A critical review on Karanja (Pongamia pinnata) & its medicinal properties

REVIEW ARTICLE Mar-Apr 2020 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | Mar - Apr 2020 | Vol. 5 | Issue 2 194 A critical review on Karanja ( Pongamia pinnata ) & its medicinal properties Dr. Avinash Bholane 1 , Dr. Vidyavati V Hiremath 2 1 M.D. Ayu, Aarihant Ayurvedic Medical College, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 2 Associate Professor, FIMS, SGT University, Gurugram, Haryana, INDIA. I NTRODUCTION Karanja [ Pongamia pinnata (Linn.) Merr.] is one of the popular and extensively used herbs in Ayurvedic medicine. It belongs to family Fabaceae. The references of Karanja are found in Rugveda and Atharvaveda. In Rigveda the term Karanja is used as the name of Rakshasa (Demon) and in Atharvaveda Karanja is used as the Mantra. In Kalpasutra Karanja is used as a name of plant [1] In Charak Samhita it is quoted for Dhantadhavan [2] Address for correspondence: Dr. Avinash Bholane M.D. Ayu, Aarihant Ayurvedic Medical College, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, INDIA. E-mail: avirajbholane@gmail.com Submission Date: 09/03/2020 Accepted Date: 19/04/2020 Access this article online Quick Response Code Website: www.jaims.in Published by Maharshi Charaka Ayurveda Organization, Vijayapur, Karnataka (Regd) under the license CCby-NC-SA Karanja is mentioned among the Kandughna Varga by Charaka. Sushruta highlighted the utility of Karanja Taila in Krimi, Kushta, Prameha and Siroroga and quoted it as Kapha-Vathara, Shothahara, Kandughna (anti-itch) and Bhedana [3] It contains Karanjin, pongapin, Karanja chromen. It shows antibacterial, hypoglycaemic activity. The essential oil from P. pinnata showed mild antifungal activity. Another importance of Karanja is because of its oil-containing seeds. The Pongamia pinnata seeds contain about 40% oil, which can be converted to biodiesel by transesterification method (Meher et al. 2006). In the present article information on various aspects of Pongamia pinnata and its medicinal properties are reviewed. Vernacular Names Karanja [ Pongamia pinnata (Linn.)] is commonly known as Indian beech in English and Dithouriin Hindi, Karanja in Sanskrit, Marathi and in Gujrathi, Dahar A B S T R A C T Karanja ( Pongamia pinnata Linn.) an ancient plant described in Veda, Samhita, and almost in all Nighantu. Nature has been a good source of medicinal plants since immemorial time and an impressive number of modern drugs have been isolated from plant sources, many based on their use in traditional medicine. Karanja has been recognized in Ayurveda - a traditional system of medicine for the treatment of various diseases of human beings. Different parts of this plant are traditionally used for the treatment of various ailments including Kushta, Arsha, Prameha, Yonidosha, etc. Despite the overwhelming influences and our dependence on modern medicines and tremendous advances in synthetic drugs, an outsized segment of the planet population still likes drugs of plant origin. Of the 2,50,000 higher plant species on earth, quite 80,000 are medicinal. However, only 7000-7500 species are used for his or her medicinal values by traditional communities. Therefore, the present review study reveals the overall information of Pongamia pinnata with various scientifically documented pharmacologically activities, traditional uses along its non-therapeutic importance. Key words: Karanja, Pongamia pinnata, Ayurveda.

Dr. Avinash Bholane et al. A critical review on Karanja (Pongamia pinnata) & its medicinal properties ISSN: 2456-3110 REVIEW ARTICLE Mar-Apr 2020 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | Mar - Apr 2020 | Vol. 5 | Issue 2 195 Karanja in Bengal, Pongum in Tamil, Punagu in Telagu [4] The plant Pongamia pinnata (Linn) is known as Karanja because when it grows on the banks of stream imparts bluish color to the water, with flowers scattered there in ( Udakirya ). Which are shaped like a nail (Karaj) or parched paddy ( Lajapushpak ) in bunches ( Gucchapushpak ) and blooming in the night ( Naktamal ). The leaves are glossy ( Snighdhapatra ), the leaves look like they are oozing Ghruta ( Ghrutparnak ). The seeds yield oil like ghee ( Ghrutpurna ). It is an effective drug for filaria ( Sleepada ) [5] Table 1: Showing different synonyms. Synonyms Charak [6-11] Sushrut [12-16] Vagbhat [17-18] Bhavprakash [19] Karanja + + + + Karanjika - + + - Udakirya + + + + Ghrutapoora - - - + Chirbilva + + + + Putika + + + + Putikaranja - - - + Naktamala + + + + Naktahwa - - + - Prakirna + + + + Sharangesht a - + - - Somavalka - - - + Botanical Description It is a medium-sized glabrous almost evergreen tree, growing up to 18 m height and 1.5 m in girth. Leaves: 8-10 inch long, pale green, imparipinnate; leaflets 5-7, oblong or ovate, obtuse or shortly acuminate, 2-4-inch-long, sub coriaceous, midrib and lateral nerves rather prominent beneath. Flowers: in simple peduncle axillary racemes nearly as long as the leaves; nodes tumid bearing 2-4 pedicels; rachis and pedicels sparsely puberulous; pedicels with 2 bracteoles at the base and with 2 others, towards the apex. Calyx widely campanulate, mouth truncate. Corella ½ inch or less, white tinged with violet or pink; standard orbicular, silky on the back, subcordate and 2 auriculate at the ace. The ovary is finely pubescent. Fruit: Pod 1 ½ -2 inch long, with a short decurved point, turgid, woody, glabrous, brownish-green, 1- rarely 2-seeded. Seeds: 1-2, elliptic or reniform, wrinkled, white, marbled with brownish lines. Bark: Thin grey to greyish brown and yellow on the inside [20]

Dr. Avinash Bholane et al. A critical review on Karanja (Pongamia pinnata) & its medicinal properties ISSN: 2456-3110 REVIEW ARTICLE Mar-Apr 2020 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | Mar - Apr 2020 | Vol. 5 | Issue 2 196 Distribution This tree is found all over India, up to an altitude of 1200 m. Commonly found in the coasts of South India and also found in river banks, Central eastern Himalayas and its foothills (Shivalik and Others) [21] Classical References ▪ In Rugveda the term Karanja is used as the name of the Rakshasa . In Atharva Veda, Karanja is used as the Mantra. ▪ In Kalpasutra, Karanja is used as the name of the plant. ▪ In Kouthumgruhyasutra Samhita stated that Karanja should not be used in Yagnya and it is also mentioned that this is useful in Dantadhavan [22] ▪ Depending upon the drug origin, morphology, property, pharmacodynamics, and therapeutics values, the ancient text has classified the drugs into Mahakashaya, Gana, Varga and Skanda . Samhita Gana/Varga Charak Samhita Kandughna Mahakashaya Virechan Dravya Snehayoni Katu Skandha Tikta Skandha [23] Sushruta Samhita Tikta Skandha Kapha Samshaman Varga Aaragvadhadi Varunadi Salsaradi Arkadi Shyamadi [23] Ashtanga Hrudaya Vamana Dravya Kapha Samshaman Dravya Aargvadhadi Varunadi Arkadi Shyamadi [17],[18],[24],[25] ▪ Almost all the Nighantu have mentioned Karanja in there text. Text Varga Bhavprakash Nighantu Guduchyadi Varga [19] Dhanvantari Nighantu Aamradi Varga [26] Madanpal Nighantu Vatadi Varga [27] Kaiydev Nighantu Aushadhi Varga [28] Shodhal Nighantu Aamradi Varga [29] Raj Nighantu Prabhadradi Varga [30] Chemical Constituents The plant P. pinata has been subjected to chemical investigations extensively and several chemical constituents belonging to the different groups, viz. alkaloids, tannins, glycosides, steroids, saponins, flavonoids have been reported. The plant mainly contains alkaloids, protein, fatty oil, tannins, and a mixture of fatty acids. Phyto-chemistry a) Contents of Seeds [31-32] Component Percentage Fatty oil 27.5% Protein 17.4% Starch 6.6% Crude fiber 7.3% Moisture 19% Ash 2.4% ▪ Alkaloids demethoxy-kanugin ▪ Gamatay ▪ Glabrin ▪ Glabrosaponin

Dr. Avinash Bholane et al. A critical review on Karanja (Pongamia pinnata) & its medicinal properties ISSN: 2456-3110 REVIEW ARTICLE Mar-Apr 2020 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | Mar - Apr 2020 | Vol. 5 | Issue 2 197 ▪ Kaempferol ▪ Kankone ▪ Kanugin ▪ Karangin ▪ Neoglabrin ▪ Pinnatin ▪ Pongamol ▪ Pongapin ▪ Quercitin ▪ Saponin ▪ β -sitosterol ▪ Tannin b) Contents of Bark [33] ▪ Contains a bitter alkaloid ▪ Resin ▪ Mucilage ▪ Sugar From the stem bark of Pongamia pinnata , two new compounds ▪ 3-methoxy-(3,4-dihydro- 3-hydroxy-4-acetoxy)- 2,2-dimethylpyrano- (7,8:5,6)-flavone ▪ 3-methoxy-(3,4-dihydro-4- hydroxy-3-acetoxy)- 2,2-dimethylpyrano-(7,8:5,6)-flavone ▪ Caryophyllene oxide ▪ Obovatachalcone ▪ 8-hydroxy-6-methoxy-3-pentyl-1 Hisochromen-1- one,6,7,2,2- dimethylchromono-8 ▪ Dimethylallylflavanone ▪ Isolonchocarpin ▪ Ovaliflavanone A c) Contents of Leaves [34] ▪ Alkaloids ▪ Carbohydrates ▪ Phytosterols ▪ Saponins ▪ Tannins ▪ Flavonoids d) Contents of seed oil [35-37] ▪ Karanjin (S 18 H 12 O 4 ), ▪ Pongamol ▪ Pongapin ▪ Kanjone ▪ Glabrachalcone Folk Medicine According to Hartwell (1967 – 1971), the fruits and sprouts are used in folk remedies for abdominal tumors in India, the seeds for keloid tumors in Sri Lanka, and a powder derived from the plant for tumors in Vietnam. In India, seeds were used for skin ailments. Today the oil is used as a liniment for rheumatism. Leaves are active against Micrococcus ; their juice is used for colds, coughs, diarrhea, dyspepsia, flatulence, gonorrhea, and leprosy. Roots are used for cleaning gums, teeth, and ulcers. The bark is used internally for bleeding piles. Juices from the plant, as well as the oil, are antiseptic. It is said to be an excellent remedy for the itch, herpes, and pityriasis Versicolor. Powdered seeds are valued as a febrifuge, tonic, and bronchitis and whooping cough. Flowers are used for diabetes. Bark has been used for beriberi. Juice of the

Dr. Avinash Bholane et al. A critical review on Karanja (Pongamia pinnata) & its medicinal properties ISSN: 2456-3110 REVIEW ARTICLE Mar-Apr 2020 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | Mar - Apr 2020 | Vol. 5 | Issue 2 198 root is used for cleansing foul ulcers and closing fistulous sores. Young shoots have been recommended for rheumatism [38] Pharmacological Activity ▪ Anti-plasmodial activity - Pongamia pinnata shows anti-plasmodial activity against Plasmodium falciparum (Simonse et al. 2001) [39] ▪ Anti-inflammatory activity - It shows antiinflammatory activity against different phases (acute, sub-acute and chronic) of inflammation was reported by the 70% ethanolic extract of Pongamia pinnata leaf (Srinivasan et al. 2001) [40] ▪ Anti-Microbial Effect - The anti-microbial effect of crude leaf extract of P. pinnata evaluates its effect on the production and action of enterotoxins. Its extraction has o anti-bacterial, anti-giardia, and anti-rotaviral activities but reduces the production of cholera toxin and bacterial invasion to epithelial cells. This indicates that the extraction of Pongamia pinnata has selective anti-diarrhoeal action with efficacy against cholera (Brijesh et al. 2006) [41] ▪ Anti-oxidant activity - P. pinnata leaf extracts show circulatory lipid peroxidation and antioxidant activity. It has been evaluated in ammonium chloride-induced hyper ammonium rats. That enhanced lipid peroxidation in the circulation of ammonium chloride-treated rats, resulting ina significant decrease in the levels of vitamin A, C, E which further reduces catalase glutathione, glutathione peroxides and superoxide dismutase (Essa and Subrahmanian.2006) [42] ▪ The methanolic extract of P. pinnata roots showed significant protection against aspirin and tends to decrease acetic acid-induced ulcer after 10 days of treatment. Having augmentation of mucosaldefensive factors like – mucin secretion, the life span of mucosal cells, mucosal cell glycoprotein’s, cell proliferation and prevention oflipid peroxidation, the extract also shows ulcers protective effect (Prabha et al. 2003) [43] ▪ The oral administration of ethanolic extract of Pongamia pinnata flower shows significant antihyperglycemic and anti-lipid peroxidative effect and also enhance the antioxidant defense system in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Hence suggestive that the treatment of P. pinnata extract could be used as a better and safe alternative antihyperglycemic drug for diabetic patients (Punitha and Manoharan, 2006) [44] Ayurvedic Properties and Pharmacological Effect Almost all the Aacharya have opined the properties of Karanja is Tikta (bitter), Katu (pungent) Kashaya (astringent) in Rasa (taste), Laghu (light) and Tikshna (sharpness) in Guna (properties), Ushna (hot) in Virya (potency) and Katu (pungent) in Vipaka (metabolism). Due to these properties, it alleviates Vata & Kapha Dosha. Author Rasa Guna Veerya Vipaka C.S [9] Tikta, Katu. - Ushna Katu S. S [45] Katu Laghu Tikshna Ushna Katu B.N [46] Katu Tikshna Ushna - R.N [30] Katu Snigdha Ushna - K.N [28] Katu,Tikta Kashaya. Tikshna Ushna Katu The pharmacological effects of Karanja are Kapha- Vathara, Shothahar & Bhedana . It cures Kustha (skin diseases), Arsha (hemorrhoids), Krimi (worm infestation), Visha (Poisoning), Kandu (itching), Yoniroga (vaginal disease), Apasmara (epilepsy), Unmada (Insane), Urusthamba (wryneck), Udawarta , Meha (Urinary disorder), Shiroroga (Head diseases), Indralupta (alopecia), Shleepad (filariasis), Hrudroga (heart disease), Gulma (Tumours) [47] Useful Parts [47] Root Bark Leaves

Dr. Avinash Bholane et al. A critical review on Karanja (Pongamia pinnata) & its medicinal properties ISSN: 2456-3110 REVIEW ARTICLE Mar-Apr 2020 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | Mar - Apr 2020 | Vol. 5 | Issue 2 199 Seed Steam Bark Twigs (as toothbrush) Seed oil Dose [47] Fresh juice 10-20 ml, Seed Powder 1-3 gm, Bark powder 3.5 gm. Therapeutic Uses ▪ In Granthivisrpa paste of Karanja bark may be applied locally [48] ▪ Karanja leaves are fried in Ghruta and made it into powder. This powder is administered along with Saktu for Anuloman [49] ▪ Karanja fruit mixed with Saindhav, Danti, Marich, Pippali and powdered it. This powder used in Kushta for Nasya [50] ▪ Karanja Patra can be used for Pradeha in Kushta [50] ▪ Kasis and tender leaves of Karanja pounded with the juice of Kapitha is useful in Romasanjanan [51] ▪ Seed powder of Karanja should be given with sugar and honey in Raktapitta [52] ▪ Yavagu prepared along with Kwath of leaves of Karanja is administered for all types of Chardi [53] ▪ Karanja along with Haritaki , Vidang, Sidharthak, Bakuchi, Haridra is used for Lepan in Kushta [54] ▪ Karanja Taila should be applied in Vrana due to Kushta [55] ▪ For Vrana Prakshalan Karanja fresh juice can be used [56] ▪ Karanja along with Gomutra should be used for Lepana in Urusthamba [57] ▪ Tender leaves of Karanja fried in the mixture of oil and Ghruta and added with parched grain flour should be given. It acts as carminative and laxative [58] ▪ The alkali of Karanja decanted with sour gruel etc. and added with Bida and Pippali powder should be used for splenomegaly [59] ▪ In Pterygium after removing the bandage on the third day, it should be sprinkled with milk processed with Karanja Seed [60] ▪ In Scorpion sting, the flowers of Karanja , Arjun , Shleshmatak, Katabhi, Kutaj and Shirish mixed with cured are applied as a paste on the spot [61] Non-Therapeutic Uses [62] ▪ The Pongamia tree is cultivated for two purposes, as an ornamental in gardens and along avenues and roadsides for its fragrant flowers and as a host plant for lac insects ▪ Well decomposed flowers and leaf letters are used by gardeners as compost for plants requiring rich nutrients. The bark is used for making strings and ropes ▪ The leaves are said to be a valuable lactagogue fodder, especially in arid regions. It is sometimes intercropped with pasture, the pasture grasses said to growwell in its shade. ▪ Dried pongam leaves are used in stored grains o repel insects. Leaves often ploughed green manure, thoughts to reduce nematode infestations ▪ The wood is yellowish-white, coarse, hard and beautifully grained, but is not durable. The use of wood islimited to cabinet making, cartwheels, posts, and fuel ▪ The seeds contain pongam oil, bitter, red-brown, thick, non-edible oil, which is used for tanning leather, soap making ▪ Both the oil and residues are toxic. Still the press cake is described as a useful poultry feed ▪ As a Source of Biodiesel - Biodiesel is expanding at a very rapid rate because of increasing demand, necessary policy support, and technological availability. India consumes approximately 40 million tons of biodiesel and ranked fifth in the

Dr. Avinash Bholane et al. A critical review on Karanja (Pongamia pinnata) & its medicinal properties ISSN: 2456-3110 REVIEW ARTICLE Mar-Apr 2020 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | Mar - Apr 2020 | Vol. 5 | Issue 2 200 world after the US, China, Russia and Japan in terms of fossil fuel consumption. Recently, the Government of India launched “National Mission on Biodiesel” with a review to find a cheap and renewable liquid fuel based on vegetable oils. Biodiesel fuel can be defined as medium length (C 16 ± C 18) chains of fatty acids and is comprised mainly of monoalkyl fatty acid esters. It has the benefits of being non-toxic, biodegradable, and essentially free of sulfur and carcinogenic ring components (Yamane et al. 2001). ▪ The Pongamia pinnata is known for its multipurpose benefits and as a potential source of biodiesel (Naik et al. 2008). Toxicity [63] LD 50 for Karanjin was found to be 14.32 mg/kg and of pongamal 17.14 mg/kg body weight. The pure oil did not show lethal effect even at 20 ml/kg body weight. Karanja Oil is found to be most toxic and it is prepared to have an adverse effect on the body of mice. Karanjin and de-Meo-Karanjin are also reported to be toxic compounds. CONCLUSION Pongamia pinnata ( Karanja ) is one of the most important medicinal plants used in medicines of Ayurveda because of having several pharmacological as well as therapeutic properties and Industrial uses. Traditionally, this plant is used to treat a huge variety of health problems. The present review indicates the importance of Karanja as one of the important medicinal plants described for its pharmacological actions and indications in the Ayurvedic lexicons. The various researches have proved many of its activities mentioned in Ayurvedic classics and demonstrate its effective use in various diseases. The plant is widely studied for the subject of biodiesel. Although the results from this review are quite promising for the use of Karanja as a multi-purpose medicinal agent, several limitations currently exist in the current literature. While Karanja has been used successfully in Ayurvedic medicine for centuries, more clinical trials should be conducted to support its therapeutic use. REFERENCES 1 P.V. Sharma, Dravyaguna Vigyan Vol. 4, Reprint, Chaukhamba Bharati Academy, Varanasi, 2007, P-43. 2 Agnivesh, Charak Samhita, Sutra Sthan, Chapter 05, Shlok no. 73, Aacharya Vidhya Dhar Shukla & Prof. Ravidatta Tripathi, Reprint, Choukhamba Sanskrit Pratishtan Delhi, 2007, P-99. 3 Dr. J. L. N. Shastry, Dravyaguna Vijnana Vol 2, Reprint, Chaukhamba Orientalia Varanasi, 2014, P-167. 4 P.V. Sharma, Dravyaguna Vigyan Vol. 2, Reprint, Chaukhamba Bharati Academy, Varanasi,2013, P-144. 5 P.V. Sharma, Namarupajnanam, Reprint, Chaukhamba Vishvabharati Academy, Varanasi,2015, P-47. 6 Agnivesh, Charak Samhita, Acharya Vidyadhar Shukla & Prof. Ravidatta Tripathi, Reprint 2007, Chaukhamba Sanskrit Pratisthan, P-44. 7 Agnivesh, Charak Samhita, Acharya Vidyadhar Shukla & Prof. Ravidatta Tripathi, Reprint 2007, Chaukhamba Sanskrit Pratisthan, P- 73. 8 Agnivesh, Charak Samhita, Acharya Vidyadhar Shukla & Prof. Ravidatta Tripathi, Reprint 2007, Chaukhamba Sanskrit Pratisthan,P- 99. 9 Agnivesh, Charak Samhita, Acharya Vidyadhar Shukla & Prof. Ravidatta Tripathi, Reprint 2007, Chaukhamba Sanskrit Pratisthan,P- 664 10 Agnivesh, Charak Samhita, Acharya Vidyadhar Shukla & Prof. Ravidatta Tripathi, Reprint 2007, Chaukhamba Sanskrit Pratisthan,P- 108 11 Agnivesh, Charak Samhita, Acharya Vidyadhar Shukla & Prof. Ravidatta Tripathi, Reprint 2007, Chaukhamba Sanskrit Pratisthan,P- 626 12 Sushruta, Sushrut Samhita, Kaviraj Dr. Ambikadatta Shastri, Reprint 2009, Chaukhamba Sanskrit Sansthan Varanasi, P-47 13 Sushruta, Sushrut Samhita, Kaviraj Dr. Ambikadatta Shastri, Reprint 2009, Chaukhamba Sanskrit Sansthan Varanasi,P- 183 14 Sushruta, Sushrut Samhita, Kaviraj Dr. Ambikadatta Shastri, Reprint 2009, Chaukhamba Sanskrit Sansthan Varanasi,P- 192 15 Sushruta, Sushrut Samhita, Kaviraj Dr. Ambikadatta Shastri, Reprint 2009, Chaukhamba Sanskrit Sansthan Varanasi,P- 115 16 Sushruta, Sushrut Samhita, Kaviraj Dr. Ambikadatta Shastri, Reprint 2009, Chaukhamba Sanskrit Sansthan Varanasi,P- 344 17 Vagbhat, Ashtang Hruday, Dr. Ganesh Krushna Garde, Reprint 2006, Anmol Prakashan Pune, P – 66 18 Vagbhat, Ashtang Hruday, Dr. Ganesh Krushna Garde, Reprint 2006, Anmol Prakashan Pune,P- 67

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Dr. Avinash Bholane et al. A critical review on Karanja (Pongamia pinnata) & its medicinal properties ISSN: 2456-3110 REVIEW ARTICLE Mar-Apr 2020 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | Mar - Apr 2020 | Vol. 5 | Issue 2 202 53 Sushruta, Sushruta Samhita, Uttar Tanta Sthana, Chapter 49, shloka 32, Kaviraj Dr. Ambikadatta Shastri, Reprint, Chaukhamba Sanskruta Sansthan Varanasi, 2009, P-464. 54 Sushruta, Sushruta Samhita, ChikitsaSthana, Chapter 09, shloka 10, Kaviraj Dr. Ambikadatta Shastri, Reprint, Chaukhamba Sanskruta Sansthan Varanasi, 2009, P-64. 55 Sushruta, Sushruta Samhita, ChikitsaSthana, Chapter 09, shloka 53, Kaviraj Dr. Ambikadatta Shastri, Reprint, Chaukhamba Sanskruta Sansthan Varanasi, 2009, P-69. 56 Sushruta, Sushruta Samhita, ChikitsaSthana, Chapter 17, shloka 24, Kaviraj Dr. Ambikadatta Shastri, Reprint, Chaukhamba Sanskruta Sansthan Varanasi, 2009, P-101. 57 Sushruta, Sushruta Samhita, ChikitsaSthana, Chapter 05, shloka 37, Kaviraj Dr. Ambikadatta Shastri, Reprint, Chaukhamba Sanskruta Sansthan Varanasi, 2009, P-45. 58 Vagbhat, Ashtang Hruday, ChikitsaSthan, Chapter 08, Shloka 54, Dr. Ganesh Krushna Garde, Reprint, Anmol Prakashan Pune, 2006, P-263. 59 Vagbhat, Ashtang Hruday, Sutra Sthan, Chapter 15, Shloka 87, Dr. Ganesh Krushna Garde, Reprint, Anmol Prakashan Pune, 2006, P-305. 60 Vagbhat, Ashtang Hruday, Sutra Sthan, Chapter 11, Shloka 21, Dr. Ganesh Krushna Garde, Reprint, Anmol Prakashan Pune, 2006, P-383. 61 Vagbhat, Ashtang Hruday, Sutra Sthan, Chapter 37, Shloka 36, Dr. Ganesh Krushna Garde, Reprint, Anmol Prakashan Pune, 2006, P-469. 62 R.S.Kureel, C.B.Singh, A.K.Gupta, Ashutosh Pandey, Karanja - A potential source of bio-diesel, Chapter 12, National oilseeds and vegetable oils development Board Gurgaon, 2008, P-08- 09. 63 P.C.Sharma, M.B.Yelane, T.J.Dennis, Database on medicinal plants used in Ayurveda, Vol.2, Reprint, CCRAS, 2005, P-292. ******************************* How to cite this article: Dr. Avinash Bholane, Dr. Vidyavati V Hiremath. A critical review on Karanja (Pongamia pinnata) & its medicinal properties. J Ayurveda Integr Med Sci 2020;2:194-202. Source of Support: Nil, Conflict of Interest: None declared. Copyright © 2020 The Author(s); Published by Maharshi Charaka Ayurveda Organization, Vijayapur (Regd). This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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