hridaya of Vagbhata with commentaries of Sarvangasundara of Arundatta and Ayurved Rasayana of Hemadri, Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan , New Delhi, Edition : Reprint 2002, Sutra-sthana, Chp.22/23-26, page no.301 30 Edited by Vd. Yadavji Trikamji Aacharya and Narayan Ram Aacharya Kavyatirth, Sushruta Samhita with Nibandhasangraha commentary of Sri Dalhanachraya and Nyayachandrika Panjika of Sri Gayadas acharya on Nidanasthana, Chaukhamba Surbharati Prakashan, Nidansthana, Chapter 13/33-34, page no. 322 31 Edited by Vd. Yadavji Trikamji Aacharya and Narayan Ram Aacharya Kavyatirth, Sushruta Samhita with Nibandhasangraha commentary of Sri Dalhanachraya and Nyayachandrika Panjika of Sri Gayadas acharya on Nidanasthana, Chaukhamba Surbharati Prakashan, Chikitsthana, Chapter 20/26-28, page no. 479

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[Find the meaning and references behind the names: Maria, Fernanda, Dias, Nil, Med, Jan]

Dr. Madhuri Anil Pachghare et al. Role of Abhyanga in Skin and Hair Care ISSN: 2456-3110 REVIEW ARTICLE July-Aug 2020 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | July - Aug 2020 | Vol. 5 | Issue 4 176 32 Edited by Vd. Yadavji Trikamji Aacharya and Narayan Ram Aacharya Kavyatirth, Sushruta Samhita with Nibandhasangraha commentary of Sri Dalhanachraya and Nyayachandrika Panjika of Sri Gayadas acharya on Nidanasthana, Chaukhamba Surbharati Prakashan, Chikitsthana, Chapter 13/35, page no.322 33 Edited by Vd. Yadavji Trikamji Aacharya and Narayan Ram Aacharya Kavyatirth, Sushruta Samhita with Nibandhasangraha commentary of Sri Dalhanachraya and Nyayachandrika Panjika of Sri Gayadas acharya on Nidanasthana, Chaukhamba Surbharati Prakashan, Chikitsthana, Chapter 20/30, page no. 479 34 Edited by Vd. Yadavji Trikamji Aacharya, Prologue by Prof. R.H. Singh, Charaka samhita of Agnivesha elaborated by Charak and Dridhabala with the Ayurvedadipika commentary by Shri Chakrapaanidatta, Chaukhamba Surbharati Prakashan, Varanasi, Edition:2019, Chikitsa-sthana, Chapter 26/132, Page no. 606 35 Edited by Vd. Yadavji Trikamji Aacharya, Charak Samhita by Agnivesha with Ayurveda Dipika Commentary of Chakrapanidatta, Chaukhamba Surbharti prakashan, Varanasi, Edition 3, Sutrasthana, Chapter 27/287, page no. 170 36 Collated by Dr. Anna M. Kunte, Ashtang Hridaya of Vagbhata with commentaries of Sarvangasundara of Arundatta and Ayurved Rasayana of Hemadri, Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan, New Delhi, Edition : Reprint 2002, Sutrasthana, Chapter 5/55, Ayurveda Rasyan tika, Page no. 78 37 Collated by Dr. Anna M. Kunte, Ashtang Hridaya of Vagbhata with commentaries of Sarvangasundara of Arundatta and Ayurved Rasayana of Hemadri, Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan, New Delhi, Edition : Reprint 2002, Sutrasthana, Chapter 5/55, Page no. 77 38 Collated by Dr. Anna M. Kunte, Ashtang Hridaya of Vagbhata with commentaries of Sarvangasundara of Arundatta and Ayurved Rasayana of Hemadri, Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan, New Delhi, Edition : Reprint 2002, Sutrasthana, Chapter 5/59-60, Page no. 79 39 Translated by Vd. P.G. Aathavle, Drishtarth Ashtang Sangraha, part 1 (sutrasthana), Drishtamala Publication, Second edition, Chapter 6/102-106, Page no. 54 40 Translated by Vd. P.G. Aathavle, Drishtarth Ashtang Sangraha, part 1 (sutrasthana), Drishtamala Publication, Second edition, Chapter 6/107-108, Page no. 54 41 Reis Maria Fernanda & Dias Gavazzoni. (2015) Hair Cosmetics: An overview, International journal of trichology, Jan-March 2015 ******************************* How to cite this article: Dr. Madhuri Anil Pachghare, Vd. Priya Vishal Naik. Role of Abhyanga in Skin and Hair Care. J Ayurveda Integr Med Sci 2020;4:169-176. Source of Support: Nil, Conflict of Interest: None declared. Copyright © 2020 The Author(s); Published by Maharshi Charaka Ayurveda Organization, Vijayapur (Regd). This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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