SEM EDX Analysis of Swayamagni Loha Bhasma

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[Find the meaning and references behind the names: Sri, Kalpana, Rasa, Vikram]

ORIGINAL ARTICLE July-Aug 2019 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | July - Aug 2019 | Vol. 4 | Issue 4 160 SEM EDX Analysis of Swayamagni Loha Bhasma Dr. Rachana Bhat 1 , Dr. Vikram S 2 1 Post Graduate Scholar, 2 Professor & Head, Department of Rasashastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, Sri Sri College Of Ayurvedic Science and Research, Bangalore, Karnataka, INDIA. I NTRODUCTION Ayurveda is the science of life aiming to achieve healthier life Physically, Mentally and Spiritually [1] Rasashastra is a special branch of Ayurveda where in different Herbs, Mineral and Metals are used in various formulations. During Vedic period, much importance was given to Herbal drugs for therapeutic purposes. In due course of time, drugs of Metal and Mineral origin came into existence, which led to the Address for correspondence: Dr. Rachana Bhat Post Graduate Scholar, Department of Rasashastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, Sri Sri College Of Ayurvedic Science and Research, Bangalore, Karnataka, INDIA. E-mail: rachanabhatnaani@gmail.com Submission Date: 03/07/2019 Accepted Date: 08/08/2019 Access this article online Quick Response Code Website: www.jaims.in DOI: 10.21760/jaims.4.4.23 establishment of Herbal, Mineral and Herbo-Mineral formulations. The Marana is the procedure in which the purified metals or minerals are further triturated with specific drugs and subjected to heat ( Puta ). For various metals and minerals the applications of Puta is essential to reduce the particle size. The current trend of giving Puta is most widely accepted throughout the pharmaceutical companies. The classical method of giving Puta using cow dung cakes is replaced by the Electric Muffle Furnace which is more feasible when compared to Classical method due to unavailability of cow dung cakes, the available once are of varied size and shape which again hinder in the process of giving Puta . The current trend of giving Puta and preparing Bhasma is well known, but our Acharyas have explained the Niragni method of Loha Marana which will save the fuel and energy, if done precisely and systematically. The Swayamagni Rasa is one of the Niragni method of Marana Procedure for Loha dhatu ., It is one of the Anubhuta Yoga for Marana of Loha. A B S T R A C T Rasashastra is a special branch of Ayurveda where in different Herbs, Mineral and Metals are used in various formulations.These metals and minerals are subjected for different purification methods to make it suitable for internal administration. The Marana is the procedure in which the purified metals or minerals are further triturated with specific drugs and subjected to heat ( Puta ). For various Herbs, Metals and Minerals the applications of Puta is essential to reduce the particle size for its better absorption in the body. Swayamagni Rasa is the herbo-mineral preparation were in, self generated heat transforms the particle size from Loha Churna into Bhasma form. In this study Iron fillings where used to prepare the Bhasma by subjecting it to Samanya and Vishesha Shodana and later on doing the procedure of Marana according to Rasachintamani . During the process of Shodana care has to be taken while heating the iron fillings throughout the procedure and measured quantity of liquid media for quenching has to be maintained for doing Shodana in bulk. During the process Iron fillings tend to flush over the face during each Nirvapa which has to be dealt with precaution. Thereafter analysis of the Swayamagni Rasa was analysed using SEM-EDX. It was observed that the percentage of Oxygen content in Loha Bhasma increased there by stating it to be in Oxide form and The particle size ranges around 173.3 nanometre scale which proves it being in its minutest form. Key words: Swayamagni Rasa, Marana, Niragni, Loha Bhasma, Dhanyarashi.

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[Find the meaning and references behind the names: Long, Brown, Red, Min]

Dr. Rachana Bhat et al. SEM EDX Analysis of Swayamagni Loha Bhasma ISSN: 2456-3110 ORIGINAL ARTICLE July-Aug 2019 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | July - Aug 2019 | Vol. 4 | Issue 4 161 M ATERIALS AND M ETHODS This involves the following procedures: a) Samanya Shodhana of Loha [2] b) Vishesha Shodhana of Loha [3] c) Preparation of Dviguna Kajjali. [4] d) Preparation of Swayamagni Rasa [5] a) Samanya Shodhana of Loha Name of the Practical: Samanya Shodhana of Loha Reference: R.T 15/4-6 Date of preparation: 10/12/2018 Date of completion: 09/01/2019 Instruments ▪ Iron vessel ▪ Steel vessel ▪ Spatula ▪ Cloth ▪ Gas stove ▪ Strainer Ingredients: Ashuddha Loha (Iron fillings): 750 g Liquid Media: Q.S Media ▪ Kanji ▪ Takra ▪ Kulattha Kwatha ▪ Gomutra ▪ Tila Taila Procedure ▪ Ashudda Loha (Iron fillings) was taken in an Iron vessel and was heated in Teevra Agni , till it became red hot. ▪ It was then quenched in specific liquid media placed in a stainless steel vessel. ▪ After cooling down, Loha was taken out from the vessel and again put in the Iron vessel and heated till it becomes red hot. This process was repeated 3 times in each media. ▪ Temperature of Loha during red hot state was noted. ▪ Weight of the Loha was measured repeatedly. ▪ Time taken for each process was noted. O BSERVATIONS Table 1: Tabulation of changes observed during the Nirvapa in Kanji SN Nirvapa Dravya Loss after each Nirvapa Time taken for red hot Changes in Loha Changes in media 1. Kanji 750 g 30 min Took long duration for heating. Colour of Loha changed from brown to black. Loha became little brittle. The smell of kanji was evident during quenching. Colour of kanji changed from white to brown. The temperature of Kanji was increased after quenching of Iron fillings into it. Kanji became viscid and slimy after Shodhana. 2. Kanji 748 g 30 min 3. Kanji 745 g 28 min Table 2: Tabulation of changes observed during the Nirvapa in Takra SN Nirvapa Dravya Loss after each Nirvapa Time taken for red hot Changes in Loha Changes in media 1. Takra 745 g 28 min Loha took comparatively less time to become red hot. Colour of Foul smell was felt during quenching. Colour of the media 2. Takra 740 g 26 min

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[Find the meaning and references behind the names: Deep]

Dr. Rachana Bhat et al. SEM EDX Analysis of Swayamagni Loha Bhasma ISSN: 2456-3110 ORIGINAL ARTICLE July-Aug 2019 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | July - Aug 2019 | Vol. 4 | Issue 4 162 3. Takra 738 g 24 min Loha turned black. Loha turned brittle. Some part of Loha turned into coarse powder form. Prominent cracks were observed on the surface of Iron fillings. changed from white to greyish. Takra came out from the vessel while quenching. Takra split into solid and liquid parts during quenching and solid part settled down at the bottom of the vessel. Table 3: Tabulation of changes observed during the Nirvapa in Kulatha Kwatha SN Nirvapa Dravya Loss after each Nirvapa Time taken for red hot Changes in Loha Changes in media 1. Kulatha Kwatha 738 g 20 min Colour of Loha turned from blackish brown to deep brown. Iron fillings were more brittle. Loha turned more into coarse powder form. Loha started getting stuck to the ladle. Some powder flew away from the Kulatha smell was appreciated during quenching. Sound and fumes were more observed during Nirvapa. Kulatha Kwatha became brown to bluish brown in Colour. Its consistency became thicker. 2. Kulatha Kwatha 735 g 20 min 3. Kulatha Kwatha 729 g 16 min vessel as vapour while quenching. Table 4: Tabulation of changes observed during the Nirvapa in Gomutra. S N Nirvapa Dravya Loss after each Nirvap a Time taken for red hot Changes in Loha Changes in media 1. Gomutr a 725 g 14 mi n Iron filings were turned in to Loha churna, churna turned finer. Loha was dark brown in colour Loha took considerabl y less time to become red hot. Gomutra smell was appreciated in Loha. Loha was more brittle Gomutra colour changed from light yellow to dark brown. Comparativel y more Sparkles were observed during quenching. A pungent smell was coming out during quenching. Media took longer time for cooling. 2. Gomutr a 720 g 10 mi n 3. Gomutr a 719 g 8 min Table 5: Tabulation of changes observed during the Nirvapa in Tila Taila SN Nirvapa Dravya Loss after each Nirvapa Time taken for red hot Changes in Loha Changes in media 1. Tilataila 719 g 10 min Colour of Loha was completely black. Metallic lustre of Loha was lost. Loha got Colour of oil turned light brown in colour. Oil became viscid after Shodhana . A pungent smell and 2. Tilataila 744 g 13 min 3. Tilataila 742 g 16 min

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[Find the meaning and references behind the names: Cool]

Dr. Rachana Bhat et al. SEM EDX Analysis of Swayamagni Loha Bhasma ISSN: 2456-3110 ORIGINAL ARTICLE July-Aug 2019 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | July - Aug 2019 | Vol. 4 | Issue 4 163 fire while heating. Cracks were seen on the surface of Loha . Brittleness was increased. Loha turned completely into coarse powder form. It took 10 minutes to get completely red hot. black fumes was observed after quenching. Precaution ▪ Loha had to be heated in Teevra Agni , in order to become red hot. ▪ The red hot state had to be perceived accurately. ▪ It was poured carefully into each media to prevent loss. ▪ Loha was allowed to cool down after quenching. ▪ After quenching, collection of Loha was done carefully. Result ▪ Total Quantity - 750 g ▪ Loss - 180 g ▪ Quantity after Shodhana - 600 g b) Vishesha Shodhana of Loha Name of the Practical: Vishesha Shodhana of Loha Reference: R.T 20/15 Date of Preparation: 01/02/2019 Date of Completion: 15/02/2019 Instruments: ▪ Iron vessel ▪ Steel vessel ▪ Spatula ▪ Cloth ▪ Gas stove ▪ Strainer Ingredients ▪ Shoditha Loha Churna: 600 gm ▪ Triphala Kashaya : 14 liters Procedure ▪ Same as Samanya Shodhana of Loha ( Nirvapa in Triphala Kashaya 7 times) O BSERVATIONS Table 6: Tabulation of changes observed during the Nirvapa in Tripahala Kwatha SN Nirvapa Dravya Loss after each Nirvapa Time taken for red hot Changes in Loha Changes in media 1. Triphala Kwatha 600 g 17 m A reddish texture was observed over Loha during red hot state. A crackly sound came out while heating till it became red hot. Small particles of Loha got attached to the Iron pan. Powder of Loha was formed as vapour while quenching. Colour of decoction turned blackish brown. Kashaya started to boil during quenching. Kashaya overflowed from the vessel. 2. Triphala Kwatha 593 15 m 3. Triphala Kwatha 587 12 m 4. Triphala Kwatha 574 g 10 m 5. Triphala Kwatha 560 g 10 m 6. Triphala Kwatha 542 g 8 m 7. Triphala Kwatha 536 g 7 m

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Dr. Rachana Bhat et al. SEM EDX Analysis of Swayamagni Loha Bhasma ISSN: 2456-3110 ORIGINAL ARTICLE July-Aug 2019 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | July - Aug 2019 | Vol. 4 | Issue 4 164 Colour of Loha turned blacker. Precautions ▪ Similar to Samanya Shodhana of Loha . Result Total Quantity - 600 g Loss - 64 g Quantity after Vishesha Shodhana - 536 g c) Preparation of Dviguna Kajjali Name of Practical : Dwiguna Kajjali preparation Reference : R.T 6/107 Date of preparation : 03/5/2018 Date of completion : 10/11/2018 Duration : 140 days Instruments ▪ Khalva Yantra ▪ Weighing Balance ▪ Spoon Ingredients ▪ Shuddha Parada : 250 gm ▪ Shuddha Gandhaka : 500 gm Procedure ▪ Shodita Parada and Shodita Gandhaka were taken in equal quantity. ▪ It was then triturated in a Khalva Yantra . ▪ The mixture of Shuddha Parada and Shuddha Gandhaka turned greyish. ▪ During the process of trituration, few drops of water was sprinkled over the powder for preventing it from spilling. ▪ Trituration was continued till the powder became greyish black in colour. ▪ To this mixture, again 250 g of Gandhaka was added and Mardhana was continued till the mixture became fine. ▪ The test for Sushlakshnata, Rekapurnata, Nischandratva, Varitaratwa of Kajjali was analysed and stored. O BSERVATIONS Table 7: Tabulation of changes observed during preparation of Kajjali SN No. of hours Changes in Colour Observation 1. 3 rd Grayish The mixture was easy to triturate. Course powder form 2. 12 th Grayish black The Parada and Gandhaka got mixed up completely. The powder became little soft. 3. 17 th Turned slightly blackish Parada globules disappeared. When rubbed between the fingers, silvery Particles were observed. The Kajjali was becoming fine and softer 4. 54 th Turned almost to black under sunlight, free mercury particles were visualized. The Kajjali became very soft and fine. 5. 82 nd Blackish in colour Kajjali fulfilled the Nischandratva , Rekhapurnata , Varitara tests were passed. Kajjali formed was very fine, smooth & lusterless.

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[Find the meaning and references behind the names: Kumari]

Dr. Rachana Bhat et al. SEM EDX Analysis of Swayamagni Loha Bhasma ISSN: 2456-3110 ORIGINAL ARTICLE July-Aug 2019 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | July - Aug 2019 | Vol. 4 | Issue 4 165 Precautions ▪ To prepare Kajjali, Gandhaka should always be taken in fine powder form. ▪ Trituration should be done slowly and carefully to prevent the loss. ▪ Few drops of water should be sprinkled over Kajjali to prevent spillage during trituration. ▪ Khalva should be kept covered when the process is not in progress. Results ▪ No. of days taken : 140 days ▪ Total time taken for preparation of Kajjali : 82 hrs ▪ Weight of Kajjali obtained : 695 gm ▪ Total wt. loss : 55 gm. Cause of weight loss ▪ Spillage of mixture during the process of trituration. ▪ Kajjali gets adhered to the Khalva which makes it difficult to collect after completion. ▪ Little quantity of Kajjali was lost while performing its confirmatory test. Table 8: Tabular representation of examination of Kajjali d) Preparation of Swayamagni Rasa Name of the Practical : Swayamagi Loha bhasma Reference : Rasa.chinthamani 9/25 Date of Preparation : 11/03/2019 Date of Completion : 05/04/2019 Instruments ▪ Copper vessel ▪ Spatula ▪ Cloth ▪ Khalva Yantra ▪ Dhanyarashi ▪ Thread Ingredients ▪ Dviguna Kajjali - 20 g ▪ Samanya Vishesha Shodhita Loha Churna - 20 g ▪ Bhavana Dravya - Kumari Swarasa (Q.S) ▪ Prakshepaka (all ingredients equals to 10 g) o Triphala o Trikatu o Jatipahala o Ela o Lavanga Procedure ▪ The Dviguna Kajjali was taken and added with Shuddha Tikshna Loha Churna in a clean Khalva Yantra . ▪ The ingredients are given Bhavana with quantity sufficient Kumari Swarasa . ▪ The Mardana is continued and the mixture is rolled it into 2 Golakas . ▪ The Golakas were wrapped using Eranda Patra and tied with the thread. ▪ The tied Golakas are kept in copper vessel and closed with Eranda Patra . ▪ This copper vessel was kept under sunlight for 6 hrs. ▪ The copper vessel was shifted into Dhanyarashi , and kept for 8 days. Organoleptic characteristics Observation of Kajjali Appearance Black Colour Touch Smooth, Fine & Rekhapurna Smell Smell of Gandhaka Form Fine powder Tests passed Nishchandratva , Rekapurnata and Varitara

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[Find the meaning and references behind the names: Sun]

Dr. Rachana Bhat et al. SEM EDX Analysis of Swayamagni Loha Bhasma ISSN: 2456-3110 ORIGINAL ARTICLE July-Aug 2019 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | July - Aug 2019 | Vol. 4 | Issue 4 166 ▪ The 9 th day, the Copper vessel was taken out of Dhanyarashi and weighed. ▪ The Golaka was powdered in Khalva Yantra and seived with the seiver. ▪ The fine Churnas of Prakshepaka were added and stored. O BSERVATIONS Table 9: Tabulation of changes observed in Swayamagni Loha Bhasma SN Parameters Observations 1. Colour Blakish colour 2. Touch Very Soft and fine 3. Weight after Bhavana , 60 g (2 Golaka ) 1 st Golaka 2 nd Golaka 4. Weight after taking off from Dhanyarashi 21 g 22 g 5. Temperature when kept for 6 hrs under sunlight Morning (10 am) 34 0 C 36 0 C Afternoon (2 pm) 44.3 0 C 43 0 C Evening (5 pm) 36 0 C 35.3 0 C ▪ After keeping in sunlight, the leaves of Eranda were dried completely. ▪ After removing from Dhanyarashi , the Eranda smell was appreciated. ▪ During powdering of Golaka , the Eranda smell was more felt. ▪ After the addition of Prakshepaka , the smell of Prakshepaka was also appreciated. ▪ The temperature of Tamra Paatra was 42 0 C degree while taking it out of Dhanyarashi. ▪ The powder obtained was very soft and black is colour. ▪ The Rekhapurna, Varithara and Unama test was also passed. Precautions ▪ The wrapping of Eranda Patra to be done properly and tightly or else mixing of Dhanyarashi with Golaka might take place. ▪ The Golaka with Tamra Paatra should be kept in the hot sun to serve the purpose. ▪ The mixing of Prakshepaka should be done properly. Fig. 1: Loha and Kajjali - Bhavana with Kumari Fig. 2: Golaka kept in Tamrapatra

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Dr. Rachana Bhat et al. SEM EDX Analysis of Swayamagni Loha Bhasma ISSN: 2456-3110 ORIGINAL ARTICLE July-Aug 2019 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | July - Aug 2019 | Vol. 4 | Issue 4 167 Fig. 3: Golaka after removing out of Dhanyarashi Fig. 4: Cut Surface of the Golaka Fig. 5: Golaka after removing Eranda Patra Fig. 6: Varitara Pariksha of Swayamagni Loha Bhasma Fig. 7: Unama Pariksha of Swayamagni Loha Bhasma Fig. 8: Rekhapuranata Pariksha

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[Find the meaning and references behind the names: Ash]

Dr. Rachana Bhat et al. SEM EDX Analysis of Swayamagni Loha Bhasma ISSN: 2456-3110 ORIGINAL ARTICLE July-Aug 2019 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | July - Aug 2019 | Vol. 4 | Issue 4 168 Fig. 9: Prakshepaka Dravyas used in Swayamagni Rasa R ESULT Table 10: Tabulation of Results obtained in Swayamagni Rasa SN Parameter Quantity 1. Total quantity after sieving 40 g 2. Gain - 3. Loss 3 g 4. Total quantity after addition of Prakshepaka 50 g R ESULTS Table 11: Physico-chemical analysis report of Swayamagni Rasa SN Parameters Sample - SP 1. Solubility 1.2% 2. Ash Value 98.8% 3. Acid insoluble Ash 89.3% 4. Water insoluble Ash 87.2% 5. Bulk Density 1.178 gm/ml 6. Loss on Drying @105° 1.20% 7. Ph 3.9 Table 12: SEM-EDX Analysis report of Swayamagni Rasa Element Weight % Atomic % C L 0.41 1.24 O K 20.14 33.79 Mg K 1.03 1.24 Al K 0.00 0.00 Si K 1.09 1.18 S K 3.69 5.36 Mn K 0.02 0.02 Fe K 70.92 56.05 Zn K 0.00 0.00 As L 0.00 0.00 Ag L 0.00 0.00 Cd L 0.00 0.00 Hg M 2.70 1.12 Fig. 10: Spectrum Analysed for Swayamagni Rasa

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[Find the meaning and references behind the names: Low, Fast, Good]

Dr. Rachana Bhat et al. SEM EDX Analysis of Swayamagni Loha Bhasma ISSN: 2456-3110 ORIGINAL ARTICLE July-Aug 2019 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | July - Aug 2019 | Vol. 4 | Issue 4 169 Fig. 11: SEM-EDX imaging of Swayamagni Rasa ▪ In elemental analysis of Swayamagni Rasa there was presence of Sulphur and Mercury. ▪ Mercury weight % is 2.76 and atomic % is 1.12. ▪ Sulphur weight % is 3.69 and atomic % is 5.36. ▪ Iron weight % is 70.92 and atomic % is 56.05. ▪ Oxygen weight % 20.14 and atomic % is 33.79. ▪ Carbon weight % 0.41 and atomic % is 1.24%. ▪ The particles present in the preparation were clearly distinctive. ▪ The particle size were clearly analysed and were in the range of 411.2 to 432.6 nm at a magnification of 10.00 K X. ▪ The particle size were clearly analysed and were in the range of 173.3 nm to 294.8 nm at a magnification of 20.00 K X. ▪ The particle size were clearly analysed and were in the range of 215.7 nm to 244.1 nm at a magnification of 30.00 K X. DISCUSSION Physico-chemical analysis report of Swayamagni Rasa The Solubility of the samples is 1.2%, The solubility is the property of substance which states how fast a material can dissolve; the smaller the particle is, the faster is it dissolves. 1.2% shows that the sample is easily soluble. (https://en.m.wikipedia.org) The ash value of Swayamagni Rasa is 38.6. Ash value is useful in determining authenticity and purity of sample and also these values are important qualitative standards. On incineration, crude drugs normally leave an ash usually consisting of carbonates, phosphates and silicates of sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium. Higher Ash value indicates low quality products. The final products contain Carbon, silica and also manganese in trace quantity, which are inorganic. By this value it is evident that the sample was authentic and pure. The Acid insoluble ash of Swayamagni Rasa is 32.6. Acid insoluble ash value helps in determining the contamination of product by earthy matter i.e sand mud etc. The presence of inorganic matter like silica and carbon might have left behind without forming ash. By this value it is evident that the sample is genuine. The Water insoluble ash of Swayamagni Rasa is 26.6. The insoluble content are very less in the samples, By which it is evident that the samples is easily soluble in water. This may be because of light weight of the Bhasmas. The Bulk density of Swayamagni Rasa is 1.17 gm/ml. The bulk density is the one which shows how compact the molecules are with each other in a given sample. The sample show significant values which means they are compact with good inter molecular bonding. The Loss on drying of Swayamagni Rasa is 1.40%. This is mainly done to estimate the moisture content of the sample. Presence of more moisture indicates towards lesser shelf life and increased risk of microbial contamination. The sample show lesser moisture content which means it has good shelf and this may be because there are no hygroscopic substance in the samples and no herbal drugs are added. The pH of Swayamagni Rasa is 8.2. The sample is Basic in nature which means that, it is alkaline and easily soluble in water. This may be because the oxides formed in the formulations are alkaline.

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[Find the meaning and references behind the names: Shri, Sharma, Deva, Suri, Rekha, Mishra]

Dr. Rachana Bhat et al. SEM EDX Analysis of Swayamagni Loha Bhasma ISSN: 2456-3110 ORIGINAL ARTICLE July-Aug 2019 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | July - Aug 2019 | Vol. 4 | Issue 4 170 SEM EDX analysis report of Swayamagni Rasa The presence of certain trace elements in the Swayamagni Rasa, are evident from the reports of SEM-EDX and the probable reasons might be as follows. ▪ Magnesium was found in the sample of Swayamagni Rasa, this may be because of Kumari, as it has trace elements in it and by Bhavana procedure Mg might have incorporated. ▪ The Carbon indicates that the oxidation has taken place in the compound. ▪ Silicon, Manganese are found in trace quantity which might have formed into its oxides and may have its specific role in the body. ▪ The presence of oxygen in the sample indicates that the final product might be in the oxide form. ▪ The Iron might have oxidised in the presence of the atmospheric oxygen and formed into an oxide of iron. Bhasma Pariksha Bhasmas are unique preparations in Rasashastra , for its preparation Marana has to be done. Before the process of Marana, Shodhana of the metal has to be done. For the obtainment of a pure Bhasma , Bhasma Pariksha plays an important role Rekhapurna [6] : This Parikshaa mainly deals with the particle size of the Bhasmas and also deals with is softness. The Bhasma can only pass this Parikshaa when the diameter of the particles is less than the breadth of grooves on the finger surface. Also, deals with the consistency of the particles. The particles of the Bhasma only get entangled over the fingers if they are smooth & soft. If they are hard in consistency they will not get adhered to the finger surface though they are sufficiently small Varitara [7] : The probable cause behind floating of Bhasma over water can be described as the atoms of water are bounded with each other due to an attractive force in between them due to which they remain in contact with each other forming a flat surface. When a fine powder is spread on its surface tension of the water doesn’t allow the particle to enter/sink thus, keeping them floating. Hence, can be considered as Laghu (particles having light weight). Bhasma particles which are Laghu will float on water and if it contains any unconverted heavy particles of metal it tends to sink. Acharya Vagbhatta states that Bhasma becomes ready for consumption only if its Varitara Unama [8] : Additional test to confirm the Varitara Parikshaa . It is similar to that of Varitara test but further on stating the Laghutva of the particle which will not allow the grain to sink Nischandratva [9] : Test is carried out to check the presence of free metal, if its present there will be presence of lustre CONCLUSION Swayamagni Rasa has passed the classical Bhasma pariksha that is Rekha Purnatha, Varithara, Nishchandratwa and Unama. Also, elemental analysis of Swayamagni Rasa shows the reduction in the particle size ranging with in nanometre scale This Niragni method of Loha Bhasma can be prepared and analysed by Pharmaceutical Industries with the adoptive changes by making it feasible for the current trend REFERENCES 1 Vaidya Bhagavan Dash. Caraka Samhita. 3 rd edition. Varanasi: Choukambha Sanskrit series; 1992: p 600 2 Shastri Kashinath(ed). RasaTarangini of Sadananda sharma.Delhi: Mottilal Banarsidas;1979:p 362 3 Shastri Kashinath(ed). RasaTarangini of Sadananda sharma.Delhi: Mottilal Banarsidas;1979:p 494 4 Shastri Kashinath(ed). RasaTarangini of Sadananda sharma.Delhi: Mottilal Banarsidas;1979:p 124-125 5 Siddhinandana Mishra(ed). Rasa Chintamani of Shri Anantha Deva Suri.ED/2 nd . Varanasi: Chaukamba Publishers; 2003: p 249. 6 Sudheendra Honwad. Handbook of Standardization. 1 st edition. Chaukambha Ayurveda Prathisthan: Varanasi; 2012;p 219.

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[Find the meaning and references behind the names: Nil, Med]

Dr. Rachana Bhat et al. SEM EDX Analysis of Swayamagni Loha Bhasma ISSN: 2456-3110 ORIGINAL ARTICLE July-Aug 2019 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | July - Aug 2019 | Vol. 4 | Issue 4 171 7 Sudheendra Honwad. Handbook of Standardization. 1 st edition. Chaukambha Ayurveda Prathisthan: Varanasi; 2012;p 219 8 Mishra sidhinandan(ed). Rasaratna samuchaya 1 st ed.varanasi: Chaukhambha orientalia; 2011:p 94. 9 Sudheendra Honwad. Handbook of Standardization. 1 st edition. Chaukambha Ayurveda Prathisthan: Varanasi; 2012;p 220 ******************************* How to cite this article: Dr. Rachana Bhat, Dr. Vikram S. SEM EDX Analysis of Swayamagni Loha Bhasma. J Ayurveda Integr Med Sci 2019;4:160-171. http://dx.doi.org/10.21760/jaims.4.4.23 Source of Support: Nil, Conflict of Interest: None declared. Copyright © 2019 The Author(s); Published by Maharshi Charaka Ayurveda Organization, Vijayapur (Regd). This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Marana, Unnama, Ayurveda, Golaka, Puta, Rasashastra, Khalvayantra, Lohabhasma, Erandapatra, Shuddhaparada, Shuddhagandhaka, Varitara, Inorganic matter, Atmospheric oxygen, Final product, Shelf life, Loss on drying, Organoleptic characteristics, Herbo-mineral formulation, Moisture content, Particle size, Microbial Contamination, Triphala Kashaya, Triphala kwatha, Acid insoluble ash, Electric muffle furnace, Bhasma Pariksha, Bhavana Dravya, Kumari Swarasa, Elemental analysis, Herbal drug, Herbo Mineral Preparation, Nischandratva, Trace element, Bulk density, Water insoluble ash, Rekhapurna.