A Comparative Pharmacognostical Study of Wild and Cultivate Amalaki (Emblica...

[Full title: A Comparative Pharmacognostical Study of Wild and Cultivate Amalaki (Emblica officinalis Gaertn.)]

ISSN: 2456-3110 ORIGINAL ARTICLE July-Aug 2018 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | July - Aug 2018 | Vol. 3 | Issue 4 51 A Comparative Pharmacognostical Study of Wild and Cultivate Amalaki ( Emblica officinalis Gaertn.) Dr. Shiromani Mishra 1 , Prof. M. C. Sharma 2 1 Associate Professor, PG Dept. of Dravyaguna, Govt. Dhanwantari Ayurved College, Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh, 2 Former Director, National Institute of Ayurveda, Jaipur, Rajasthan, INDIA. I NTRODUCTION Medicinal plants are large source of traditional medicinal system of drug among them Amalaki is a well known plant since Vedic Kala . It is botanically known as Emblica officinalis Gaertn. belongs to the family Euphorbiaceae. It is small or medium sized deciduous tree with smooth, greenish grey, exfoliating bark. Leaves feathery with small narrowly oblong, pinnately arranged leaflets. Fruits depressed globose, ½ - 1 inch in diameter, fleshy and obscurely 6 lobed, Address for correspondence: Dr. Shiromani Mishra Associate Professor, PG Dept. of Dravyaguna, Govt. Dhanwantari Ayurved College, Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh, India. E-mail: shiromishra@gmail.com Submission Date : 02/08/2018 Accepted Date: 22/08/2018 Access this article online Quick Response Code Website: www.jaims.in DOI: 10.21760/jaims.v 3 i 4.13284 containing 6 trigonous seeds. The tree is common in the mixed deciduous forest of India ascending to 4500 ft on the hills. It is often cultivated in Gardens and homeyards. A type bearing comparatively larger fruit than the wild plant is known in cultivation [1] It consists of fresh or dried fruits of Emblica officinalis ; it is one of the important herbal drugs used traditionally both as a medicine and as a tonic to build up lost vitality and vigor [2] The E. officinalis known to have broad pharmacological properties, to list some it have the antibacterial, [3],[4] antioxidant, [5],[6] cardioprotective, [7] Gastroprotective, [8] anti- Helicobacter pylori [9] and antistress activity [10] According to the reference of Dravyaguna Vigyana [11] and Dravyaguna Hastamalaka [12] (Ayurvedic text) on the basis of Desha bheda (Habitat) two types of Amalaki are available viz., Gramya Phala (Cultivated) and Vanya Phala (Wild.) Gramya Phala is soft, fleshy and big, while Vanya Phala is small, hard and Kashaya Rasa Pradhana (Astringent taste). The properties mentioned in Ayurvedic classic are accredited to the wild variety of Amalaki but in the modern period A B S T R A C T Background: Amalaki is traditionally used drug in Ayurveda. Fruits of Amalaki is useful for cure of many disorders. On the basis of Desha Bheda (Habitat) two types of Amalaki are available viz., Gramya Phala (Cultivated) and Vanya Phala (Wild). cultivated variety is more often used as it offers gain to the manufacturers in terms of the amount of pulp available. To differentiate wild and cultivated variety through macroscopic, microscopic and powder microscopy this study was carried out. Objective: Present study was aimed to record comparative macroscopic, microscopic and powder microscopy of wild and cultivated varieties of Indian gooseberry Methods: Authenticated matured fruits of both varieties were collected and macroscopic and microscopic characters were documented. Result: Fruit of wild variety is smaller and strong astringent than cultivated. In transverse section wild variety shows thick cuticle, lesser engaged area of mesocarp, compactly arranged cells and more concentration of fibres, sclereids and silica crystals than cultivated. Conclusion: Fruit of both varieties differ in size, colour and taste. In transverse section both varieties have same cells with some differentiating characters. Key words: Amalaki, Pharmacognostic study, Emblica officinalis.

Dr. Shiromani Mishra et.al. A Comparative Pharmacognostical Study of Wild and Cultivate Amalaki ISSN: 2456-3110 ORIGINAL ARTICLE July-Aug 2018 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | July - Aug 2018 | Vol. 3 | Issue 4 52 where commercialization and bulk manufacturing has become an very important part of the economy and to meet the increasing population demands the cultivated variety is more often used since it offers gain to the manufacturers in terms of the amount of pulp available. Keeping these particulars in mind a systematic work was undertaken to differentiate wild and cultivated variety through macroscopic, microscopic study and powder microscopy. M ATERIAL AND M ETHODS The Fruits of wild and cultivated Amalaki , were used as drug material. A detailed macroscopic and microscopic study on the both of the fruit and fruit powder was carried out to establish the correct identity of the wild and cultivated Amalaki fruit and find out an actual difference between the 2 varieties. The Fruits of wild species were procured from Chitrakuta (U.P.) and cultivated species from Pratapgarh (U.P.) in the month of February in fully matured condition and their authenticity was confirmed by referring various texts and with the help of taxonomists of Vindhya herbal quality testing & Research laboratory (A Unit of Minor Forest Produce Processing And Research Center) Van Parisar, Barkhdea Pathani, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India. Pharmacognostical study Macroscopic and microscopic studies and powder microscopy were done with available guideline at Vindhya herbal quality testing & Research laboratory (A Unit of Minor Forest Produce Processing And Research Center) Van Parisar, Barkhdea Pathani, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India [13],[14] O BSERVATIONS AND R ESULTS Macroscopic characters The fresh fruit is globular, fleshly, obscurely six lobed. The surface is smooth and pale or yellowish green in colour. The fruits contain a juicy pulp enclosing an obtusely, obvate, triangular, 3 celled nut, containing two seed in each cell. Table 1: Comparative macroscopic characters of wild and cultivated varities of Amalaki .(Plate 1) Wild Cultivated Size 2 X 2 cm 4.5 X 4.5 cm Shape Globose, Depressed Globose, Depressed Surface Smooth with 6 prominent line Smooth with 6 prominent line Pulp Lesser than cultivated variety Juicy and More than wild variety Nut Obovate - triangular, 3 - celled Obovate - triangular, 3 - celled Seed 6 - Seeded, 2 in each cell 6 - Seeded, 2 in each cell Depression at one end Present Present Table 2: Comparative organoleptic characters of wild and cultivated varities of Amalaki Wild Cultivated Colour Pale yellow Greenish yellow Odour Characteristic Sour smell Taste Sour and Astringent Sour and Less Astringent Texture Fleshy More fleshy The organoleptic characters shows that fruit of wild variety is strong in Astringent taste with pale yellow colour and characteristic odour, whereas cultivated has less astringent taste, greenish colour and sour smell. Microscopic characters of Amalaki fruit Epicarp: 1 Epidermis: The outermost part of the epicarp consist single layer of epidermis covered externally with a cuticle, epidermal cells are

Dr. Shiromani Mishra et.al. A Comparative Pharmacognostical Study of Wild and Cultivate Amalaki ISSN: 2456-3110 ORIGINAL ARTICLE July-Aug 2018 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | July - Aug 2018 | Vol. 3 | Issue 4 53 tabular in shape and appear in surface view as polygonal. 2 Hypodermis: The inner part of the epicarp just below the epidermis, is made up of 2-4 layers of Hypodermis of tangentially elongated cells, thickwalled, smaller in dimension than epidermal cells. Mesocarp: Inner to the epicarp, mesocarp forms bulk of fruit, consisting of thin-walled parenchymatous cells with intercellular spaces, peripheral 6-9 layers smaller, ovoid or tangentially elongated while rest of cells larger in size, isodiametric and radially elongated; several collateral fibrovascular bundles scattered throughout mesocarp consisting of xylem and phloem; xylem composed of tracheal elements, fiber tracheids and xylem fibers; tracheal elements show reticular scalariform and spiral thickenings; xylem fibers elongated with narrow lumen and pointe end; mesocarp contains large aggregates of numerous irregular silica crystals [15] Table 3: Comparative microscopic characters of wild and cultivated varieties of Amalaki (Plate 2 & 3) Wild Cultivated Epidermis Single layered of tubular cells with thick cuticle Single layered of tubular cells with thin cuticle Hypodermis 2-4 layered of tangentially elongated, thickwalled cells 2-4 layered of tangentially elongated, thick-walled cells Mesocarp 1. Engage lesser area as compared to the Mesocarp of Cultivated variety. 2. Cells are thin walled, parenchymatous, tangentially elongated to isodimetric with irregular 1. Engage larger area as compared to the Mesocarp of Wild variety. 2. Cells are thin walled, parenchymatous, tangentially elongated to isodimetric with irregular thickenings. thickenings. Vascular bundle Vascular bundles are scattered throughout mesocarp consisting of xylem and phloem Vascular bundles are scattered throughout mesocarp consisting of xylem and phloem Fibres and sclereids Scattered in large number in mesocarp. Scattered in mesocarp but less dense than wild variety. Stone cells Comparatively more found than cultivated variety. Rarely found Silica crystals Present Present Two varieties of Amalaki have few differentiating characters. The T.S. of wild variety shows thick cuticle along with Mesocarp engage lesser area as compared to the Mesocarp of cultivated variety with compactly arranged cells and more concentration of fibres, sclereids and silica crystals, while the T.S. of cultivated variety shows thin cuticle, a bit loosely arranged mesocarp cells, less concentration of fibres, sclereids and silica crystals. Table 4: Organoleptic characters of powder of wild and cultivated varieties Amalaki fruits (Plate 3 &4) Wild Cultivated Condition Dried powder of fruits Dried powder of fruits Colour Brown Light Brown Texture Smooth Smooth Odour Mild herbaceous Mild herbaceous Taste Sour and astringent Sour and astringent Microscopy of fruit powder: Powder of both varieties of Amalaki shows fragments of uniformly thickened epidermal cells, mesocarp cells, sclereids, fibres, stone cells, prismatic crystals of silica and oil globules but the wild variety shows more fibres, silica crystals, stone cells and sclereids than cultivated variety.

Dr. Shiromani Mishra et.al. A Comparative ISSN: 2456-3110 Journal of Ayurveda and Integra Plate 1 Fig. 1 a: Photograph showing Fruits of Amalaki Variety) Fig. 1 b: Photograph showing Fruits of Amalaki Variety) Plate 2: T.S. of wild variety Fig. 2 a: T.S. of Fruit of wild variety of Amalki showing epicarp & mesocarp Ep. – Epicarp, Mes.- Mesocarp Fig. 2 b: T.S. of fruit of wild variety of Amalki showing vascular bundles. VB : Vascular bundles, Pa : Parenchyma Dr. Shiromani Mishra et.al. A Comparative Pharmacognostical Study of Wild and Cultivate Amalaki ORIGINAL ARTICLE tegrated Medical Sciences | July - Aug 2018 | Vol. 3 | Issue 4 Amalaki ( Wild Amalaki (Cultivated wild variety of Amalki showing Mesocarp Fig. 2 b: T.S. of fruit of wild variety of Amalki showing vascular bundles. VB : Vascular bundles, Pa : Parenchyma Fig. 2 c: T.S of fruit of wild variety of Amalki show sclereids. Sc - Sclerids Plate 3: T.S. of cultivated variety Fig. 3 a: T.S. of Fruit of Cultivated variety of showing Epicarp & Mesocarp Ep. – Epicarp, Mes.- Mesocarp, Epi. Hypodermis, Pa. – Parenchymatous cell Fig. 3 b: T.S. of Fruit of Cultivated Variety of showing parenchymatous Cells of Merocarp. Pa. – Parenchymatous cell Fig. 3 c: T.S. of fruit of cultivated variety of showing vascular Bundle. VB. Pharmacognostical Study of Wild and Cultivate Amalaki ORIGINAL ARTICLE July-Aug 2018 Vol. 3 | Issue 4 54 Fig. 2 c: T.S of fruit of wild variety of Amalki showing Plate 3: T.S. of cultivated variety Fig. 3 a: T.S. of Fruit of Cultivated variety of Amalaki showing Epicarp & Mesocarp. Mesocarp, Epi. – Epidermis, Hy. – Parenchymatous cell Fig. 3 b: T.S. of Fruit of Cultivated Variety of Amalaki showing parenchymatous Cells of Merocarp. Fig. 3 c: T.S. of fruit of cultivated variety of Amalaki VB. - Vascular Bundle

Dr. Shiromani Mishra et.al. A Comparative Pharmacognostical Study of Wild and Cultivate Amalaki ISSN: 2456-3110 ORIGINAL ARTICLE July-Aug 2018 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | July - Aug 2018 | Vol. 3 | Issue 4 55 Plate 4: Powder Microscopy of Wild variety Fig 4 a: Photograph showing Fragment of epicrap Fig 4 b: Photograph showing Fibre Fig 4 c: Photograph showing stone cell Fig 4 d: Photograph showing Tracheids Fig 4 e: Photograph showing Spiral Vessel Plate 5: Powder microscopy of cultivated variety Fig 5 a: Photograph showing Cells of epicarp with Small crystals of Silica Fig 5 b: Photograph showing Fibre Fig 5 c: Photograph showing Fragments of cells of Mesocarp

Dr. Shiromani Mishra et.al. A Comparative Pharmacognostical Study of Wild and Cultivate Amalaki ISSN: 2456-3110 ORIGINAL ARTICLE July-Aug 2018 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | July - Aug 2018 | Vol. 3 | Issue 4 56 Fig 5 d: Photograph showing Stone cells CONCLUSION Amalaki is identified botanically as Emblica officinalis Gaertn. belonging to family Euphorbiaceae. Fruit of both varieties differ in size, colour and taste. Fruit of wild variety is smaller and strong astringent than cultivated. In transverse section both varieties have same cells with some differentiating characters. Wild variety shows thick cuticle, lesser engaged area of mesocarp, compactly arranged cells and more concentration of fibres, sclereids and silica crystals than cultivated. The observed pharmacognostical characters of the taken two varieties of Amalaki i.e Emblica officinalis Gaertn. are almost matched with the referral standard (API) characters of the same which confirm the authentication of the samples. REFERENCES 1 The wealth of India, Vol. -III, National Institute of science communication and information resource, CSIR, New Delhi, reprint 2003, p. 168-169 2 Krishnaveni M, Mirunalini S., 2010. Therapeutic Potential of Phyllanthus emblica (amla): the Ayurvedic Wonder. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol. Vol. 21, 1, pp. 93 - 105. 3 J. Philip, S. John and P. Iyer, 2012. Antimicrobial activity of Aloevera barbedensis, Daucus carota, Emblica officinalis, honey and punica granatum and formulalation of a health drink and salad, Malays. J. Microbiol, 8; 141-147 4 S. G. Patil, A. A. Deshmukh, A. R. Padol, D. B. Kale, 2012. In vitro antibacterial activity of Emblica officinalis fruit extract by tube dilution method, Int. J. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2 ; 49-51 5 D. K. Elizabeth Manju, A. Thangavel, V. Leela, 2011. Effect of dietary supplementation of Amla and grape seed powders on antioxidant status in the seminal plasma of broiler breeder cocks. Tamilnadu J. Vet. Anim. Sci. 7; 229- 233 6 Mahaveer Golecha, Jagriti Bhatia, Dharamveer S. Arya, 2012. Studies on effect of Emblica officinalis on oxidative stress and cholinergic function in scopolamine induced amnesia in mice, J. Environ. Biol., 33; 95-100 7 S.K. Bhattacharya, A. Bhattacharya, K. Sairam, S. Ghosal, 2002. Effect of bioactive tannoid principles of Emblica officinalis on ischemia-reperfusion-induced oxidative stress in rat heart, phytomedicines, 9; 171-174 8 A.J. Al-Rehaily, T.A. Al howiriny, M.O. Al Sohaibani, S. Rafatullah, 2002. Gastroprotective effect of Amla, Emblica officinalis on in vivo models in rat, phytomedicine, 9; 515- 522 9 Shubhi Mehrotra et al., 2011. Anti-Helicobacter pylori and antioxidant properties of Emblica officinalis pilp extract: a potential source for therapeutic use against gastric ulcer, journal of medicinal plants research, 5 (12); 2577-2583 10 N. Neelima, M. Sudhakar, B.V.S. Laxmi, 2014. Anti stress activity of ethanolic extract of Emblica officinalis in stress induced biochemical and physiological perturbations, international journal of research in pharmacology & pharmacotherapeutics, 3(1); 72-79 11 Sharma P. V., Dravyaguna Vijnana, Chaukhambha Bharti Academy, Varanasi, Vol-2, reprint 1998, p. 758 12 Mishra Banavarilal, Dravyaguna Hastamalak,, edited by Santosh Khandal, publication scheme, Jaipur, reprint 2006, p.342 13 Khandelwal KR: Practical Pharmacognosy, Nirali Prakashan edition 5, 1998. 14 Kokate CK: Practical Pharmacognosy. Vallabh Prakashan, edition 5, 1995. 15 Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, Govt. of India, Ministry of health and family welfare, dept. of AYUSH, New Delhi, part 1, vol. 1, first edition, p. 5-6 How to cite this article: Dr. Shiromani Mishra, Prof. M. C. Sharma. A Comparative Pharmacognostical Study of Wild and Cultivate Amalaki ( Emblica officinalis Gaertn.). J Ayurveda Integr Med Sci 2018;4:51-56. http://dx.doi.org/10.21760/jaims.v 3 i 4.13284 Source of Support: Nil, Conflict of Interest: None declared.

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Emblica officinalis, Medicinal plant, Astringent taste, Pharmacological properties, Two varieties, Wild variety, Stone cell, Pharmacognostic study, Microscopic characters, Powder microscopy, Ayurvedic text, Transverse section, Organoleptic character, Vascular bundle, Epidermis, Cultivated variety, Herbal drug, Deciduous tree, Hypodermis, Associate Professor, Fruit powder, Medicinal system, Macroscopic character.