A comprehensive review on Bhallataka from classical texts of Ayurveda

[Find the meaning and references behind the names: Range, Code, Plant, George, Class, India, Human, Vata, Key, Date, Raghavendra, Road, Single, Present, Vital, Ayu, Kaval, Show, Arsha, Time, Ten, Main, Data, Under, Rasa, Hand, Tablet, Linn, Officer, Post, Agni, Quick, Varga, Role, Naik, Feb, Knowledge, Parts, Ghee, Oil, Strong, Ghi, Tree, Katu, Jan]

REVIEW ARTICLE Jan-Feb 2020 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | Jan - Feb 2020 | Vol. 5 | Issue 1 248 A comprehensive review on Bhallataka from classical texts of Ayurveda Raghavendra Naik 1 , Sunona George 2 , Shubhashree MN 3 , Bharali BK 4 1 Research officer (Ayu), 2 Programme Assistant, 3 Research Officer(S-2), 4 Assitant Director (Ayu), Regional Ayurveda Research Institute for Metabolic Disorders, CCRAS, Kanakapura road, Bengaluru, Karnataka, INDIA. I NTRODUCTION Herbal drugs have served the human society from time immemorial in curing various ailments. In recent years, Indian knowledge of herbal remedies, has gained vital role in the health management throughout the globe. The important advantages Address for correspondence: Dr. Raghavendra Naik Research Officer (Ayu) Regional Ayurveda Research Institute for Metabolic Disorders, # 12, Uttarahalli, Manavarthe Kaval, Kanakapura Main Road, Talaghattapura post, Bengaluru - 560109 (India) E-mail: ayuraghu@gmail.com Submission Date: 03/01/2020 Accepted Date: 11/02/2020 Access this article online Quick Response Code Website: www.jaims.in Published by Maharshi Charaka Ayurveda Organization, Vijayapur, Karnataka (Regd) under the license CCby-NC-SA claimed for therapeutic uses of medicinal plants in various ailments are their safety besides being economical, effective and their easy availability [1] Bhallataka is one of the important medicinal plants used in Ayurveda to treat wide range of diseases. Bhallataka , as it is most commonly called, has been described as “the tree with irritant properties/nature” [2] Bhallataka is identified botanically as Semecarpus anacardium Linn., belonging to family Anacardiaceae. Based upon its pharmacological properties and actions, the drug has been categorized under different groups like Dipaniya (Digestion and metabolism enhancing), Mutra sangrahaniya (group of ten antidiuretic dravya), Kushtaghna (group of ten antidermatosis drugs), Katu skandha (Group of drugs having pungent taste) Kashaya skanda (Group of drugs having astringent taste) , Chandanadi varga, A B S T R A C T Bhallataka ( Semecarpus anacardium Linn.), is one of the important medicinal plant used in Ayurveda . Classical texts of Ayurveda cited its therapeutic efficacy in numerous disease conditions as a single drug and as an ingredient of compound formulations. The present review provides a single hand information collected from classical Ayurvedic literatures on the drug “ Bhallataka ”, being compiled from 13 Nighantus (lexicons), 16 Samhita/Chikitsa granthas (compendia of Ayurveda) and Rasa granthas (Compendia related to Rasashastra). It is observed that, more than 80 synonyms were coined for describing the morphological and pharmacological characters of Bhallataka . Different parts of Bhallataka are attributed with different pharmacological properties and actions. There is some difference of opinion regarding the properties and actions in the later nighantus. It is also used as an ingredient of different compound formulations which were used in 23 different dosage forms, where Taila (Oil), Ghrita (Ghee), Churna (Powder), Vati (Tablet) and Kashaya (Decoction) are found to be maximum number. Majority of formulations containing Bhallataka are indicated in Arsha (Haemorrhoids) , Kushtha (Skin diseases) , Gulma (Lump), Grahani (derangement of agni situated in grahani) , Prameha (Polyuria) and Vataroga (Diseases of vata origin). Since the drug is mentioned under semipoisonous group of drugs, judicious use of Bhallataka , after proper processing is advocated. Specific collection and storage practices, antidotes and dietary habits to be followed during Bhallataka administration to prevent possible adverse effects are also documented in classical texts of Ayurveda. Key words: Arushkara, Ayurveda, Bhallataka, Semecarpus anacardium Linn, Shodhana.

[Find the meaning and references behind the names: Raja, Work, Edema, Priya, Sara, Kalika, Yoga, Saraswati, Sap, Era, Sneha, Manner, Table, Due, Bhalla, Still, Madhava, Good]

Raghavendra Naik et al. A comprehensive review on Bhallataka from classical texts of Ayurveda ISSN: 2456-3110 REVIEW ARTICLE Jan-Feb 2020 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | Jan - Feb 2020 | Vol. 5 | Issue 1 249 Haritkayadi varga, Abhayadi varga etc. Considering its irritant action, text books related to Rasa shastra included this drug under Upavisha varga (group of semipoisonous drugs). As a single drug as well as an ingredient of polyherbal formulations Bhallataka is indicated in wide range of disease conditions. As the drug is listed under one of the irritant organic vegetable poison, it should be used judiciously. In most of the classical texts all the precautionary measures to be followed to reduce the possible adverse effects due to improper administration of Bhallataka has been dealt in detail. Though the drug Bhallataka is used extensively in Ayurvedic classics, recent review shows that, available published literature regarding the drug Bhallataka is very much limited. A complete review including its properties, good collection practices, purificatory methods, antidotes, precuationary measures during its administration are still lacking. Therefore, in this article an attempt has been made to review the drug Bhallataka from available classical literature and present in a systematic manner. M ATERIALS AND M ETHODS In the present work, a comprehensive review of available information on the drug Bhallataka is being made from 16 samhita/sangraha grantha i.e. Charaka samhita, [3] Sushruta samhita, [4] Astanga sangraha, [5] Astanga hridaya, [6] Bhela samhita, [7] Harita samhita, [8] Vrinda madhava, [9] Chakradatta, [10] Sharangadhara samhita, [11] Yogaratnakara, [12] Bhaishajya ratnavali, [13] Sahasrayoga, [14] Gadanigraha, [15] Vangasena, [16] Bhavaprakasha, [17] Chikitsa kalika [18] and 13 different nighantu i.e., Dhanvantari nighantu, [19] Astanga nighantu, [20] Dravyaguna sangraha, [21] Nighantu shesha, [22] Shodhala nighantu, [23] Madanapala nighantu, [24] Kaiyadeva nighantu, [25] Rajavallabha nighantu, [26] Bhavaprakasha nighantu, [27] Raja nighantu, [28] Shaligrama nighantu, [29] Saraswati nighantu [30] and Priya nighantu [31] Text books related to Rasashastra like Rasarnava, [32] Rasaratna samucchaya, [33] Rasendra sara sangraha, [34] Rasa tarangini, [35] Yoga tarangini, [36] Rasamanjari [37] etc. were also referred. After a thorough and critical review of compiled information, the available data is presented in a systematic manner with regards to its synonyms, classification, pharmacological properties, actions, indications and its use as an ingredient in various compound formulations along with its dosage forms and route of administration. Important aspects like good collection and storage practices, possible adverse effects, purificatory procedures, antidotes and precautions to be taken during the administration of Bhallataka are also dealt in detail. R ESULT AND DISCUSSION Synonyms In Classical texts, based on the morphological characters as well as pharmacological properties, different synonyms ( Paryaya) have been mentioned to a single plant. The method to describe the morphology of medicinal plant was started in Charaka Samhita in form of synonyms [38] After Samhita era, Nighantus (lexicons) were written specially to collect the botanical and pharmaco-therapeutic information of herbs. Further, authors of Nighantus have amplified the method of synonym formation and generated more identical synonyms based on morphology and therapeutic utility by which plant can be identified easily [39] In the present review, it is observed that, more than 80 synonyms have been attributed to Bhallataka for describing its morphological and pharmacological characters. Based upon synonyms compiled from lexicons, Bhallataka can be described as follows; A tree with irritant sap ( Bhallataka, Bhalla ), having fruits which are obliquely ovoid in shape ( Dhanurbeeja), seeds having oil content ( Taila beeja, Sneha beeja, Bhuri sneha ) which is difficult to touch (Veeravriksha), causes burning sensation like fire ( Agnika, Agni, Anala, Dahana , Tapana, Agnimukhi ), oedema/inflammation (Shophakrit ) ; indicated in hemorrhoids (Arsohita) , Vatika disorders (Vatari) acts as anthelmintic (Krimighna) and destroys evil things (Raskshogna) . (Table 1)

[Find the meaning and references behind the names: Karma, Bhalli, Seed, Ratna, Worm, Shaka, Given, Phala, Burns, Gana]

Raghavendra Naik et al. A comprehensive review on Bhallataka from classical texts of Ayurveda ISSN: 2456-3110 REVIEW ARTICLE Jan-Feb 2020 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | Jan - Feb 2020 | Vol. 5 | Issue 1 250 Table 1: Synonyms of Bhallataka and their classification [19-31] Pharmacognostical characters Bhallataka, Bhalli. Tree with irritant sap. Arushkara That causes blisters and ulcers on touch. Taila beeja, Sneha beeja, Bhuri sneha Seed that contain oil. Dhanurbeeja Fruits are obliquely ovoid in shape. Veeravriksha, veerataru Difficult to touch. Based on Karma (Action) Vatari That cures vatika disorders. Ranjaka Due to its marking nature. Shophakara That causes swelling. Based on Pharmacological actions Krimighna Helps to kill worms Arsohita The plant is used to treat Arshas Bhedana Useful in Arbuda Others Agnika, Jwalamukhi, Dahana, Agni, Anala, Agnimukhi It causes burns like fire. Classification Bhallataka has been classified under different group of drugs in classical texts of Ayurveda. In samhita granthas, Bhallataka is placed under different groups like Dipaniya (Digestion and metabolism enhancing), Mutra sangrahaniya (Group of anti-diuretic drugs), Kushtaghna (Group of anti-dermatosis drugs), Katu skandha (Group of drugs having pungent taste) Kashaya skanda (Group of drugs having astringent taste) , Mustadi gana, Phala varga (Group of fruits) and Nygrodhadi gana . In later Nighantus, Bhallataka is described under Chandanadi varga, Haritkayadi varga, Abhayadi varga , Aushadi varga and in Amradi varga . Text books related to Rasa shastra included this drug under Upavisha varga (Group of semipoisonous drugs) and in Taila varga . Classification of Bhallataka as per different classical texts has been given in Table 2. Table 2: Classical categorization of Bhallataka SN Samhita /Nighantu Group 1 Charaka samhita [3] Dipaniya gana, Mutrasangrahaniya, Kushtaghna, Katu skandha, Kashaya skandha 2 Sushruta samhita [4] Nyogrodhadi gana, Mustadi gana, Kashaya varga, Phala varga 3 Astanga sangraha [5] Dipaniya,Kushtaghna,Mutra sangrahana, Taila varga, Shaka varga, Phala varga 4 Astanga hridaya [6] Nygrodhadi gana, Mustadi gana, Katu skandha, Phala varga 5 Dhanvantari nighantu [19] Chandanadi varga, Upavisha varga 6 Astanaga nighantu [20] Mustadi gana 7 Dravyaguna sangraha [21] Phala varga 8 Nighantu Shesha [22] Vrikshakanda 9 Shodhala nighantu [23] Chandanadi varga, Anekarthavarga 10 Madanpala nighantu [24] Abhayadi varga 11 Kaiyadeva nighantu [25] Aushadhi varga 12 Rajavallabha nighantu [26] Aushadhashraya pariccheda 13 Bhavaprakasha nighantu [27] Haritakyadi varga 14 Raja nighantu [28] Amradi varga 15 Shaligrama nighantu [29] Ashta varga 16 Saraswati nighantu [30] Mahavriksha varga 17 Priya nighantu [31] Haritakyadi varga 18 Rasendra chudamani Upavisha varga 19 Rasa ratna Taila varga, Upavisha varga

[Find the meaning and references behind the names: Dosha, Guna, Kasha, Aka, Kara, Viry, Fever, Acharya, Gun, Dha, Part, Ura, Guru, Snigdha, Vrana, Shna, Bitter, Cold, Hara, Sweet, Kasa, Mad, Light, Pitta, Shee]

Raghavendra Naik et al. A comprehensive review on Bhallataka from classical texts of Ayurveda ISSN: 2456-3110 REVIEW ARTICLE Jan-Feb 2020 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | Jan - Feb 2020 | Vol. 5 | Issue 1 251 samucchya [33] 20 Rasa tarangini [36] Taila varga, Upavisha varga Pharmacological properties Different parts of Bhallataka have been attributed with different properties in Nighantu (Lexicons). There are some difference in opinion regarding the properties of Bhallataka and its parts. Bhallataka is having Tikta (bitter) , Kashaya (astringent) , Madhura (sweet) rasa; Laghu (light) , sheeta (cold) guna; Katu vipaka, Grahi and Shukrala properties. It is mentioned as Pittakaphahara in Kaiyadeva nighantu while Bhavamishra mentioned its Vatakaphahara action. Bhallataka pakva phala is having Madhura, kashaya rasa; Ushna virya; Madhura vipaka . As per Kaiyadeva nighantu, it is having Guru, Ruksha, Sheeta properties; while As per Bhavaprakasha nighantu it is having Laghu, Snigdha, Tikshna properties. Brimhana, Vishtambhi, Shukrala, Durjara, Balya, Pachana, Chedana, Bhedana, Medhya, Deepana are some of the pharmacological actions mentioned by both the authors. Properties and actions of Bhallataka asthi are enlisted only in Kaiyadeva nighantu, which are Madhura, Tikta, Katu Rasa; Laghu, Snigdha, Tikshna guna; Ushna virya; Katu vipaka; Kaphavatahara, Pachana, Chedana, Bhedana, Medhya, Deepana Karma. Both Bhallataka vrinta and Bhallataka majja are Madhura in Rasa. Bhallataka vrintha acts as Pittahara , but Bhallataka majja alleviates both Pitta and Vata dosha . Bhallataka majja is having Vrishya and Brimhana properties while Keshya is the specific action mentioned for Bhallataka vrintha . (Table 3) Table 3: Properties and actions of different parts of Bhallataka as mentioned in different Nighantu Part used Rasa Gun a Viry a Vipa ka Action on Dosha Karma Bhallat aka Tikta, Kasha ya Madh ura (KDN) Lagh u, Shee ta Katu Pitta kapha hara Grahi Kasha ya, Madh ura (BPN) Lagh u Ush na Vata kapha hara Shukrala Bhallat aka phala Madh ura (KDN) Guru , Ruks ha, Shee ta - Mad hura Pittaha ra, Vata kapha kara Brimhana, Vishtambhi , Shukrala, Durjara, Balya Madh ura Kasha ya (BPN) Lagh u, Snig dha, Teek shna Ush na Mad hura Kapha vataha ra Pachana, Chedana, Bhedana, Medhya, Deepana Bhallat aka asthi Madh ura, Tikta, Katu (KDN) Lagh u, Snig dha, Teek shna Ush na Katu Kapha vataha ra Pachana, Chedana, Bhedana, Medhya, Deepana Bhallat aka majja Madh ura Vatapi ttahar a Pittaha ra (RN) Vrishya, Brimhana Bhallat aka vrinta Madh ura Pittaha ra Keshya, Agnikrut KDN- Kaiyadeva nighantu, BPN- Bhavaprakasha nighantu, RN- Raja nighantu Indications As a single ingredient, different parts of Bhallataka are indicated in different disease conditions. Bhallataka is indicated in conditions like Udara (Abdominal enlargement) , Anaha (Barborygmus with distention ), Kushtha (Skin diseases) , Arsha (Haemorrhoids) , Grahani (Derangement of agni situated in grahani) , Gulma (Lump) , Jvara (Fever) , Shvitra (Leucoderma) , etc. Acharya Bhavamishra indicated Bhallataka phala in Vrana (Ulceration), Udara, Kushtha, Arsha, Grahani, Gulma, Shopha

[Find the meaning and references behind the names: Hata, Dhanya, Four, June, List, Level, Masha, Unique, Raw, Saha, Juice, Fruit, Nov, Daha, Comes, Size, Sukra, Winter, Shula, Dec, July, Summer, Fallen, Rashi, Logic, Severe, Reason, Flowers, Free, Season, Hemanta, Krimi, Study, Wind, Shrama, Roga, Quality, Jambu, Ritu]

Raghavendra Naik et al. A comprehensive review on Bhallataka from classical texts of Ayurveda ISSN: 2456-3110 REVIEW ARTICLE Jan-Feb 2020 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | Jan - Feb 2020 | Vol. 5 | Issue 1 252 (Swelling) , Anaha, Jvara and Krimi (Manifestation of worms). Same indications have been mentioned for Bhallataka asthi in Kaiyadeva nighantu. (Table 4) Table 4: Properties and actions of different parts of Bhallataka. Part used Indictions Bhallataka Vibandha, Kaphaja roga, Udara, Anaha, Kushtha, Arsha, Grahani, Gulma, Jvara, Shvitra, Vrana, Agnimandya, Krimi (BPN) Bhallataka phala Vrana, Udara, Kushtha, Arsha, Grahani, Gulma, Shopha, Anaha, Jvara, Krimi (BPN) Shrama, Shwasa, Vibandha, Shula, Adhmana (RN) Bhallataka majja Daha, Arochaka (RN) Bhallataka asthi Vrana, Udara, Kushtha, Arsha, Grahani, Gulma, Shopha, Anaha, Jvara, Krimi (KDN) KDN- Kaiyadeva nighantu, BPN- Bhavaprakasha nighantu, RN- Raja nighantu Good collection and storage practices Ayurveda emphasizes selection of genuine quality drugs for therapeutic uses. Selection criteria of the individual herbal drugs differ from drug to drug. Scientific studies are also reported with an effort to find out and establish the reason behind the logic of selection criteria [40] Selection criteria for Bhallataka Fully matured ( Paripakva, Poorna rasa ), Undamaged ( Anupahata ), disease free ( Anamaya ), fresh, potent ( poorna virya ) fruits of appropriate size (Poorna pramana) should be collected. Fruits similar to ripened jambu fruit ( Pakwa jambu phala), fallen by wind ( Pavana hata ) should be collected and they should not be plucked directly from the plant ( Anyahrita). After collection, those fruits, sinks in water ( Nirakshiptham nimanjjathi ) has to be separated and selected. Time of collection According to Charaka samhita and Astanga sangraha, fruits should be collected during the month of Shucijyestha (May-June) or in Sukra-ashadha (June-july) and used in the month of Saha-agrahayana (Nov- Dec) [41,42] Acharya Vagbhata in Astanga hridaya specified that, fruits should be collected during Grishma ritu (Summer season) and used during Hemanta ritu (Winter season) [43] After the collection, fruits are preserved in Yava/masha/dhanya rashi for a duration of four months. Possible adverse effects Bhallataka is placed under the group of semipoisonous drugs ( Upavisha varga ) in Classical texts. It is also mentioned under the list of poisonous substances under the Ayurveda, Siddha and Unani systems of medicine [44] The drug is likely to produce some discomfort or adverse reactions when administered inappropriately. Dermal contact with Bhallataka juice even in minute quatity will produce severe burning sensation ( Daruna daha ) and ulceration ( Vrana ). When it comes in contact with face, produces oedema/inflammation (Shotha) associated with severe burning sensation ( Daha ) [45] In Charaka samhita, contact with Bhallataka flowers and fruits is enlisted as one of the cause for Agantuja shotha (oedema/inflammation due to external causes) [46] Shodhana (purification) of Bhallataka Shodhana is a unique concept mentioned in classical texts of Ayurveda where poisonous/semipoisonous drugs are passed through some specific recommended purificatory procedures to reduce or nullify the possible toxic effects. To minimize the possible adverse reactions of Bhallataka different purificatory methods are advised before its internal administration. The recommended Shodhana procedures are reported to reduce the toxic effects and at the same time they will also increase the therapeutic effects. In a study, impact of Shodhana on Bhallataka fruits was evaluated by pharamaceutical, physico-chemical and chromatographical parameters. Rf values of methanolic extract of processed Bhallataka fruits showed the difference when compared to the raw Bhallataka fruits, proving the chemical changes during Shodhana . Increased level of

[Find the meaning and references behind the names: Shala, Hands, Lips, Local, Act, Rind, Laid, Mild, Hot, Smoke, View, Pushpa, Butter, Buffalo, Cut, Pers, Root, Brick, Lam, Iii, Put, Days, Bag, Bark, Tila, Cow, Southern, Semi, Non, Milk, Taub, Koenig]

Raghavendra Naik et al. A comprehensive review on Bhallataka from classical texts of Ayurveda ISSN: 2456-3110 REVIEW ARTICLE Jan-Feb 2020 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | Jan - Feb 2020 | Vol. 5 | Issue 1 253 anacardol was observed in Shodhita (processed) fruits in comparison to the raw fruits [47] It is also observed that the toxic constituents are transferred into media rendering the drug non-toxic. Specific media has an important role in making a drug to act without causing any side effects or adverse effects [48] Method I: Pottali is prepared by placing Bhallataka fruits and Ishtika churna (Brick powder) in a clean cloth. This Pottali is rubbed by hand by applying moderate pressure. When brick powder become wet with oil and the skin of Bhallataka fruit is peeled off, it is washed with hot water and stored [45] Method II: Bhallataka fruits are cut in two pieces, placed in Dolayantra and sudated on mild fire with coconut water [45] Method III: After removing the attachment of thalamus, Bhallataka fruits are soaked in Gomutra (Cow’s urine) for 7 days and thereafter in Go-dugdha (Cow’s Milk) for 7 days. The seeds then put into bag containing coarse brick powder with which they are rubbed carefully, with a view to reduce the oil content,then the fruits are washed with water and dried in air [49] Method IV: Traditional purificatory method i.e. frying the Bhallataka fruit is followed traditionally in southern parts of India [50] Antidotes Ayurvedic texts have listed antidotes for many commonly known poisonous and semi-poisonous substances to nullify their side effects. Following are the some antidotes mentioned to decrease the toxic effects of Bhallataka. ▪ According to Basavarajeeyam, Palasha pushpa (Flowers of Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub.) and Kapikacchu ( Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC.) are the two specific antidotes prscribed to reduce the toxicity of Bhallataka [51] ▪ To reduce the oedema caused by Bhallataka , paste of Tila ( Sesamum indicum L.) , Dugdha (Milk) , madhuka ( Madhuca longifolia (J.Koenig ex L.) J.F.Macbr. ) , Navaneeta (butter) or; paste of Yashtimadhu ( Glycyrrhiza glabra L.), Dugdha and Tila along with Navaneeta or; application of soil under the Bhallataka tree or; Application of Shala leaves is indicated [52] ▪ As a precautionary measure, before Shodhana procedure, application of Narikela taila (Coconut oil) over hands is indicated [45] ▪ Local application of paste prepared from Tila ( Sesamum indicum L.) , Mahisha kshira (Buffalo’s Milk) and Navaneeta (butter) pacifies oedema caused by Bhallataka . Paste of Yashtimadhu ( Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) , dugdha (Milk) , Tila, Navaneeta (butter) is also indicated for the same [56] ▪ The specific antidote for the toxicity of Bhallataka is Bibhitaka ( Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb.). The decoction or powder preparations with fruit rind and bark of T. bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. are effective for the sudden reactions and for systemic effects. Drugs that mitigate Pitta like milk and clarified butter and other drugs with cold potency can be given [57] ▪ Local application of root bark of Udumbara ( Ficus glomerata Roxb.) is adviced for swelling caused due to exposure to smoke of Bhallataka [58] Application of paste prepared from Tinduka ( Diospyros embryopteris Pers.) stem is indicated for oedema due to Bhallataka [59] ▪ Gandusha (Gargling) with ghee or application of ghee on lips before administration of Bhallataka. Precautions during Bhallataka administration To avoid any further complications due to improper lifestyle and dietary habits, specific guidelines have been laid down in classical texts during the administration of poisonous and semi-poisonous drugs. Strict adherence to these guidelines is must to prevent any possible adverse reactions. Following are some indications and contraindications mentioned during the administration of Bhallataka as mentioned in Ayurvedic classics. (Table 5)

[Find the meaning and references behind the names: Supa, Sita, Leha, Jwara, Shali, Akar, Raha, Ana, Anjana, Diet, Book, Bhar, Sang, Kamala, Ata, Anger, Ardita, Jala, Ama, Pandu, Place, Visha, Guda, Anga, Shosha, Basti, Shita, Author, Heat, Meha]

Raghavendra Naik et al. A comprehensive review on Bhallataka from classical texts of Ayurveda ISSN: 2456-3110 REVIEW ARTICLE Jan-Feb 2020 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | Jan - Feb 2020 | Vol. 5 | Issue 1 254 Table 5: Indications and and contra indications during Bhallataka administration Diet/lifestyle Indications Contraindications Dietary articles Ghrita, Kshira, Shastika shali Amalaka shukthi, Dadhisara, Taila, Guda, Yavasaktu, Tila, Makshika, Palala, Supa, Shita jala (Cold water) Kulattha (Dolichos biflorus) , Dadhi, Shukta, Ushna jala (Hot water) Lifestyle One should stay in a place where not much air comes Direct contact of air, sunlight and heat; Tailabhyanga (Oil massage), Krodha (Anger), Vyayama (Exercise). Formulations of Bhallataka Apart from its use as a single drug, Bhallataka is used in different polyherbal formulations used in treatment of different disease conditions. Number of formulations mentioned in compiled 23 classical texts of Ayurveda is presented in Table 6. The compiled data shows that, during samhita period, maximum number of formulations of Bhallataka are mentioned in Astangasangraha (72), followed by Astangahridaya (39). Among Sangraha granthas, author of Gadanigraha (106) mentioned maximum number of formulations followed by Vangasena (79), Bhaishajya ratnavali (73), Chakradatta (53) and Yogaratnakara (47). Among the compiled Rasa granthas, maximum number of formulations are found in Rasaratnasamucchaya (24) followed by Yoga tarangini (16) and Rasa tarangini (12). Bharata bhaishajya ratnakara, the latest compilation of classical formulations also mentioned maximum number (86) of formulations. Majority of these formulations are indicated in disease conditions like Arsha (Haemorrhoids) , Kushta (Various skin diseases) , Gulma (Lump) , Grahani (derangement of agni situated in grahani) & Vataroga (various diseases of vata origin) ; Taila, Churna, Leha, Ghrita, Lepa & Vati are the frequently used dosage forms. Table 6: Number of formulations of Bhallataka , their indications and dosage forms SN Book Number of formula tions Indications Dosage Forms 1 Asht ana sang raha [ 5] 72 Anaha, Arbuda, Arsha, Bhagandara, Galaganda, Gandamala, Graha roga, Grahani, Granthi, Gulma, Hikka, Hridroga, Jirnajvara, Kasa, Khalli, Kilasa, Krimi, Kushtha, Pandu, Pliha, Prameha, Rajayakshma, Shiroroga, Shvasa, Shwitra, Sthaulya, Vatarakta, Vatavyadhi, Vicharchika, Visha, Visuchika, Vrana, Vriddhi, Yoniroga, Anjana, Arishta, Asava, Avaleha, Churna, Dhupa, Ghrita, Gutika, Kashaya, Lepa, Mantha, Taila. 2 Asht anga hrida ya [6] 39 Arsha, Ashmari, Grahani, Hridroga, Kasa, Kilasa, Krimi, Kushtha, Mutrasanga, Pandu, Pliha, Prameha, Rasayana, Shopha, Shosha, Shwasa, Tilakalaka, Twakvikara, Udara roga, Vrishya. Anjana, Asava, Churna, Dhupa, Ghrita, Kashaya, Leha, Rasa, Vati. 3 Bhais hajya Ratn avali [ 13] 73 Ama, Agnimandya, Ajirna, Arsha, Chaturthika jwara, Grahani Gulma, Jwara, Kamala, Kasa, Krimi, Kushtha, Garashotha, Meha, Pandu, Shotha, Shwasa, Udararoga, Udavarta. Asava, Avaleha, Churna, Dhupana, Ghrita, Kalka, Kwatha, Lepa, Modaka, Rasa, Taila, Vati 4 Bhar ata Bhais hajya Ratn akar 86 Apasmara, Ardita, Arsha, Balaroga, Bhagna, Grahani, Gulma, Hikka-Shvasa, Hridroga, Jvara, Kasa, Kshudraroga, Avaleha, Basti, Churna, Ghrita, Guda, Ksheerapaka, Kwatha, Lepa, Modaka,

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Raghavendra Naik et al. A comprehensive review on Bhallataka from classical texts of Ayurveda ISSN: 2456-3110 REVIEW ARTICLE Jan-Feb 2020 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | Jan - Feb 2020 | Vol. 5 | Issue 1 255 a Mukharoga, Mutraghata, Netraroga, Rajayakshma, Shiroroga, Shoola, Shotha, Streeroga, Timira, Unmada, Vatarakta, Vatavyadhi. Rasa, Taila, Yamaka 5 Bhav apra kash a [17] 6 Bhagna, Shiroroga, Vatarakta Ghrita, Taila 6 Bhel a Sam hita [7 ] 2 Hridroga, Rajayakshma. Ghrita, Modaka. 7 Chak radat ta [10] 53 Arsha,Gara visha, Grahani, Gulma, Hridaroga, Indralupta, Kasa, Kushtha, Mandagni, Pandu, Pradara, Prameha, Rasayana, Roma patana, Shotha, Shukra roga, Shwasa, Vajikarana, Valmika. Anjana, Avaleha, Churna, Ghrita, Kashaya, Lepa, Taila,Vati. 8 Char aka sam hita [3 ] 27 Arsha,Bhagandhara, Grahani, Gulma, Kilasa, Kitibha, Krimi, Kushtha, Mutravikara, Palitya, Pama, Prameha, Sukra dosha, Udara, Urustamba, Vatavyadhi, Visarpa, Visha, Yonivyapat. Avaleha, Churna, Ghrita, Ksheerapaka, Lepa, Taila, Vati 9 Chiki tsa Kalik a [18] 4 Shiroroga, Shosha, Vatavyadhi Avaleha, Ghrita, Taila 10 Gada nigra ha [15] 106 Agnimandya, Balya, Grahani, Gulma, Karna roga, Kushtha, Pandu, Prameha, Shiro-roga, Shosha, Udara, Urustambha,Vatavyad hi, Vidradhi. Arishta, Asava, Avaleha, Churna, Ghrita, Gutika, Kshara, Kwatha, Lavana, Lepa, Mashi, Modaka, Taila, 11 Harit a Sam hita [8 ] 4 Gulma, Kshaya, Shula, Vatavyadhi. Ghrita, Kshara, Taila. 12 Rasa Manj ari [37] 5 Arsha, Jwara, Kushtha, Shwitra. Churna 13 Rasa Tara ngini [35] 12 Amavata, Arsha, Indralupta, Jara, Jwara, Kasa, Kushtha, Panduroga, Plihavriddhi, Raktalpata, Shwasa, Shwitra, Urustambha. Bhasma, Churna, Kashaya, Lepa, Swarasa, Taila,Vati 14 Rasa rnav a [32] 2 Arsha, Kushta Avaleha, Taila 15 Rasa rtna Sam ucha ya [33] 24 Apachi, Arbuda, Arsha, Grahani, Granthi, Indralupta Kushtha, Netra Roga. Anjana, Bhasma,Chur na, Lepa, Parpati, Taila, Vati. 16 Rase ndra Sara Sang raha [ 34] 10 Arsha, Grahani, Kasa, Krimi, Kushtha, Sheeta Jwara, Vatarakta Bhasma,Chur na, Dhupa, Leha, Vati 17 Saha sray oga [1 4] 13 Antarvidradhi, Arsha, Gulma, Kamala, Kushtha, Mandagni, Pandu, Pradara, Prameha, Shwasa, Udara, Vataroga. Asava, Avaleha, Churna, Ghrita, Kashaya, Lepa, Taila, Vati 18 Shar anga dhar a Sam hita [1 13 Arsha, Galaganda, Grahani, Jwara, Pradara, Shukrapravartana, Urustambha, Yonidosha. Avaleha, Churna, Kalka, Kashaya, Lepa, Taila, Vati.

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Raghavendra Naik et al. A comprehensive review on Bhallataka from classical texts of Ayurveda ISSN: 2456-3110 REVIEW ARTICLE Jan-Feb 2020 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | Jan - Feb 2020 | Vol. 5 | Issue 1 256 1] 19 Sush ruta sam hita [4 ] 32 Ajirna, Anaha, Arochaka, , Arsha, Balagraha, Bhagandara, Gandamala, Gulma, Jwara, Kasa, Krimi, Kushtha, Medodosha, Nadidushtavrana, Pliha, Prameha, Sarvakushtha, Udara, Vataroga. Anjana, Arishta, Avaleha Ayaskriti, Bhasma, Churna, Ghrita, Kashaya, Kshara, Lavana, Lepa,Taila, 20 Vang asen a [16] 79 Agnivardhaka, Apachi, Arbuda, Ardita, Arsha, Atisara, Dandaptanaka, Granthi, Gulma, Hridroga, Kamala, Kandu, Kasa, Kushtha, Pandu, Pliha, Pradara, Pundarika, Sangrahani, Shotha, Shwasa, Udara Roga, Udumbara, Urustamba,Ushna Vata, Visarpa, Visha, Visphota,Vrishya,Yakrit Roga. Asava, Avaleha, Churna, Dhupana, Ghrita, Kalka, Kwatha, Lepa, Modaka, Rasa, Taila, Vati. 21 Vrin dam adha va [9] 52 Apachi, Arsha, Atisara, Galaganda, Grahani, Indralupta, Kamala, Kasa, Krimi, Kshinashukra, Kubja, Kushtha, Mandagni, Nadivrana, Pandu, Pangu, Prameha, Rasayana, Sarvarogahara, Shopha, Shwasa, Shwitra, Udavarta, Vajikarana, Vamana, Vataroga. Avaleha, Churna, Ghrita, Kashaya, Lepa, Modaka, Sneha, Taila, Vati. 22 Yoga Tara ngini [36] 16 Ajirna, Arsha, Ashthila, Atisara, Gudaja Roga, Gulma, Krimi, Kshaya, Kushtha, Medhya, Mutrakriccha, Pandu, Pliha, Pradara, Prameha, Sula, Udara, Avaleha, Bhasma, Churna, Dhupa, Ghrita, Kashaya, Taila, Vati. Vishuchika,Vrishya. 23 Yoga ratna kara [ 12] 47 Ajeerana, Amavata, Apachi, Arsha, Gandamala, Gridhrasi, Gulma, Jwara, Krimi, Kushtha, Mandagni, Mutrakriccha, Pliha, Prameha, Rasayana, Shotha, Twakvikara, Udara, Urugraha, Urustambha, Vishuchika, Yakrita Vikara. Avaleha, Churna, Dhoopa, Ghrita, Lepa, Swarasa, Taila, Vati. CONCLUSION Bhallataka is one of the important medicinal plants having immense medicinal excellence described in most of the classical texts related to Ayurveda . More than 80 synonyms were coined for describing the morphological and pharmacological characters of Bhallataka in classical texts and later nighantu. As a single drug different pharmacological properties and actions attributed to different parts of Bhallataka. Specific collection and storage practices, purificatory procedures, antidotes and dietary habits to be followed during Bhallataka administration to prevent possible adverse effects are also documented in classical texts. The drug is also used as an ingredient of different compound formulations which were used in 23 different dosage forms indicated in disease conditions like Arsha (Haemorrhoids) , Kushtha (Skin diseases) , Gulma (Lump), Grahani (derangement of agni situated in grahani) , Prameha (Polyuria) and Vataroga etc. REFERENCES 1 Siddiqui HH. Safety of herbal drugs-An overview. Drugs News & Views 1993;1(2):7 – 10. 2 Namarupajnanam, Acharya P V Sharma, Satyapriya Prakashna Varanasi, first edition 2000, pp; 144-145 3 Agnivesha, Charaka, Charaka Samhita, edited by Shastri K, Pandey GS, 4 th edition, Varanasi: Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan; 1994. 4 Sushruta, Sushruta Samhita with the ‘Nibandhasangraha’ commentary of Shri Dalhanacharya, edited by Vd. Jadavaji

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Raghavendra Naik et al. A comprehensive review on Bhallataka from classical texts of Ayurveda ISSN: 2456-3110 REVIEW ARTICLE Jan-Feb 2020 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | Jan - Feb 2020 | Vol. 5 | Issue 1 258 38 Panara Kalpesh, Karra Nishteswar. Confirmation of the botanical source of Beejapoora: A synonym based study. J Biol Sci Opin 2013; 1(4): 389-393 39 Sharma Priyavrat. Namarupajnanamintroduction, 1 st edition, Varanasi: Satyapriya Prakashana; 2000. 40 Ilanchezhian R, Acharya RN, Roshy Joseph C, Harisha CR. Selection of Bhallataka (Semecarpus anacardium Linn.) fruits for therapeutic uses – A scientific approach. Ayurpharm Int J Ayur Alli Sci. 2012;1(5): 90-98. 41 Agnivesh, Charaka, Charaka Samhita, chikitsasthana, chapter- 1:2, edited by Ram Karan Sharma, Bhagwan Dash, reprint edition, Varanasi: Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan; 2003, p. 35-40. 42 Vagbhata, Ashtanga Sangraha with Shashilekha commentary of Indu, Uttarastana chapter 49, Verse 99, edited by Vaidya Anand Damodar Athavale , Atreya publication; 1980, p. 917. 43 Vagbhata, Ashtanga Hridaya with the commentaries 'Sarvangasundara' of Arunadatta and Ayurvedarasayana' of Hemadri, volume 3, chapter 39, Verse 66, translated by Prof.K.R.Srikantha Murthy, Reprint edition, Varanasi: Chaukhambha Prakshana; 2006, 392. 44 Lohar Dr Legal status of Ayurvedic, Siddha & Unani medicines Ghaziabad: Department of AYUSH Ministry of Health & Family Welfare. p.72. 45 Sadananda Sharma, Rasatarangini, chapter 24, verse 474- 478, edited by Kashinath shastri, 11 th edition, New Delhi: Motilal Banarasidas; 2004, p. 734. 46 Agnivesh, Charaka, Charaka Samhita, Sutrasthana chapter 18, verse 4, edited by Ram Karan Sharma, Bhagwan Dash, reprint edition, Varanasi: Chaukhambha Sanskri Sansthan; 2002 47 Ilanchezhian R, Acharya R N, Roshy Joseph C, Shukla V J. Impact Of Ayurvedic Shodhana (Purificatory Procedures) on Bhallataka fruits (Semecarpus anacardium Linn.) by measuring the Anacardol Content. GJRMI, Volume 1, Issue 7, July 2012, 286 – 294 48 Ilanchezhian R, Roshy Joseph C, Rabinarayan Acharya. Importance of Media in Shodhana (Purification / Processing) of Poisonous Herbal Drugs, Ancient Science of Life, Vol. 30, No.2 (2010) Pages 54 - 57 49 Anonymous: Ayurvedic Formulary of India, part-1. 2 nd edition, New Delhi: Government of India, Ministry of health and family welfare, Dept. of Indian system of medicine & Homoeopathy; 1978, p. 366. 50 Ilanchezhian Rangasamya, Rabinarayan Acharya , Roshy J Chowallur , Vinay J Shukla. Shodhana (purificatory procedures) of Bhallataka (Semecarpus anacardium Linn.) fruit by traditional frying method / Asian Journal of Traditional Medicines, 2014, 9(1) 51 Vaidya Shree Basavaraja, Basavarajeeyam text with English translation edited by Krishnamurthy M.S, 23 rd chapter, 1 st edition, Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orentalia Varanasi; 2014, p.621. 52 Chakradutta with Hindi commentary ‘Vaidyaprabha’, Shothadikaram chapter 39, verse 52, edited by Acharya Ramanatha Dwivedi, 3 rd reprint edition, Varanasi: Chukhambha Sanskrit Bhavan; 1997, p. 241 53 Shashtri Ambikadutta, Bhaishajya Ratnavali, Shotharogachikitsa, Chapter 42, verse 44-45, edited by vd. Rajeshwar Datta, Varanasi; Choukhamba prakashan; 2001, p.560. 54 Dr.C.R. Agnives, Dr. P. Unnikrishnan, Dr.George M.S.; Toxicology Ayurvedic Perspective; 1 st edition; Department of Agadatantra, Vaidyaratnam P.S. Varier Ayurveda college, Kottakal; 2002,p.202. 55 Pandit Krishna Prasad Ji Trivedi, Vanoushadhi Visheshanka, part 2, First edition, Aligadh: Shree Jvala Ayurveda Bhavan; 2009, p. 372 56 Pandit Krishna Prasad Ji Trivedi, Vanoushadhi Visheshanka, part 2, First edition, Aligadh: Shree Jvala Ayurveda Bhavan; 2009, p. 282 ******************************* How to cite this article: Raghavendra Naik, Sunona George, Shubhashree MN, Bharali BK. A comprehensive review on Bhallataka from classical texts of Ayurveda. J Ayurveda Integr Med Sci 2020;1:248-258. Source of Support: Nil, Conflict of Interest: None declared. Copyright © 2020 The Author(s); Published by Maharshi Charaka Ayurveda Organization, Vijayapur (Regd). This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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