A Review on Guggulu Kalpana (Commiphora Wightii) in Ayurveda

[Find the meaning and references behind the names: Kalpana, Main, Rasa, Sneha]

ISSN: 2456-3110 REVIEW ARTICLE July-Aug 2018 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | July - Aug 2018 | Vol. 3 | Issue 4 127 A Review on Guggulu Kalpana ( Commiphora Wightii ) in Ayurveda Dr. Anuprita N. Shiyal, 1 Dr. Sharada Chikurte 2 1 Post Graduate Scholar, 2 Professor and HOD, Dept. of Rasashastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, College of Ayurveda and Research Centre, Akurdi, Pune, Maharashtra, INDIA. I NTRODUCTION Ayurveda is based upon ‘ Trisutras’ ( Hetu, Linga and Aushadha ). Amongst them Aushadha is most important. It is nex to physician in Chatushpada [1] Aushadhi Nirmana is divided in two branches Address for correspondence: Dr. Anuprita N. Shiyal Post Graduate Scholar, Dept. of Rasashastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, College of Ayurveda and Research Centre, Akurdi, Pune, Maharashtra, India. E-mail: anuprita.shiyal@gmail.com Submission Date : 14/07/2018 Accepted Date: 20/08/2018 Access this article online Quick Response Code Website: www.jaims.in DOI: 10.21760/jaims.v 3 i 4.13296 1. Rasa Shastra 2. Bhaishajya Kalpana. Bhaishajya Kalpana consists of primary formulations like Panchavidha Kashaya Kalpana and other secondary formulations like Churna, Vati, Guggulu, Sneha and Sandhana Kalpana, among all these Kalpanas now a days Guggulu Kalpana is widely used. It is used not only as medicine but also in religious rituals. The earliest reference of Guggulu is found in Atharvaveda . From that time to till now, Guggulu is served to human being as highly valuable medicinal herbal. Guggulu is described as Yakshmanashana in Atharvaveda (A.V.19/38/1). There is categorical description that who has the smell ( Gandha ) of herb like Guggulu , diseases can’t effect on him. It is quoted in Dravaka Gana and Mitra Panchaka Gana as a reducing agent for different metals and minerals Guggulu is exudate ( Niryasa ) of Commiphora wightii (Arn. Bhandari). It is translucent, solid, sticky A B S T R A C T Bhaishajya Kalpana deals with the Basic Ayurvedic pharmaceutics like Panchavidha Kashaya Kalpana and other secondary formulations like Churna, Vati, Guggulu, Sneha and Sandhana Kalpana , among all these Kalpanas now a days Guggulu Kalpana is widely used. It is used not only as medicine but also in religious rituals. The earliest reference of Guggulu is found in Atharvaveda. Guggulu is exudate ( Niryasa ) of Commiphora wightii (Arn. Bhandari). It is translucent, solid, sticky adhesive, oilo-gumresine. Guggulu is used as a binding agent and also as a main ingredient in various formulations. When Vati is prepared with Guggulu; known as Guggulu Vati Kalpana . In classical text, there is no separate chapter for Guggulu Kalpana . In Sharangadhara Samhita, Guggulu Kalpana is described under Vati Kalpana. A screening through Brihattrayee revealed that, Guggulu was preferred to be dispensed internally in the form of liquid or semi-liquid or semi-solids Guggulu in Vati form entered in the field of therapeutics after 11 th AD (Chakradutta), because of certain added advantages of solid dosage forms. Later on, Guggulu was widely used in Vati form other than remaining internal forms. Generally, two methods of preparation are found for Guggulu Kalpana . They are Sagni (Paka method ) and Niragni (Kuttana method ) method. In addition, Adityapaka method and Bhavana was found for preparation. Ayurveda advocates that Guggulu must be administered only after purification i.e. Shodhana . The current trend of Ayurvedic pharmaceuticals mainly shows the use of Guggulu in the form of Gutika or Vati . Key words: Guggulu, Kalpana, Vati, Commiphora wightii, Ayurvedic pharmaceutics.

[Find the meaning and references behind the names: Guna, Bharat, Kala, Good]

Dr. Anuprita N. Shiyal et.al. A Review on Guggulu Kalpana (Commiphora Wightii) in Ayurveda ISSN: 2456-3110 REVIEW ARTICLE July-Aug 2018 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | July - Aug 2018 | Vol. 3 | Issue 4 128 adhesive, oilo-gum-resine. Its extracts contains Zand Eisomers of guggulsterone and its related guggulsterols [2] Guggulu is used as a binding agent and also as a main ingredient in various formulations Kalpana is the process through which a substance can be transformed in to the form of medicine according to the need. The Aushadha Kalpana is prepared by different pharmaceutical processing techniques applied to the crude drugs to get the desired therapeutic effect. This processing results in transformation of good pharmacological action to that of substance. These pharmaceutical processes are known as “ Samskaras ” Samskara , one of the essential basic principles of Ayurvedic Pharmaceutics, which are meant for modifying the inherent Naimittika Gunas of Dravya as per the requirement and make the drugs suitable for therapeutic purposes. Alteration in the qualities of a substance can be done with the help of factors like; Toya Sannikarsha , Agni Sannikarsha , Toyagni Sannikarsa , Shaucha , Manthana , Desha , Kala , Vasana , Bhavana , Kala Prakarsha , Bhajana. [3] There are many formulations described in Ayurveda from simple Churna of herbal drugs to complex preparations. They all are called as Aushadhi Kalpana. When Vati is prepared with Guggulu; known as Guggulu Vati Kalpana . In this preparation Guggulu is as a main ingredient (approx 50%). In classical text, there is no separate chapter for Guggulu Kalpana Maharishi Haritha [4] due to wide range of action of Guggulu have mentioned this drug as a separate chapter named as Guggulu Kalpa . The reference of it is mainly found in Sharangadhara Samhita. [5] Where he has described Guggulu Kalpana under Vati Kalpana, but because of its popularity, latest Ayurveda texts given separated chapter for Guggulu Kalpana as AFI and Bharat Bhaishajya Ratnakara . Guggulu Vati formulations Details of Guggulu Vati formulations explained in Vrundamadhava (9 th AD), Chakradutta (11 th AD), Gadanigraha (11 th AD), Vangasena Samhita (11 th AD), Rasaratna Sammuchaya (12 th AD), Sharangdhara Samhita (13 th AD), Bhavaprakasha (16 th AD), Yogaratnakara (17 th AD), Bhaishajya Ratnavali (18 th AD) and Rasayogasagara (20 th AD) with their dose, Anupana, Guggulu percentage, indications are also mentioned. Guggulu Pariksha Characteristics of genuine Guggulu is as below: 1. Astanga Sangraha , Uttar Tantra , 49/162 Intense smell, Snigdha , Pichchila and Free from physical impurity. 2. Kaiyadeva Nighantu , Aushadhi Varga , 1412 Melts in sunlight Immediately burns in fire. 3. Rasa Ratnakara , Rasa Khanda , 10 th Upadesha /76 Burns in fire, Melts in sunlight and Gives milky emulsion in lukewarm Guggulu , which is brittle, dull in colour and of older in age, should be Agrahya for treatment. Guggulu Kalpa formation contains two steps: 1 Guggulu Shodhana 2 Preparation of Guggulu Kalpa 1) Guggulu Shodhana To make it fit for internal use also, it has to undergo the process of Shodhana . Shodhana is the process of removal of physical, chemical impurities and potentiating of the drugs [6],[7] There are different medias explained in literature for Shodhana of Guggulu [8],[9] According to the media of purification the quality and pharmacological properties of Guggulu may vary. Depending on the change in properties the therapeutic effect may also vary.

[Find the meaning and references behind the names: Raj, Anand, Tika, Kuttan, Sun, Sundar]

Dr. Anuprita N. Shiyal et.al. A Review on Guggulu Kalpana (Commiphora Wightii) in Ayurveda ISSN: 2456-3110 REVIEW ARTICLE July-Aug 2018 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | July - Aug 2018 | Vol. 3 | Issue 4 129 Table 1: Showing different methods of Guggulu Shodhana. Procedure Reference Method Swedana (boiling in liquid) Rasa Tarngini , 24/579-580, Rasajalanidhi, Trutiya Khanda ,8,p.359 Brihata Rasa Raj Sundar, Madhyam Khanda, Shilajita Prakarana. Guggulu is to be bounded in a cloth and boiled in specified media, till maximum portion of Guggulu enters into liquid. After cooling, the sediment part is to be collected and used as Shuddha Guggulu. Swedana and frying in Ghee Anand Kanda , 15 th Ullasa/307 Small pieces of Guggulu are to be fried in cow’s Ghee and dissolved in specified liquid in Dolayantra . Dipping in Ghee Dipika Tika on Sharngdhara Samhita, Madhyama Khanda 7/70-81 Guggulu is to be immersed in Ghee for 7 nights. As the different techniques are described for the Shodhana of Guggulu , like wise various liquid media are also prescribed for the purification of Guggulu like Triphala Kwath, Dugdha, Guduchi Kwatha, Pancha Tikta Kwatha, Dash Moola Kwatha, Nimba Patra Kwatha with Haridra Churna, Gomutra, Vasa Patra Swarasa, Vasa Patra Kwatha, Nirgundi Patra Swarasa with Haridra Churna, Water, Gogrita in various Samhitas . 2) Preparation of Guggulu Kalpa Guggulu Kalpas are made with following three methods 1. Somapaka : a) Kuttan b) Mardan 2. Adityapaka 3. Analpaka 1) Somapaka Heat is not used directly or from sun while preparing Guggulu Kalpa or after preparation of Kalpa that is called as Somapaka . This method has again two types: a) Kuttana Vidhi: In this, Guggulu is hammered with Goghrita and powders are added simultaneously. When getting uniform mixture, Vati is prepared. b) Mardana / Bhavana Vidhi : Triphala Guggulu , Bhavaprakasha , Vatarakta 29/213-221. In this formulation, 7 Bhavana of liquid media are given to Guggulu. 2. Adityapaka / Suryapaka : Banga Sen Samhita , Vatavyadhi /214-216 In this preparation, Guggulu is mixed with other powders, after that, Dashamoola Kwatha is added to it and drying is done in sun rays. Addition of Kwatha and drying is repeated for 7 times 3. Analpaka / Sagnipaka Vidhi: In this, Guggulu is melted in liquid media and heating is done till get proper consistency. Then other powders are mixed in it and make Vati . Method of preparation of Guggulu Vati [10] Guggulu Vati prepared by Paka method is as follows: First the Guggulu is to be taken and small quantity of water, Kashaya, Swarasa is to be added to dissolve the Guggulu in it. It is then heated till it attains the Paka Lakshana and later the fine powder of all the ingredients is to be added and boiled till it attains Paka Lakshana. It is then rolled into Vati form with little ghee and dried properly. The colour and other characteristics of Guggulu Kalpana vary from preparation to preparation depending upon the ingredients added to the specific formulation Guggulu Paka Lakshana [11] The Paka Lakshna of Guggulu can be classified into 2 types,

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Dr. Anuprita N. Shiyal et.al. A Review on Guggulu Kalpana (Commiphora Wightii) in Ayurveda ISSN: 2456-3110 REVIEW ARTICLE July-Aug 2018 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | July - Aug 2018 | Vol. 3 | Issue 4 130 1. Pakakaleene (during the time of Paka ) The Paka material sticks strongly to the spoon while stirring. It attains three to four thread consistencies. It settles down in the bowl of water without spreading. It remains very soft and sticky to touch. 2. Pakaanantara (after Paka ) Desired colour, odour, and taste of the ingredients are to be obtained Finger prints are imparted over the Paka material. Siddhi Lakshana Guggulu Paka is similar to Gudapaka , only difference of its ingredients ( Guggulu ) and in Guggulu Paka , pleasant smell and taste are differed from Gudapaka . In Guggulu Kuttana (hammering) method, Guggulu become like Varti as it’s more hammered. Preservation: Prepared Guggulu Kalpas should be kept in air tight glass containers. If sugar, salt or Kshaara is an ingredient, the pills should be kept away from moisture Dose Table 2: Showing references of dose of Guggulu in different classics. SN Reference Matra 1. Astanga Samgraha, Uttartantra 49/162 Up to 1 Tula (100 Pala ) must not take more than 1 Pala in a single dose. 2. Aananda Kanda , 15 th Ullasa /310 1 Nishka (3 g.) to 1 Karsha (10 g.) daily 3. Harita Samhita, Kalpa Sthana 5/19 1 Karsha (10 g.) to 1 Pala (48 g.) 4. AFI, Vol 1, page no. 58 2-4 g 5. Pt. Vishwanath Dwivedi (commentary of Bhavaprakasha Nighantu ) 2-4 Masha Anupana It can be given along with Go - Dugdha (cow’s milk), Jala (water) or liquid preparation like Triphala Kwath, Darvi Kwatha, Patol Kwatha etc. according to the disease. Anupana used according to Rutu explained in Sushruta Samhita [12] In Varsha and Grishma : Ghrita In Sharad and Vasant : Triphala Kwatha In Hemant and Shishira : Gomutra Shelf Life Pills made of plant drugs, when kept in air tight containers, can be used upto two years. Pills containing minerals can be used for indefinite period as mention in the Sharangadhara Samhita , Vati made from the plant drugs when kept in air tight container can be used up to the one year Pills / Vatis should not lose its original colour, smell, taste and form Apathya During the administration of Guggulu following things should be avoided; Amla (sour) Dravya , Tikshna (pungent) Veeryadravya , Ajirna (dyspepsia), Vyavaya (sexual indulgence), Shrama (fatigue), Madya (alchohol), Krodha (anger) all should be avoided during the administration of Guggulu [13] Ati Matra Sevana Vikara Long term and higher dose administration of Guggulu may lead To Timira (blindness), Vadanshosha (dryness of mouth), Klibata (impotency), Karshya (emaciation), Moha (delusion), Samal Shithil Bhava (diarrhoea), Deha Raukshya (dryness of skin) etc [14]

[Find the meaning and references behind the names: Bala]

Dr. Anuprita N. Shiyal et.al. A Review on Guggulu Kalpana (Commiphora Wightii) in Ayurveda ISSN: 2456-3110 REVIEW ARTICLE July-Aug 2018 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | July - Aug 2018 | Vol. 3 | Issue 4 131 DISCUSSION Historically the Guggulu has been evolved as Amruta (nectar) for replenishing the lost Bala (strength) of Devathas (gods) in Devaasura Sangrama (battle of gods and demons) and it has been used as a good fumigating agent in olden days. A screening through Brihattrayee revealed that, Guggulu was preferred to be dispensed internally in the form of liquid or semiliquid or semi-solids Perhaps, it may be because of disintegration problem with Guggulu was known by seers. Table 3: Different doses forms of Guggulu in various texts Forms C h .. S a. S u .S a. A .S . G a. N i. S h .S a. B h a. P ra. B h a. R a. R a. Y o .S Lepa/Pra deha 04 01 12 03 - 01 01 - Dhoopan a 07 08 18 22 01 03 09 - Ghrita 02 02 06 05 - 03 06 - Tail 01 - 05 15 - 03 06 - Gutika 01 - 02 48 06 35 50 67 Panyoga 04 - 15 11 03 11 18 02 Churna 02 04 07 06 01 02 03 10 Modak/ut kariaka 01 - 01 - 01 - - 02 Ksheerpa ka - 01 - - - - - - Kwatha - - 02 07 - 02 03 - Asava/ch ukra - - 02 01 - - - - Lehana - - 02 - - 02 05 10 Nasya - - 01 - - 01 - - Kalka - - - 01 - - - - Vatak - - - 01 - - - - Malahara - - - - - - 01 - Guggulu in Vati form entered in the field of therapeutics after 11 th AD ( Chakradutta ), because of certain added advantages of solid dosage forms. Later on, Guggulu was widely used in Vati form other than remaining internal forms. It may be due to good binding capacity of gum and also Yogavahi nature of drug which increases efficacy of formulation. Generally, two methods of preparation are found for Guggulu Kalpana . They are Sagni (Paka method ) and Niragni (Kuttana) method. In addition, Adityapaka method and Bhavana was found for preparation. Ayurveda advocates that Guggulu must be administered only after purification i.e. Shodhana . The Guggulu has many media for its purification and the specific Dravya used for its purification enhance the medicinal property of Guggulu ; it increases its therapeutic utility also detoxifiy it, thus making safer for human consumption. The Guggulu Kalpana is a very important formulation where the drug augments the formulations with the other drugs in it without losing its potency and it acts effectively in treating the diseases. The Guggulu when modified into different formulation like Churna , Ghruta , Avaleha etc. can also be used in treating many diseases along with the different combination of a single drugs. With variation in Anupana , Guggulu Kalpana will also be beneficial in treating many diseases as the mode of action depends on the type of Anupana (adjuvant) used. The Guggulu Kalpana is indicated in almost all the Strotovikaras and also a number of research works have been proved the wide range of action of Guggulu . The challenge in this venture is the genuinity of raw drug Guggulu and the media of Shodhana selected. CONCLUSION Now a days in Ayurvedic pharmaceuticals Guggulu is mainly used in the form of Vati or Gutika only. But in

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Dr. Anuprita N. Shiyal et.al. A Review on Guggulu Kalpana (Commiphora Wightii) in Ayurveda ISSN: 2456-3110 REVIEW ARTICLE July-Aug 2018 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | July - Aug 2018 | Vol. 3 | Issue 4 132 classics reference of its use in different dosage forms like Churna, Asava etc. are found. But It is mainly used in the form of Vati because of its good binding property and increased therapeutic action. The Guggulu Kalpana in particular is generally influenced by Sharangadhara Samhita . The current trend of Ayurvedic pharmaceuticals mainly shows the use of Guggulu in the form of Gutika or Vati . Thus it can be said that due to its wide of utility the Guggulu Kalpana is gaining popularity in recent days. And also studies have revealed the therapeutic efficacy of various Guggulu Kalpana . The Guggulu Kalpana should be understood and pronounced in detail with a physicians and point for better results in treatment of diseases. As Guggulu acts on Rasa, Rakta etc. all Saptadhatu as mention in Samhitas . According to Srotas where we need action of Guggulu the drug which are useful on that Srotas should be used mixed with Guggulu . In this way we can use the various Guggulu Kalpas on various diseases. REFERENCES 1 Vd. Brahmanand Tripathi. Charka Samhita (Charaka Chandrika Tika - Hindi commentary), Chaukhamba Orientalia, Varanasi, Volume - I, Reprint - 2000. Sutrasthan. a 1/24 and 9/3 Pg. no.9 and Pg. no. 207. 2 Toxicological Summary For Gum Guggulu And Some Of Its Steroidal Constituents , National Toxicology Program (NTP) and National Institute Of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), February 2005 3 Agnivesha, Charaka Samhita With Ayurveda Dipika Commentary, Vimana Sthana, Chapter 1/21 (2), Edited By Yadavji Trikamji Acharya, Published By, Chaukhamba Surbharati Prakashan, New Delhi. Edition 2008 4 Jaymini Pandey, Harita Samhita, Varanasi, Chaukhambha Vishwabharati; 2010.p 529 5 Himasagara Chandra Murthy. In: (eds.) Sharngadhara Samhita. 2 nd ed. Varanasi: Chowkambha Sanskrit Series Office; 2007. p 177. 6 Sri Vagbhatacharya, Rasa Ratna Samucchaya, Hindi Vyakhya By Pandit Dharmananda Sharma, Motilal Banarasidas, Varanasi, Second Edition,1999, 3/75, 49 pp. 7 Ayurvedic Formulary of India, Part 1, Part B, Published by G. O. I., Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, 2003, 19 pp. 8 Ayurvedic Pharmacopeia of India, Part 1, Second Edition, Published by G. O. I., Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, 2003, 203 pp. 9 Ayurvedic Formulary of India, Part 1, Part B, Published by G. O. I., Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, 2003, 40-41 pp. 10 Ramachandra Reddy K. In: (eds.) Bhaishajya Kalpana Vijnan. 2 nd ed. Varanasi: Chowkambha Sanskrit Bhavan; 2012. p 230. 11 Himasagara Chandra Murthy. In: (eds.) Sharngadhara Samhita. 2 nd ed. Varanasi: Chowkambha Sanskrit Series Office; 2007. p 192. 12 Maharshi Sushruta, Sushruta Samhita ,edited by kaviraj ambikadutta shastri, Varanasi: Chowkambha Sanskrit Bhavan. 13 Acharya Sharangadhara, Sharngadhara Samhita, Commented By Adhamalla And Kashiram, 6 th Edition, Chokhambha Orientalia, Varanasi, 2005,, Madhyama Khanda, Chap.,Madhyam Khanda,7/8 14 Astanga Samgraha, Uttara Tantra,49/158, Hindi Vyakhya, Atrideva Gupt, Chokhambha Krushnadas Academy, Varanasi, Reprint:2005 ******************************* How to cite this article: Dr. Anuprita N. Shiyal, Dr. Sharada Chikurte. A Review on Guggulu Kalpana (Commiphora Wightii) in Ayurveda. J Ayurveda Integr Med Sci 2018;4:127-132. http://dx.doi.org/10.21760/jaims.v 3 i 4.13296 Source of Support: Nil, Conflict of Interest: None declared.

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