A Classical Review on Mundi (Sphaeranthus Indicus Linn.)

REVIEW ARTICLE July-Aug 2019 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | July - Aug 2019 | Vol. 4 | Issue 4 300 A Classical Review on Mundi ( Sphaeranthus Indicus Linn.) Dr. Seema Pradeep 1 , Dr. Mahesh CD 2 , Dr. Saraswathidevi HN 3 1 Professor & Head, 2 Professor, 3 Post Graduate Scholar, Department of Dravyaguna, Sri Sri College Of Ayurvedic Science And Research, Bangalore, Karnataka, INDIA. I NTRODUCTION Universe has provided a complete store house of remedies to cure ailments of mankind. Medicinal plants have been used for centuries as a remedies for the diseases because they contain component of therapeutic values. According to WHO 80% of the world population continue to rely mainly on traditional medicines for their health care. Presently there is an increasing interest in the worldwide in herbal medicines accompanied by increasing laboratory investigation into the pharmacological properties of bioactive ingredient and where ability to treat various diseases [1-3] Address for correspondence: Dr. Saraswathidevi HN Post Graduate Scholar, Department of Dravyaguna, Sri Sri College Of Ayurvedic Science And Research, Banglore, Karnataka, INDIA. E-mail: drvikramayur@gmail.com Submission Date: 02/07/2019 Accepted Date: 09/08/2019 Access this article online Quick Response Code Website: www.jaims.in Published by Maharshi Charaka Ayurveda Organization, Vijayapur, Karnataka (Regd) under the license CCby-NC-SA Numerous drugs have entered the market through exploration of ethno pharmacology and traditional medicines. Efforts are needed to establish and validate evidence regarding and safety and practice of Ayurveda medicine. One such medicinal plant is Sphaeranthus indicus Linn. In the present study efforts are made to validate the drug classically on scientific bagrounds. R EVIEW OF L ITERATURE Nirukti [4] Mundi - Mundati Khandayati Gandadi Rogan Iti ! It removes lymphatic growths and other unwanted growths. Synonyms [5-8] 1. Aruna - Flowers are reddish violet colour. 2. Alambusha - It yields plenty of chaff (Husk) 3. Kadamba Pushpin - Flowers are resembling those of Kadamba Pushpa. 4. Kulaahala - It reaches to each and every cells of the body and does Lekhana Karma. 5. Tapodhana - Dried flowers resembles completely shaved head. A B S T R A C T Sphaeranthus indicus Linn. ( Mundi ) is a medicinal plant widely used in Indian traditional and folk systems of medicine for treating various ailments. Sphaeranthus indicus Linn. is from the aroma family Compositae. It is also known with other synonyms such as Mundi, Sravani, Bhikshu, Tapodhana, Sravanahva, Shravanashirshaka. It is abundantly distributed in damp areas in plains and also as a weed in the paddy fields. In the Indian system of medicine, the plant as a whole plant or its different anatomical parts viz., leaf, stem, bark, root, flower and seed are widely used for curing many diseases. The plant is bitter, stomachic, restorative, alterative, pectoral, demulcent and externally soothing. Key words: Sphaeranthus indicus Linn. Mundi, Folk systems.

Dr. Seema Pradeep et al. A Classical Review on Mundi (Sphaeranthus Indicus Linn.) ISSN: 2456-3110 REVIEW ARTICLE July-Aug 2019 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | July - Aug 2019 | Vol. 4 | Issue 4 301 6. Palankasha - It makes the Karshana of Palam ( Mamsa ), it acts as anti-obesity 7. Bhikshu - The plant begs ( Bhikshu ) the place to grow, it grows after the harvest of paddy 8. Bhutaghni - It destroys evil organisms and worms 9. Sravanasirsika, Sravani, Sravanahva - The plant flowers in winter and there after bears fruits in Sravana constellation Paryaya (Synonyms) [9],[5],[6],[10],[4],[11],[12],[7] Table 1: Synonyms of Mundi in various texts. Synonyms C S S S A H D N M PN R N K N B P Sh N P N N A Bhikshsu + + + + + + Sravana + + Mundi + + + + + Aruna(Rakt a) + Parivraji + + + + Tapodhana + Sravani + + + + + Bhookada mba + + + + + + + Shrimati + Alambhush a + + + Munditika + + Kulahala + + + + Sravanashe ershika + + Vara + + + + + + Sravanaahv a + + Chanchuha + Pravrajitha + + Kadambap ushpa + + + Shalikshetr aja + Pushpavyu ha + Bhootagni + + Vernacular Names [14] Table 2: Vernacular Names Language Vernacular Names Sanskrit Mundi, Sravani, Alambusha. English East Indian globe - thistle Bengali Surmuriya, Chhagal Nadi, Mudmudiya, Murmuriya. Assami Kamadarus Gujarathi Gorakhmundi, Mundi Hindi Mundi, Gorakh Mundi Kannada ಅಡಿಕೆಕಸ , ಬೆೊೋಡುಕಡಲೆಸೆೊಪ್ಪು , ಮೊಡುಗಟ್ಟಿನಗಿಡ , ಬೆಟ್ುಿಕರಂಡೆ , ಬೆೊಡತರ , ಮುಂಡಿಕಸ , ಬೆೊಡದರಗ , ಚಂಡಿಕಸ , ಸರಾವಣಿ , ಕರಂಡ . Malayalum Mirnagnee, Atookamanni, Mirangnee, Atakkamaniyan Marathi Mundi, Baras Bondi, Gorakh Mundi. Urdu Mundi Oriya Buikadamba, Murisa, Bokashungi Punjabi Ghundi, Khamadrus. Tamil Kotook, Karandai, Kottakaranthai, Visnukkarantai. Telugu Bodasaramu, Bodataramu, Bodatarapu Persian Kamaduriyus

Dr. Seema Pradeep et al. A Classical Review on Mundi (Sphaeranthus Indicus Linn.) ISSN: 2456-3110 REVIEW ARTICLE July-Aug 2019 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | July - Aug 2019 | Vol. 4 | Issue 4 302 Arabi Kamazariyus Santhal Belaunja History of Drug Charaka Samhita [15] Acharya Charaka has mentioned Mundi in the name of Sravani in Madhuraskanda Gana. Sushruta Samhita [16] Acharya Sushruta has mentioned Mundi in Surasadigana , in the name of Kulahala , the same has been commented by Acharya Dhalana as Mundi . Ashtanga Hrudaya [17] Acharya Vagbhata has explained Mundi in Madhuraskanda Gana , and told as Sravaniyugam . ( Sravani and Mahasravani ) Nighantu Period [9,5,6,10, 4, 11, 12, 7] Table 3: Varga of Mundi according to Nighantu Nighantu’s Vargas D. N Guducyadi Varga M.P.N Harithakyadi Varga R.N Parpatadi Varga K.N Oushadhi Varga B.P.N Guducyadi Varga Sh.N Guducyadi Varga P.N Shathapushpadi Varga Ni.A Sahadeviyadhi Varga Properties in Siddha system [18] Sphaeranthus indicus Linn. is used in Siddha system of medicine in the name of Ko ṭṭ aikkarantai . It is used as one of the ingredient in the Siddha preparation, “Veezhi Ennai (or Veezhi oil).” Though this plant finds place in many preparations, this is the only preparation mentioned in the official publication. Botonical Review [19] Botanical Name - Sphaeranthus indicus Linn. Kingdom - Plantae Subkingdom - Phanerogams Class - Dicotyledens Subclass - Gamopetalae Series - Inferae Order - Asterales Family - Asteraceae Genus - Sphaeranthus Species - indicus Linn Family Characters Compositae [20] Herbs or shrubs, rarely trees. Leaves usually alternate; stipules 0, inflorescence a centripetal head of usually many small flowers (less commonly few or very rarely 1) sessile on the dilated top of the peduncle (receptacle), enclosed in an involucre of whorled bracts. The flowers (florates) of a head may be hermaphrodite (bisexual) or unisexual (monoecious or dioecious) or neuter (asexual) usually pentamarous, actinomorphic or zygomorphic. There are two kinds of flowers disc florates (tubular flowers) and ray florates (ligulate florates). Inflorescence may racemose, head or capitulum with an involucre bract, rarely spikes. The arrangement of florates on the head is as follows; all the ray in and disc florates on a single head may be tubular and actinomorphic., all the ray and disc florated in the head may be ligulateand zygomorphic. Receptacle sometimes furnished with bracteoles (paleae, Scales, bristles, fimbrillae), sometimes naked and smooth or with small pits (foveolate) or deeply pitted (alveolate). Flowers either all unisexual or bisexual, variously arranged. Calyx-tube wholly adherent to the ovary; Limb 0 or of scales, bristles or hairs (pappus). Corolla epigynous, gamopetalous, sometimes regular and either ligulate or bilabiate (corolla wanting in female flowers of Xanthium), Disk epigynous; stamens 5-4, inserted on the corolla and

Dr. Seema Pradeep et al. A Classical Review on Mundi (Sphaeranthus Indicus Linn.) ISSN: 2456-3110 REVIEW ARTICLE July-Aug 2019 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | July - Aug 2019 | Vol. 4 | Issue 4 303 alternate with its segments; filaments usually free above; anthers 2-celled, introrse, cohering into a tube which sheaths the style (very rarely free), the cells often tailed at the base. Ovary 1-celled; ovule solitary, erect, anatropous: style slender; usually 2-fid; arms (sometimes connate) linear, 1/2-terete,acute, obtuse, truncate or pencillate, or tipped by pubescent ones, sometimes clavate, variously papillose, stigmatic near the margins, fruit are achene, articulated to the common receptacle, generally sessile, provided with a basilar or lateral areole indicating its points of insertion, often prolonged into a beak at the top, naked above or crowned by the persistent sessile or stipulate, pappus. Seeds erect: testa membranous; albumen 0; embryo straight; cotyledons Planoconvex; radicle short. Distribution [21] The compositae is the largest family of the angiosperm containing about 950 genera and probably 20,000 species. The numbers belongs to the family are found everywhere on the surface of the earth / cosmopolitan in each possible types of habitat. Most of them are herbaceous but tropical region the trees have also been reported in our country the family is represented. It is abundantly found in damp area in the plains all over India, ascending to an altitude of 1500 M in the hills, especially as a weed in the rice fields. Genus : Sphaeranthus [21] Annual or herbs with spreading branches, leaves alternate toothed, decurrent on the stem, heads small, heterogamous, not rayed, collected together in close terminal globose, or ovoid clusters, clusters crowed on a large common receptacle and often having a general involucre of empty bracts at their base each head with many outer flowers female, fertile and few inner flowers male fertile or sterile, involucre narrow with few or many paleaceous bracts. Receptacle small, naked, corolla of female flowers, slender, tubular, minutely 2-3 of male flower with tubular funnel shaped or globular thickened tube and 4-5 lobed limb, anther bases sagittate, auricle acute or tailed; style; arms filiformsometimes connate. Achenes; terete or angled, glabrous or villous, often glandular, those of female flowers and male flowers often different, pappus absent. Types of Mundi [4] 1 Mundi ( Sphaeranthus indicus Linn.) 2 Maha Mundi ( Sphaeranthus africanus Linn.) According to Raja Nighantu [6] 1 Shravani ( Sphaeranthus indicus Linn.) 2 Mahashravani ( Sphaeranthus indicus Linn.) According to Sodhala Nighantu [11] 1 Shravani ( Voratheri ) - Sphaeranthus indicus Linn. 2 Mahashravani ( Raktavodetheri ) - Sphaeranthus africanus Linn. and Sphaeranthus amaranthoides Mundi ( Sphaeranthus indicus Linn.) ▪ Stem - erect, prostrate, deccurent winged stem toothed aromatic herb and branches ▪ Root - Usually tap root system and branched. Sometimes tuberous or thicker. ▪ Leaves - are sessile, deccurent, 2-7 cm long and 1- 1.5 cm wide, obovate-oblong, narrowed to the base, dentate, or serrate hairy, villous greenish brown, slightly aromatic when fresh, aroma disappearing on long storage. ▪ Flowers - cluster 0.5 inches in diameter Globose, head about 1.5 cm long and about one cm in diameter, purplish-pink with linear involucral bracts – Spatulate, acute which are shorter than the head and ciliate at apex, peduncle with toothed wings, outer female flowers 12 to 16, inner bisexual 2 or 3, Corolla of female - 2 toothed, Ovary-inferior , Carpels - 2, style arms connate. ▪ Fruit - Achene, Smooth, Stalked, Angular and Sub- Glabrous. Maha Mundi ( Sphaeranthus africanus Linn) ▪ Sanskrit - Maha Mundi ; Mal. - Veuthaadakkamani -yan.

Dr. Seema Pradeep et al. A Classical Review on Mundi (Sphaeranthus Indicus Linn.) ISSN: 2456-3110 REVIEW ARTICLE July-Aug 2019 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | July - Aug 2019 | Vol. 4 | Issue 4 304 ▪ A slender, glabarous or pubescent, fragrant herb commonly occurring in marshy areas all along the coast from West Bengal to Kerala and also in many parts of Maharashtra. Branches are winged. Wings are entire. ▪ Flowers in heads, white or purple in colour. They occur in clusters - 0.2-0.4 inches in diameter. Dentate at the Apex. Bracts - Spatulate Wings of stem are entire. ▪ Leaves - Obovate, denticulate and glabarous. Corolla are funnel shaped. ▪ Fruits - Achenes, Small angled and glandular. ▪ The roots are used in Kerala as a substitute for those of Sphaeranthus indicus Linn. Cultivation [22] Climate and soil: It grows as a weed in paddy fields and thrives well after harvest of paddy over medium clayey soils Propagation Material: seeds. Agro-technique: Nursery Technique Raising Propagules: Seed are sown in August in well prepared nursery beds. It takes about 10-12 days for germination. Seedlings are ready within one month attaining the height of 5.0 - 6.0 cm. It is then ready for field planting. Planting in the Field: Land Preparation and Manure Application: The field is ploughed, harrowed and planked to have a fine tilth. About 5-10 t of FYM along with N: P: K 20:30:30 kg/ha is mixed with soil before transplanting seedlings at a distance of 30 cm X 15 cm. Irrigation is given immediately. Rest of Nitrogen is given at 30 and 70 days after planting. Intercropping System: It can be grown as intercrop in paddy fields. Intercultural and Maintenance Practices: Two weeding and hoeing are given at 20 and 45 days after planting. Irrigation Practices: About 4 to 5 irrigation at an interval of 15 days is required after monsoon rain is over. Disease and Pest Control: Leaf eating caterpillar has been observed and can be controlled through biopesticide. Harvest Management Crop Maturity and Harvesting: Flowering starts in November and 65 continues upto March. Seed can be collected from March to April. Post-harvest Management: Plant should be dried in shade. P HARMACOGNOSY [13],[14] Macroscopic Description [23] (Raw Material) Stem - pieces 5 to 15 cm long and 0.3 to 0.4 cm thick, branched, cylindrical or some what flattened with toothed wings, rough due to longitudinal wrinkles, externally browinish black to brownish green, internally creemish grey, Fracture fibrus odour nill, taste bitter. Leaves - are sessile, decurrent, 2-7 cm long and 1-1.5 cm wide, obovate-oblong, narrowed to the base, dentate or serrate hairy, greenish brown, slightly aromatic when fresh, aroma disappearing on long storage Flowers - Globose, head about 1.5 cm long and about one cm in diameter, purplish-pink with linear involucral bracts which are shorter than the head and ciliate at apex, peduncle with toothed wings, outer female flowers 12 to 16, inner bisexual 2 or 3, corolla of female 2-toothed, ovary, inferior, carpels 2, stylearms connate. Root - pieces 5 to 15 cm long and 0.3 to 05 cm thick, a few branching, smooth, slender, somewhat laterally flattened, greyish-brown, fracture short, odour not characteristic, taste, slightly bitter. Fruit - achene, smooth, stalked. Microscopic Description [23] Stem - Epidermis single layered covered with thick cuticle. Cortex consisting of 4 to 6 layers of oval to polygonal, thin walled, parenchymatous cells.

Dr. Seema Pradeep et al. A Classical Review on Mundi (Sphaeranthus Indicus Linn.) ISSN: 2456-3110 REVIEW ARTICLE July-Aug 2019 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | July - Aug 2019 | Vol. 4 | Issue 4 305 Endodermis single layers of barrelshaped cells. Pericyclic fibres, lignified arranged in discontinuous ring. Secondary phloem narrow, having usual elements, groups of cellulosic fibres found scattered in this zone. Secondary xylem composed of usual elements vessels with spiral thickening or simple pitted. Pith very wide composed of oval to polygonal, thin – walled, parenchymatous cells. Leaf - Midrib - epidermis single layered followed by 4 to 6 layered collenchyma and 3 to 4 layered parenchyma cells present on both surfaces trichomes both non glandular and glandular present on both surfaces, glandular trichomes 2 or 3 cells high, une or biseriate stalk, having a multi cellular head, nonglandular trichomes uniseriate with 2 to 5 cells vascular bundle 3 to 4 situated centrally having usual elements Lamina - epidermis single layered having numerous non glandular and trichomes similar to those of midrib on both surfaces. Mesophyll composed of oval to polygonal thin walled parenchymatous cells and not differentiated into palisade and spongy parenchyma cells stomata anisocytic present on both surfaces. Stomatal index 30 to 38 on lower surfaces, 20 to 29 on upper surfaces. Stomatal number 47 to 54 per sq. Mm on lower surfaces 15 to 22 per sq.mm on upper surfaces.Vein islet number 20 to 26. Root - Epidermis single layered, rectangular; secondary cortex composed of oval to tangentially elongated, thin walled, parenchymatous cells having arenchyma; secondary phloem composed of thinwalled, oval to polygonal cells, a large number of groups of lignified phloem fibres found scattered in this zone; central portion occupied by lignified, secondary xylem having usual elements; vessels simple pitted; starch grains simple, round to oval with concentric striations and distinct hilum. Measuring 13 to 27 μ in diameter, present in secondary cortex Physico-chemical parametres of drug [23] Identity, Purity and strength Table 4: Physico-chemical parametres SN Parameter Permissible limit 1. Foreign matter Not < 2% 2. Total Ash Not < 23% 3. Acid insoluble Ash Not < 9% 4. Alcohol Soluble Extractive Not > 2% 5. Water Soluble Extractive Not > 6% P HARMACOLOGY Table 5: Rasa Panchaka of Mundi [9,5,6,10,4,12,7,14,15] Nighant us Rasa Guna Virya Vipak a Doshaghna tha D.N Tikta, Katu Katu Ma.N Tiktha, Katu Laghu Madh ura Katu R.N Kashaya Ushna Katu Kaphapitah ara K.N Madhur a, Tikta, Kashaya Ushna Katu Vatakaphah ara B.P.N Madhur a Laghu Ushna Katu P.N Tikta Ushna Ni.A Madhur a, Katu, Tikta, Kashaya Usna Katu Vatakaphah ara Note: All the Nighantus have mentioned Rasa as Tikta and B.P.N, Ni.A and K.N have also mentioned Madhura Rasa . R.N and Ni.A has mentioned Kashaya Rasa, almost all mentioned Vipaka as Katu and Veerya as Ushna except M.N who mentioned as Madhura Veerya .

Dr. Seema Pradeep et al. A Classical Review on Mundi (Sphaeranthus Indicus Linn.) ISSN: 2456-3110 REVIEW ARTICLE July-Aug 2019 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | July - Aug 2019 | Vol. 4 | Issue 4 306 Table 6: Showing the indications Nighantus Indications D.N Aama, Aruchi, Apasmara, Ganda, Slipada. Ma.N Medhya, Ganda, Apachi, Kruchra, Krimi, Yoniroga, Pandu. R.N Aamatisara, Kasa, Visha, Chardi K.N Ganda, Apachi, Pleeha, Medha, Apasmara, Pandu, Sleepada, Aruchi, Yoniroga, Kasa, Kruchra, Guda and Krimirogas. B.P.N Medaroga,Medhyagudaarthi, Ganda, Apachi, Pleeha, Apasmara, Pandu, Sleepada, Aruchi, Yoniroga, Kruchra and Krimiroga. P.N Raktashodaka, Vrana, Ganda, Vidradhi, Sleepada, Aruchi, Raktadusti Note: All Nighantus are highlighted the indication of Mundi in Gandamala , Slipada , Ma.N and B.P.N has mentioned in Mutrakruchra . Drug action in other literatures [14],[24] The plant is stomachic, stimulant, alterative, pectoral, demulcent and emollient. It is used in epilepsy, hemicrania, jaundice, liver and gastric disorders. The roots are bitter, acrid, sweet, thermogenic, Diuritic, expetorent, febrifuge, stomachic. They are useful in Diabetes, leprosy, Fever, Pectoralgia, Cough, Hernia, Haemorrhoids, Helminthiasis and Dyspepsia. The flowers are highly esteemed as an alternative, Depurative, Refrigerant Antitubercular properties have also been ascribed to the plant. Posology [23] ▪ Swarasa - 10-20 ml ▪ Puspachurna - 1-2 gm ▪ Kwatha - 50-100 ml Part Used [4] - Panchanga (Whole plant) Toxicology [25],[26] ▪ The acute toxicity of plant S. indicus Linn. was determined by using albino mice of either sex (16- 20 g.), maintained under standard husbandry conditions. The animals were fasted for 3 hrs prior to the experiment and the extract was administered as single dose and observed for the mortality upto 48 hours study period (short term toxicity). Based on the short term toxicity profile, the consecutive dose of the extract was determined as per Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Guidelines No. 420. The maximum dose tested (2000 mg/kg) for LD 50 . From the LD 50 , doses like 1/15 th , 1/10 th and 1/5 th were selected and considered as low, medium and high dose i.e. 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, 300 mg/kg respectively to carry out this study. ▪ The herb is employed as a fish poison. An aqueous extract of whole plant was slightly toxic to American cockroaches [14] P HYTO -C HEMISTRY [24] Chemical Constituents The drug consists of the whole plant along with Capitula (inflorescences). Steam distillation of fresh flowering herb yields a red, viscous essential oil (yield, 0.01-0.02%); which is highly soluble in water Oil obtained by steam distillation of the plants showed the following constituents: Cadinene, 15.3; α - ionone, 12.6; β -caryophyllene, 7.4; P-methoxy cinnamaldehyde, 7.4; Eugenol.7.0; α -Phellandrene, 7.0; ocimene,6.1; Citral, 5.4; α -Terpinene,2.2%; and an unidentified Sesquiterpene The constants and constituents differed some what from those of the oil obtained from Varanasi (yield.0.01%;) which contai ned methyl chavicol, α - ionone, D-cadinene and P-methoxy cinnamaldehyde as the major constituents and ocmene, α -Terpinene, Citralgeraniol, geranylacetate, β -Ionene(?), A new sesquiterpene alcohol called Sphaeranthol, two new sesquiterpenes (sphaeranthene and indicusene); and probably a phenolic ketone (semicarbozone) as the minor constituents.

Dr. Seema Pradeep et al. A Classical Review on Mundi (Sphaeranthus Indicus Linn.) ISSN: 2456-3110 REVIEW ARTICLE July-Aug 2019 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | July - Aug 2019 | Vol. 4 | Issue 4 307 Besides the essential oil, the herb yields 3% of a fatty oil, yellowish green in colour. A bitter alkaloid, Sphaeranthine has been reported to occur in the plant. Later work has revealed the presence of a glycoside which, on hydrolysis, yields an alkaloid. Capitula contain albumins, a semi-drying fatty oil (upto 5%), reducing sugars, tannins, mineral matter, a volatile oil (0.07%) with a characteristic odour and a bitter taste and a glycoside (yield 0. 002%). No alkaloid was detected in the inflorescence. The glycoside on hydrolysis gave a water soluble Aglucone, Phenolic in nature. The unsaponifiable matter of the fatty oil showed β -sitosterol, stigmasterol, n-tricontanol, n-pentacosane and hentriacontane. β – Dglycoside of β -sitosterol has been isolated from the flower heads. Medicinal uses and formulation’s [27-37] Table 7: Indications of the formulations. Yoga’s Indications Chandanadi Taila In which is used for Abhyanga , which reduces Daha and Jwara . Bala Taila Vata-Pitta Janya Yoni Roga and helps for Garbhadharana . Dhamargava Avaleha Hruddaha and Kasa . Nishotha Yoga Virechana in Vata-Pittajanyavikara, Jeevantyadi Anuvasana Yamaka Bruhmana , Vata-Pittaghna, Balya, Shukra and Agnivardhaka, Mutrashukra and Arthavastitha Doshanashaka. Shravanyadi Gritha Vatarakta Amrutadya Taila Vatavyadi and Unmada, Arati, Apasmara Sthiradi Ksheerapaka Kasa, Jwara, Daha, Kshata, Kshaya Swadamstradi Gritha Vata-Pitta Janyahruddrava, Shoola, Mootrakrichra, Prameha, Arshas, Kasa, Shosha and also it increases Bala and Mamsa . Trutiyasarpi Guda Kasa, Hikka, Jwara, Yakshma, Tamakaswasa, Rakta-Pitta, Halimaka, Shukrakshaya, Trushna, Karshya, Kamala and dosage as 1 Tola Vrishya Gritha Vrishya, Balya, Varnya, Kantya, Brihmana Indrokta Rasayana It is taken with milk for one month, useful as Uttamaparamaayu, Taruna and Rogarahitavasta etc. Madhura Skanda Basti Chikithsa Ropana Churna Vrana Ropana Swadamstradi Gritha Kasa, Mutrakrichra Grita Vatarakta Vamanakalpa, Leha Cough and heart burn. Taila Khandoshta, Vatapittajanya Rogas and helps for conception Amrutadhya Churna Amavata Alambushadi Churna Amavata, Vatarakta, Trika, Jaanu, Uru and Sandhistavata Jwara, Aruchi Dwitiyaalambus hadi Churna Pravruddaamavata Tritiya Alambushadi Churna Amavata , Sandhisotha Alambusha Swarasa + honey and ghee Apachi, Gandamala and Kamala . Mundi Swarasa + Maricha Choorna Suryavarta and Ardhava Bedhaka. Dehadourgandh yahara Yoga Mundi Churna with sour gruel. Vata Gajankusa Rasa Koshtusheershaka, Avabahuka, Urustamba, Hanustamba, Manyastamba, Pakshaghata

Dr. Seema Pradeep et al. A Classical Review on Mundi (Sphaeranthus Indicus Linn.) ISSN: 2456-3110 REVIEW ARTICLE July-Aug 2019 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | July - Aug 2019 | Vol. 4 | Issue 4 308 Ratnagiri Rasa Nava Jwara Navaratna Raja Mrganka Vataroga, Swasa, Grahani, Aruchi, Shula, Agnimandhya, Apasmara, Sarvajwara. Guduchi Taila (Brihaddwitiya) Pumsavana Karma, Garbhaprada, Vatarakta, Kandu, Sweda, Pama, Shirakampa, Ardita. Mundyadi Gutika Grahanivikara ▪ Keeping cotton tampon soaked in Mundi oil removes vaginal pain (R.M) ▪ Paste made up of root of Mundi mixed with powdered Sarja and cooked in mustard oil. ▪ Munditikachurna Vatarakta, Mundi 3 g, Grita 5 g, Madhu 10 g, taken with Guduchi Kwata 50 ml, Vangasena 27/35/575. ▪ The juice of the leaves is used as a gargle to cure sore throat. ▪ Till it becomes semisolid should be applied locally in disease named Vicchi (tearing of rectal orifice (paediatric disorder). ▪ The paste of the herb made with oil is applied in itch. ▪ The powdered seeds and roots are given as an anthelmintic. ▪ A decoction of the root is used in chest pains, cough and bowel complaints ▪ The papery bark was ground and mixed with whey and is said to be useful application in piles. ▪ Leaf juice was boiled with milk and sugar candy and prescribed for cough. ▪ The Juice of plant was used in vitiated conditions of Vata , epilepsy, hemicrenia, Jaundice, hepatopathy and gastropathy. ▪ A paste of the herb mixed with gingelly oil is good for pruritus and painful swellings. ▪ Oil prepared by using the root is useful in scrofula. ▪ The powdered leaf and flower is good for skin diseases and is considered as nervine tonic. Controversy [38] In Charaka and Sushruta ‘ Munditika’ is not mentioned but the other synonyms such as Sravani , Mahasravani are there. Munditika and Alambusha synonyms. in short Sravani , Mahasravani , Munditika, Alambusha are all synonyms. there is no controversy for Munditika or Gorakh Mundi (Gujarati), but ‘ Alambusa’ is controversial. Bhava Misra has described Alambusa as Lajjalu Bheda. Lajjalu as its name signifies is the sensitive plant. Its scientific name is Mimosa Pudika (Leguminoseae). Lajjalu Bheda is Biobhytums ensitivum (Oxalidaceae). Lajjalu is called Rosamani in gujarati. Lajjalubheda is Jarara (gujarati) and it is also a sensitive plant. Bhavamisra has given Alambusa, Kharatwaku, Medogala as the synonyms. Bhavamisra has shown 2 varieties Mundi, Mahamundi . But the properties of both are the same. Alambusa is Mundi but is not a “ Lajjalubheda ” ( Lakajan ) as Bhavamisra has suggested. Let us not confuse Lajjalu and Lajjalubheda with Alambusa . Alambusa is Munditika . It is better if we drop Medogala from Munditika . CONCLUSION During literature survey it was observed that the plant Mundi is widely available in paddy fields and also is having wide range of phyto chemicals. There are classical references available for the drug. The reference of the drug is quoted in Brihattrayi’s, Laghutrayi’s, Nighantu’s and even in Siddha system and modern literatures. The literature review of the drug was done from available literatures, different floras, research papers and reliable internet sources. It is told in classics that मुन्डी : मुन्डतिखण्डयति गण्डादीन्रोगान्इति ! It removes lymphatic growths and diseases. The same has been appreciated during literature review. During Literature survey it was observed that lots of researches are done on different activities of this plant Mundi by various streams of medicine and pharmacy Mundi is abundantly available in paddy fields, after the harvest of paddy crop, for its easy availability and cost effectiveness, this drug can be used in treatment of various diseases

Dr. Seema Pradeep et al. A Classical Review on Mundi (Sphaeranthus Indicus Linn.) ISSN: 2456-3110 REVIEW ARTICLE July-Aug 2019 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | July - Aug 2019 | Vol. 4 | Issue 4 309 REFERENCES 1 https://scialert.net/fulltext/?doi=ijp.2011.171.179 2 https;//dailyhealthpost.com. 3 Dymock W, Warden CJ, Hooper D. 2 nd. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner and Co; 1891. Pharmacographia India; p. 257. 4 Bhava Mishra, Bhava Prakasha Nighantu, Commented by Dr. K. C. Chunekar & Gangadhara Sahay Pande, Chaukhamba Bharati Academy, Varanasi, Reprint 2015, Pg.No.398-399 5 Sri Nrupa Madanapala, Madanapala Nighantu, Commented by Gnanendra Pandy, Chaukhamba Orientalia, Varanasi, 2012 Pg.No.103,104 6 Naraharipandit, Raja Nighantu, Dravyaguna Prakashika Hindi Vyakyasahita, by Dr. Inderdev Tripati, Chaukhamba Krishna das academy,Varanasi, 1 st edition, 2016, Pg.No 107. 7 Shri Bapalal Vaidya, Nighantu Adarsha, Chaukhamba Bharati Academy, Varanasi, Vol- I, 1 st edition, 1968, Pg.No.771-773 8 Sharma P.V, Nama Rupa Jnanam, Chaukhamba Bharati Reprint, 2006, Pg.154 9 Dhanwantari nighantu Pg.No.45 10 Acharya P.V Sharma & Dr.Guru Prasad Sharma, Kaiyadeva Nighantu Chaukhambha Orientalia, Edition:2009,Sl,No,687-690, Pg.No.182 11 Sodhala krita sodhala nighantu, English Commented by gnanendra pandy, Chaukhamba Krishna das accadamy, Varanasi, 1 st Ed,2009,Pg no 40 12 Acharya P.V Sharma, Priyanighantu, Chaukhamba Publications, Varanasi, Edition:2009,Sl.No,159-160,Pg no 105 13 Astanga Hridaya by Vaghbata, Chiktsasthana 3/135, 14 P.C. Sharma, M.B. Yelne, et al, Database on Medicinal plants used in Ayurveda, Central Council for Research in Ayurveda and Siddha, New Delhi,2002, p-251-253 15 Agivesha, Charaka Samhita, Charakapani Virachita & Dridabala, Vidyotini Hindi Commentary by Pt. Kashinatha Sastri, Chaukhamba Sanskrit Series, Varanasi; Fifth edt,1997, Vimanasthana,8 thchap,Pg no- 789-790,sl no-139. 16 Atrideva, Sushruta samhita, Dr. Sri Bhaskar Govindji Ghanekar, Motilal Banarasidas, Fifth Edition,1975,sutrasthana 37/29,pg no-136. 17 Srimad vagbhata Acharya, Astanga Hridaya, Sarvangasundara commentary of Arunadatta & Ayurveda rasayana of Hemadri, Edited by Harisadasiva sastri,Chaukamba Surabharati Prakashan, Varanasi, 2007, page no 177,Sl no,22-24, 18 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC 3841 994/ 19 http://bioinfo.bisr.res.in/project/domap/plant_details php?plantid=0029&bname=Sphaeranthus%20 indicus 20 Kiritikar Basu, Indian Medicinal Plants, Lt.Colonel K.R.Kirtikar, Vol.6, edited by E blatter oriental enterprises, Uttaranchal (india) 2001, 21 Gamle J S, Flora of the prisendancy madras, reprinte and edt by Botonical survey of India, vol 2, pg no 487.1915. 22 Agro-technique study carried out by MPKV, Rahuri, Maharashtra, Agro-techniques of selected Medicinal Plants: Volume – III Pg no 64-65. 23 Ayurvedic Pharmacopeia of India, Part 1, Vol 4, Edn 2006, Govt of India, New Delhi. 24 The Wealth of India, chief editor, A dictionary of Indian Raw materials and Industrial products, vol.10, National Institute of Science communication and Information Resources, New Delhi, India 1976, p-4-5. 25 OECD. Guidelines on Acute Oral Toxicity. Environmental Health and Safety Monograph Series on Testing and Adjustment. 2001:425. 26 Amresh G, Singh PN, Rao CV. Toxicological screening of traditional medicine Laghupatha (Cissampelos pareira) in experimental animals. J Ethnopharmacol, 2008;116:454-60. 27 Vangasena, Vangasena Samhita, English translation by Dr. Nirmal Saxena, Chaukhamba Sanskrit Series, Varanasi, First Ed. 2004,vol 2 120,999. 28 Rajamartanda, English translation by Dr.K. Nishteswar, Dr. R. Vidyanath, Chaukhamba Orientalia, Varanasi, First ed. 2008,36,81 29 Chakradatta, English translation, Edited and Translated by Priya Vrat Sharma, Chaukambha Publishers, Varanasi, 2013,23,7,215-216.

Dr. Seema Pradeep et al. A Classical Review on Mundi (Sphaeranthus Indicus Linn.) ISSN: 2456-3110 REVIEW ARTICLE July-Aug 2019 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | July - Aug 2019 | Vol. 4 | Issue 4 310 30 Chakradatta, English translation, Edited and Translated by PriyaVrat Sharma, Chaukambha Publishers, Varanasi, 2013,41,22,344-345 31 Chakradatta, English translation, Edited and Translated by PriyaVrat Sharma, Chaukambha Publishers Varanasi, 2013,36,38,312. 32 Bhavamisra, Bhava Prakash, Edited Vidyotini Hindi, Commentary by Pandith Sri Brahma Sankara Misra, Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan Varanasi, vol 2, Ninth Edition, 2005,26,62,287. 33 Bhavamisra, Bhava Prakash, Edited Vidyotini Hindi, Commentary by Pandith Sri Brahma Sankara Misra, Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan, Varanasi, vol 2, Ninth Edition,2005,26,63,64,287. 34 Bhavamisra, Bhavaprakash, Edited Vidyotini Hindi, Commentary by Pandith Sri Brahma Sankara Misra, Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan Varanasi, vol 2, Ninth Edition,2005,26,66,68,287. 35 Bhavamisra, Bhavaprakash, Edited Vidyotini Hindi, Commentary by Pandith Sri Brahma Sankara Misra, Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan, Varanasi, vol 2, Ninth Edition, 2005,26,28,284. 36 Sharangadhara, Sharangadhara Samhita, Hindi Commentary by Sri Radhakrishna Parashara, published by Sri Baidyanatha Ayurveda Bhavan Pvt Ltd, Patna, 2 nd Edition, 1974,1, Madhyama Khanda, 17,179. 37 Kaviraja Sri Govind dasasena, Bhaishajya Ratnavali, Hindi commentary by Prof. Siddhinandan Mishra, Chaukhamba Surbharati Prakashan, Varanasi, 2007, 38 Dr. Bapalal Vaidya, Some controversial drugs in Indian medicine,forwarded by P V Sharma, Chaukhamba, Orientalia, Varanasi,2014,pg no 148-149. ******************************* How to cite this article: Dr. Seema Pradeep, Dr.Mahesh CD, Dr. Saraswathidevi HN. A Classical Review on Mundi (Sphaeranthus Indicus Linn.). J Ayurveda Integr Med Sci 2019;4:300-310. Source of Support: Nil, Conflict of Interest: None declared. Copyright © 2019 The Author(s); Published by Maharshi Charaka Ayurveda Organization, Vijayapur (Regd). This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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