An insight into the role of Vihara for Dhatusamyata

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ISSN: 2456-3110 REVIEW ARTICLE Nov-Dec 2018 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | Nov - Dec 2018 | Vol. 3 | Issue 6 91 An insight into the role of Vihara for Dhatusamyata Dr. Poornachandra, 1 Dr. Shreevathsa 2 1 Final Year PG Scholar, 2 Professor & HOD, Dept. of PG studies in Ayurveda Samhita & Siddhanta, Govt. Ayurveda Medical College, Mysuru, Karnataka, INDIA. I NTRODUCTION Ayurveda promotes a lifestyle that’s in harmony with nature. For a healthy body there is a need to discourage the harmful Vihara and findout the high risk population and make them adopt the real principles of Vihara (lifestyle) through Sadvrittapalana . etc., [3] Address for correspondence: Dr. Poornachandra Medical Officer, S.D.M. Institute of Ayurveda & Hospital Bangalore, Karnataka, India. E-mail: poornalifecare@gmail.com Submission Date: 15/11/2018 Accepted Date: 23/12/2018 Access this article online Quick Response Code Website: www.jaims.in DOI: 10.21760/jaims.3.6.13 Arunadatta has classified Vihara as Niyatakala and Aniyatakala . Niyatakalavihara includes Dinacharya , Ratricharya and Ritucharya . Aniyatakalavihara includes Vihara according to Avastha ; it can be taken as Vyadhiavastha . One should observe all regimens mentioned in the Dinacharya , Ratricharya and Ritucharya according to the principles of Ayurveda. The preventive principle described in Ayurveda is a comprehensive health care in promoting physical, mental, social health of an individual as well as community and this health is not merely the absence of a definable disease process, but rather a positive experience of well being involving all aspects of an individual's life. Swasthavritta mainly emphasizes on following a proper routine as well as seasonal regimen. Thus, it can be summed up like Swasthavritta as an Hita Vihara (ideal lifestyle) for a human being, which forms the crux of ideal living. A B S T R A C T The main objective of Ayurveda is maintenance of Dhatusamyata , which inturn causes health. The concept of Trisutra i.e., Hetu, Linga and Oushadha has been specified for the fulfillment of very aim of maintaining the health of healthy individual and to cure the disease of patient. There is need to emphasize Trisutra of Swastha , as the primary objective of Ayurveda is Swasthasya Swasthya Rakshana . It is said that nothing exists if one is not healthy, so one should take care of himself neglecting anything else. Hence the knowledge of Trisutra of Swastha is the best way to prevent the disease and to protect the health in healthy individuals. The function or main aim of Swasthyaparipalana is to maintain the status of Swastha Lakshanas . All the phenomenon present in universe are contained in individual and vice versa. Loka-Purusha have mutual understanding in regulation of one another which is established by Loka-Purusha Siddhantha. Loka regulates the Purusha through Desha, Kala etc. The Ahara, Vihara of an individual plays important role in state of health. So Vihara of Purusha interlinked with or dependent upon surrounding environment like Desha, Kala and so on. Attainment of Dhatusamya for healthiness or wellbeing in individual is determined by Shareerika and Manasika Karma which are practiced in day to day activities with respect to Ahara, Vihara, Achara, which are the components of Swasthya Hetu. These components determine the Swasthya Avastha (health status) of Purusha . For Arogya or Swasthya Nimittha , always should have Hita Sevana relating to Ahara (diet), Aachara (conduct), Chesta (action). So here an attempt is made to throw a light on role of Vihara i.e., Dinacharya, Ratricharya and Ritucharya , which is one among the prime component of Swasthya Hetu in Swasthya Rakshana. Key words: Trisutra, Dhatusamya, Swasthya, Hetu Sutra, Dinacharya, Ratricharya, Ritucharya.

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Dr. Poornachandra et.al. An insight into the role of Vihara for Dhatusamyata ISSN: 2456-3110 REVIEW ARTICLE Nov-Dec 2018 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | Nov - Dec 2018 | Vol. 3 | Issue 6 92 Overall the principles under the heading of Vihara , which are necessary for the Swasthya Rakshana are as follows; To follow the principles of ‘ Dinacharya’ , ‘ Ratricharya’ and ‘ Ritucharya’ . To avoid ‘Vega Dharana’ and ‘ Udheerana’ . To follow the principles of ‘Pathya in Ahara - Vihara’ Etymology and Definition Vachaspatyam [4] िवहारपु– िव + – घञ डाथपदा यांगमने अमर: - मणे धेलोलायां बौ घदेवालयेमे द The word Vihara is derived from ‘ Hru’ Dhatu with ‘ Vi’ Upasarga and ‘ Ghan’ Pratyaya . Shabdakalpadruma िवहारपु– िव + – घञ डाथपदा यां गमनम्।त पयाय: ।प र म: ।इ यमर: ॥ Monnier Williams [5] Distribution, Transportation, Wondering, Roaming. Dinacharya In the context of Swasthya Rakshanartha, Dinacharya can be expressed as the health generated by daily activities. Following a proper Dinacharya is one of the best methods to prevent disease, promote good health and prolong life. Ayurveda suggests balance in the function of Dosha, Dhatu, Mala as well as Agni throughout a day and accordingly the daily routine should be planned. For maintaining healthy conditions of body and mind each and every individual should follow the concept of Dinacharya . The Dinacharya of an individual is given prime importance in our Shastras for promotion of health and preservation of ill health. Dinacharya mainly give the guidelines for the observance of wholesome regimens in healthy and avoidance in certain diseased conditions. Derivation and Definition The word dinacharya; Refers to the daily activities ( त दनंक याचया दनचया ||) [6] The word “ Dina ” is used to refer day (Break down from night.) ÌSlÉ- ±ÌiÉZÉhÉQûrÉÌiÉqÉWûÉMüÉsÉÍqÉÌiÉ | and “ Charya ” for activities, duties to be carried. So Dinacharya means the activities that are to be adopted in a day. The activities included are Brahma Muhurtha Utthistha, Malavisarga, Acamana, Dantadhavana, Jihvanirlekhana, Gandusha and Kavala, Tambula Sevana, Nasya, Anjana, Dhoomapana, Vyayama, Abhyanga, Udvartana, Snana. Contraindications of some Pathya Viharas Pathya Vihara Contraindicated conditions Dantadhavana Ajeerna, Vamathu, Shwasa, Kasa, Jwara, Ardita, Trishna, Asyapaka, Hrudaya-Netra- Shiro-Karna Amayi. [7] Tambula Sevana Kshata, Pitta, Asra, Visha, Murcha, Mada, Sosha. [8] Abhyanga Kaphagrasta, Samshudhya, Ajeerna. [9] Snana Ardita, Netraroga, Aasya (Mukha) Roga, Karnaroga, Atisara, Adhmana, Peenasa, Ajeerna, Bhuktavan (Krtabhojanah). [10] Vyayama Raktapitta, Atikarshita, Aayasa, Bala, Vrddha, Ucchairbahubhashaka, Kshudita, Trishita. [11] Ratricharya The regimen that is followed from evening hours to night is included under Ratricharya , which should be

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Dr. Poornachandra et.al. An insight into the role of Vihara for Dhatusamyata ISSN: 2456-3110 REVIEW ARTICLE Nov-Dec 2018 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | Nov - Dec 2018 | Vol. 3 | Issue 6 93 adopted for maintenance of health and prevention of diseases. Apathya Vihara during Sandhya Kala (evening hours) Apathya Vihara Upadrava Ahara (Intake of food) Vyadhi Utpatti (Produces diseases) Maithuna (Sexual intercourse) Garbha Vikriti (Leading to deformity in the foetus) Nidra (Sleep) Niswataa (Produces poverty) Sampatam (Reading) Ayurhani (Leads to loss of life span) Gati (Walking) Bhayam (Leads to fear) Nidra Nidra is equally important as Ahara for proper Shareera Upacaya and Swasthya Rakshana. Importance of proper sleep [12] Hita And Samyak Kalavath Nidra brings about Dhatusamya . Benefits of Nidra Sukha, Dukha, Pushti, Karshya, Bala, Abala, Vrushata, Klibata, Jnana, Ajnana, Jeevitam, Mrtyu - all these occur depending on the proper or improper sleep. Proper sleep leads to increase in Agni (digestive power) and Dhatusamya (Proper structure and functioning of Dhatu ). Acharya Sushruta adds Varna , Utsaha to the merits of proper sleep [14] Vyavaya (Maithuna) The rules and regulations that should be followed in sexual activities are important. By properly executed and controlled sexual acts one gains happiness and strength. Several instructions regarding place, time of act and selection of the partner are described Practice of sexual intercourse according to Ritu Vasanta and Sarad Ritu – Once in 3 days Varsha and Greeshma Ritu – Once in 15 days Hemanta and Shishira Ritu – According to his desire A menstruating woman should observe celibacy [15] Ritucharya The constitutional imbalance and imbalance of Dosha occur with the natural changes of the Ritu . These changes can be relieved by the Ahara and Vihara that is designed to be observed in each Ritu termed as Ritucharya . The physiological variations in the Shadritu may reach a pathological state and manifest as diseases, if a proper precautions is not taken to counteract the effect of Dosha . Considering this fact our Acharyas have prescribed a detailed set of regimens which include Ahara and Vihara that need to be followed in specific Ritu . The knowledge of this Pathya-Apathya Ahara Vihara becomes a must for Swasthapurusha . Only by following Pathyaahara and Vihara suitable for the changes in the external environment one can preserve health and protects the body from diseases. Derivation and Definition The word Ritu ; Derived from the Sanskrit word - ‘ Ri’ which means ‘to go’. Ritu means time, suitable time [16] As per Shabdha Kalpa Druma , two months ( Masadwayam ) together called as Ritu . There are 6 Ritus and 12 months. Acharya Dalhana has mentioned that Ritu is synonym of time and Carya is the regimen (ie., Ahara and Vihara ) to be followed [17] Acharya Vagbhata has mentioned that Ritucharya is change in regimens in response to change in climatic conditions [18] Pathya - Apathya In Ritucharya Each season has an inherent dominance of certain Gunas paving the way for aggravation or pacification of Doshas . So the aim of Ritucharya is the enhancement of opposite Gunas of that season so as to neutralize the tendency of Dosha vitiation. So

[Find the meaning and references behind the names: Dhanya, Peace, Less, Plan, Own, Vata, Nava, Normal, Bit, Suchita, Brightness, Strain, Keep, Vasa, Bare, Hour, Pace, Guru, Rasa, Snigdha, Foot, Person, Get, Age, Fit, Manda, Severe, River, Cold, Impossible, Amla, Wind, Vasantha, Sarat, Katu, Look]

Dr. Poornachandra et.al. An insight into the role of Vihara for Dhatusamyata ISSN: 2456-3110 REVIEW ARTICLE Nov-Dec 2018 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | Nov - Dec 2018 | Vol. 3 | Issue 6 94 Ritucharya is a predesigned plan of Ahara and Vihara which varies for each Ritu [19] This can prevent the physiological variation occuring in each Ritu from converting to a Vyadhi Avastha. Pathya-Apathya Rasa In Shadritu Ritu Pathya Rasa Apathya Rasa Shishira Madhura, Amla, Lavana Katu, Tikta, Kashaya Vasantha Tikta, Katu, Kashaya Amla, Madhura Grishma Madhura, Tikta, Kashaya Lavana, Katu, Amla Varsha Madhura, Amla, Lavana Katu, Tikta, Kashaya Sarat Kashaya, Tikta, Katu Lavana, Amla, Madhura Hemanta Madhura, Amla, Lavana Katu, Tikta, Kashaya Apathya Viharas In Shadritu [20] SN Ritu Apathya Vihara 1 Hemanta and Shishira Vata aggravating food such as Laghu, Sheeta and Ruksha. Sheeta Paniya. Exposure to strong and cold wind. 2 Vasanta Food – Guru, Snigdha, Amla, Madhura. Diwaswapna. Nava Dhanya and Sheeta Paniya (cold drinks). 3 Greeshma Vyayama, Atapasevana, Vyavaya. Madya prohibited if necessary diluted with more water. 4 Varsha River water, Manda . Divaswapna. Drava Ahara. Walking by bare foot. 5 Sarat Atapa sevana, Vasa, Taila, Anupamamsa. Kshara, Dadhi, Divaswapna, Tikshnamadya. Benefits of following Hita Vihara Suchita - Maintenance of hygiene Suprasannendriyata - Brightness of Indriyas, Balalabha - Strengthens the body Ayusholabha - Promote the health and longevity Soumanasyata - Keep the mind at peace and harmony. DISCUSSION Need / Importance of Hita Vihara Vihara (lifestyle) in the ancient times was a little bit different than that of today. During that time, requirements of a person were minimum and faced less stress and strain. One could look after his health and could spend sometime for keeping himself fit. The persons were following some specific measures, mentioned in the Dinacharya like Abhyanga, Snana, Dhumapana, Vyayama etc., In today’s hectic and materialistic life, rarely people get time to think of their own health and fitness. Hence many people think that these entire daily regimens are impossible to follow. But is the need of hour to follow it by understanding its importance for the well being. By following the regimens mentioned under the heading of Vihara in a classical texts of Ayurveda in a proper way, the body elements begin to restore the normal state, susceptibility towards diseases disappears, the body elements get aggrandized and the pace of age gets slackened and by following Ritucharyavidhi according to Prakriti , never suffers from severe disorders caused by seasonal factors.

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Dr. Poornachandra et.al. An insight into the role of Vihara for Dhatusamyata ISSN: 2456-3110 REVIEW ARTICLE Nov-Dec 2018 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | Nov - Dec 2018 | Vol. 3 | Issue 6 95 Dinacharya Dinacharya means to merge daily cycle with the natural cycle of the Sun, Moon, Earth and the other universal rhythms. Dinacharya is the best way of living that one can do to stay in balance, to prevent disease. Health depends on how one spends each day. In order to keep oneself healthy, each person must try to adjust with the constant changes one faces everyday. Individual health care gives due emphasis by lying down rules regarding Dinacharya right from getting up from bed in the morning till one goes to his bed in the night. Ratricharya Role of Nidra In Swasthya Rakshana As Nidra is one among the Trayopastambha , it supports the body for proper functioning. Proper sleep leads to increase in Agni and Dhatusamyata . For Swasthya Paripalanartha one has to get up during Brahma Muhurtha, which is Ayushkara . Samyak Nidra is a Karana for Sukha, Pushti, Bala, Vrushata, Jnana and Jeevana . If a person invloves in Diwaswapna , then Kapha-Pitta Prakopa takes place in the Shareera and leads to Agnidushti . But in Grishma Ritu, Diwaswapna has advised for Swastha Purusha except Kapha Prakriti Purusha . Because in Greeshma Ritu nights become shorter and Vata gets aggravated in the Shareera . To subside Vataprakopa Diwaswapna is indicated. Nidra is a normal function of Kapha . Dharana of Nidra leads to vitiation of Udana Vata and Samana Vata which hampers the normal functions of Udana Vata like Prayatna, Urja, Bala, Smriti etc., and Samana Vata like digestion and also exhibits the symptoms like Jrmbha, Angamarda, Tandra, Shiroroga and Akshi Gourava. So one has to not supress the Nidra for Swasthya Paripalanartha. Role of Vyavaya In Swasthya Rakshana For Swasthya Paripalanartha , one has to invlove in Vyavaya according to his desire during Hemanta and Shishira , where Bala of the Purusha is highest, during Vasantha and Sharad after every 3 days, where bala is medium and during Varsha and Greeshma every 15 days once, where Bala is lowest in this condition. One has to observe celibacy in Rajaswala , because there will be Dhatu Shaitilya and Vata Prakopa. Significance of Ritucharya In Swasthya Rakshana Ayurveda has depicted various rules and regimens ( Charya ), regarding Ahara, Vihara and Achara to acclimatize seasonal enforcement easily without altering bodily homeostasis. To achieve the prime principle of Ayurveda i.e., Swasthya Rakshana, change in diet and practices in responses to change in climatic condition should be adopted. Ritucharya is the way which has been setup the regimen for various seasons on analytical thinking to obtain Swastha . In Tasyashitiya Adhyaya of Charaka Sutra Sthana , it was said “Tasya Shitadiya Ahaarabalam Varnascha Vardhate. Tasyartusatmyam Vaditam Chestaharvyapasraya” , which means the strength and complexion of the person knowing the Hita Ahara and Vihara for every Ritu and practicing accordingly are enhanced. There is a fundamental harmony between the universe and human being which is known as health and it can only be maintained for a long time through proper understanding of nature's laws. One among such laws is Rtusandhi . Sandhi is the juncture of two things. Rtusandhi transition between two Rtus . The seven days at the end and commencement of Rtus is known as Rtusandhi (interseasonal period). It is the period in which body adopts itself to stressors of the coming season. Duration required ensuring an effective and optimum biological adoption is specified by the term Rtusandhi . The regimen prescribed for this period is calculated to help in a smooth change over as to remain Swasthya . Ritu has its influence from the time of conception until death. For Swasthya Paripalana it is essential to follow Ritusatmya i.e, the regimen told for the specific Ritu for specific duration along with Ritusandhi . The influence of seasonal rhythm on Swasthya Lakshana i.e., physical, mental and social spiritual health dimensions is well appreciated by Hippocrates. He says; "Whoever wishes to investigate medicine properly should proceed thus; in the first place to

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Dr. Poornachandra et.al. An insight into the role of Vihara for Dhatusamyata ISSN: 2456-3110 REVIEW ARTICLE Nov-Dec 2018 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | Nov - Dec 2018 | Vol. 3 | Issue 6 96 consider the seasons of the year and what effect each of them produces." So with the knowledge of Ritucharya can surely avoid the Vikara Utpatti by practicing the regimen in accordance with the Ritu to maintain Dhatu Samyata and to be Swasthya ever. CONCLUSION Ayurveda being the science of life with prime motto Dhatu Samyata and very well explained the concept of Swasthya Rakshana in Swastha and Vikara Prashamana in Atura in the form of Trisutra . The knowledge of Trisutra of Swastha is the best way to prevent the disease and to protect the health in healthy individuals. Hetu Sutra for Swastha is Samayoga of Indriya Artha, Prajna and Kala . For Shareera Anupalana or Rakshana from Vikara Utpatti Swasthya Poshaka Hetus like Ahara, Vihara and Achara plays a significant role. Attainment of Dhatusamya for healthiness or wellbeing in individual is determined by Shareerika and Manasika Karma which are practiced in day today activities with respect to Ahara, Vihara, Achara, which are the components of Swasthya Hetu. These components determine the Swasthya Avastha (health status) of Purusha . Among these three Swasthya Poshaka Hetus , the principles of Vihara like Dinacharya, Ratricharya, Ritucharya play a significant role in Swasthya Rakshana based on Karya-Karana Siddhantha where Vihara acts as Karana, Dhatusamya is its Karya . REFERENCES 1 Vaidya JT Acharya, NR Acharya, editors. Sushruta samhita of Sushruta with Nibandha sangraha. Varanasi: Choukhamba Sanskrit sanstan; 2013. p.799 2 Vaidya JT Acharya, NR Acharya, editors. Sushruta samhita of Sushruta with Nibandha sangraha. Varanasi: Choukhamba Sanskrit sanstan; 2013. p.800 3 Vaidya YT Acharya, editor. Charaka samhita by Agnivesha with Ayurveda deepika commentary. Varanasi: Chowkhamba krishnadas academy; 2010. p.226 4 Vaidya YT Acharya, editor. Charaka samhita by Agnivesha with Ayurveda deepika commentary. Varanasi: Chowkhamba krishnadas academy; 2010. p.474 5 Vaidya JT Acharya, NR Acharya, editors. Sushruta samhita of Sushruta with Nibandha sangraha. Varanasi: Choukhamba Sanskrit sanstan; 2013. p.799 6 S Sharma, editor. Astanga sangraha of vriddha vagbhata with Shashilekha commentary. 2 nd ed. Varanasi: Chaukhamba Sanskrit Series Office; 2008. p.681 7 Pt HSS Paradakara, editor. Ashtanga hridaya of Vagbhata with Sarvanga sundara and Ayurveda Rasayana commentaries. Varanasi: Chaukhamba Sanskrit Sanstan; 2010. p.802 8 Vaidya YT Acharya, editor. Charaka samhita by Agnivesha with Ayurveda deepika commentary. Varanasi: Chowkhamba krishnadas academy; 2010. p.474 9 Vaidya JT Acharya, NR Acharya, editors. Sushruta samhita of Sushruta with Nibandha sangraha. Varanasi: Choukhamba Sanskrit sanstan; 2013. p.800 10 Pt HSS Paradakara, editor. Ashtanga hridaya of Vagbhata with Sarvangasundara and Ayurveda Rasayana commentaries. Varanasi: Chaukhamba Sanskrit Sanstan; 2010. p.802 ******************************* How to cite this article: Dr. Poornachandra, Dr. Shreevathsa. An insight into the role of Vihara for Dhatusamyata. J Ayurveda Integr Med Sci 2018;6:91- 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.21760/jaims.3.6.13 Source of Support: Nil, Conflict of Interest: None declared.

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