Analytical profile of Kushtha (Saussurea lappa) extensively used medicinal...

[Full title: Analytical profile of Kushtha (Saussurea lappa) extensively used medicinal plant in Ayurveda system of medicine]

[Find the meaning and references behind the names: Natural, Modern, Code, Plant, Guna, Doi, Class, India, Wisdom, Divine, Key, Standard, Day, Date, Soma, Deals, Nadya, Show, Acharya, Parul, Komal, Turn, Hour, Novel, Original, Data, Jani, Year, Ism, July, Post, Dharmendra, Quick, Chemical, Market, Landa, Strong, Kala, Veda, Quality, Need, Marker, Aug, Clarke]

ISSN: 2456-3110 ORIGINAL ARTICLE July-Aug 2017 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | July - Aug 2017 | Vol. 2 | Issue 4 63 Analytical profile of Kushtha ( Saussurea lappa ) extensively used medicinal plant in Ayurveda system of medicine Dharmendra P. Jani, 1 Komal D. Jani 2 1 Associate Professor, Post Graduate Studies in Dept. of Dravya Guna, J. S. Ayurved Mahavidyalaya, Nadiad, Gujarat, 2 Associate Professor, Post Graduate Studies in Dept. of Shalakya Tantra, Parul Institute of Ayurveda, Parul University, Vadoadara, Gujarat, India. I NTRODUCTION Standardization of the medicines of ISM is the need of the day and is gaining more and more attention from drug control authorities, researchers and manufactures of this system. Moreover to globalize these medicines strict quality control parameters are to be followed for their analysis. Phyto-chemistry is concerned with the enormous variety of organic substances that are elaborated and accumulated by plants and deals with chemical structures of those substances, their biosynthesis, turn over and Address for correspondence: Dr. Dharmendra P. Jani Associate Professor, Post Graduate Studies in Dept. of Dravya Guna, J. S. Ayurved Mahavidyalaya, Nadiad, Gujarat, India. E-mail: drjani 13@gmail.com Submission Date : 15/07/2017 Accepted Date: 05/08/2017 Access this article online Quick Response Code Website: www.jaims.in DOI: 10.21760/jaims.v 2 i 4.9329 metabolism, their natural distribution and their biological function [1] Ayurveda is one of the most ancient medical sciences of the world. It is considered as the Upaveda of Atharvaveda and has thus its origin from Vedas, the oldest recorded wisdom on the earth. It is survived through two sets of original authentic texts each consisting of three books like Bruhattrayi and Laghutrayi. With passing of hundreds of year, some drugs were disappeared from routine practice. Kushtha is one of them, which has been mentioned since from Vedic Kala (Atharvaveda) to latest modern literature available about plants. First authentic reference about this plant is found in Atharvaveda. [2] It is called similar activity as divine plant Soma . It grows nearby Soma in Himalayas. Almost all actions of this plant are similar to divine plant Soma . It was used in Vedic rituals as well as in health preventive and primitive practice in Vedic period. In Vedic literature Kustha is described with three synonyms viz., Nadamara , Nadyarisa and Nadyaya . Nadya is A B S T R A C T Ayurveda is one of the most ancient medical sciences of the world. It is considered as the Upaveda of Atharvaveda. Kushtha ( Saussurea lappa - C.B.Clarke) has been mentioned in various texts of Ayurveda . Acharya Charaka has incorporated Kushtha in more than 100 formulations. It is called similar activity as divine plant Soma. It grows nearby Soma in Himalayas Kushtha (Saussurea lappa. – C.B.Clarke) is used for the treatment of disease and novel drug entities continue to be developed through research into their constituents. So much adulteration and sub standard quality drug samples are found in the name of Kushtha (Saussurea lappa – C.B.Clarke) in the market. Analytical and physicochemical profiles for standardization of medicinal plants is need of hour Costunolide can be marker compound for the identification of Kushtha ( Saussurea lappa. – C.B.Clarke.) Key words: Ayurveda, Saussurea lappa, Medicinal Plant, Analysis.

[Find the meaning and references behind the names: Fig, Roots, Single, Cure, View, Ash, Loss, Tlc, Api, Root, Part, Dry, Plate, Manner, Close, Flower, Study, Heat, Young]

Dharmendra P. Jani et.al. Analytical profile of Kushtha (Saussurea lappa). ISSN: 2456-3110 ORIGINAL ARTICLE July-Aug 2017 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | July - Aug 2017 | Vol. 2 | Issue 4 64 mentioned in Atharvaveda , Sounakiya Paippalada Shakha . In Vedas Kustha is claimed to cure several diseases and possess the properties like; Rasayana , Vrushya and Krimighna . It is specifically mentioned as Takmanashaka (anti-pyretic) [3] Kushtha has been mentioned in various texts not in single heading but in scattered manner [4] Acharya Charaka has incorporated Kushtha in more than 100 formulations [5] Kushtha (Saussurea lappa. – C.B.Clarke) is used for the treatment of disease and novel drug entities continue to be developed through research in to their constituents. So much adulteration and sub standard quality drug samples are found in the name of Kushtha (Saussurea lappa. – C.B.Clarke) in the market [6] This study is undertaken with following aims and objectives. A IMS AND O BJECTIVES 1 To analyze the samples by using different physicochemical parameters and qualitative methods. 2 To develop the TLC profile and HPTLC profile. M ATERIALS AND M ETHODS The test drug Kushtha ( Saussurea lappa. – C.B.Clarke was collected from Chakarata Deharadun (India) and after being authenticated botanically by expert of I.P.G.T. & R.A. Jamnagar, it was used for further analysis. Comparative parameters have been used as per Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API) Part-1-Vol.-1- Guidelines. Extraction Two different extraction procedures were adopted for the analysis. Water-soluble extractive principle: this extract was used for qualitative analysis. Another extraction was done by using methanol soluble principle. The selected extract was compared with a drug preparation treated with heat to dry and selection of methanol soluble was taken for chromatographic study. Plate 1: Morphological Characters of Kushtha ( Saussurea lappa. – C.B.Clarke.) Fig. 1.1: Shows natural Habitat. Fig. 1.2: Shows Roots. Fig. 1.3: Shows Leaves and Flower. Fig. 1.4: Shows natural young plant. Fig. 1.5: Shows Root (Close view). Fig. 1.6: Shows fractured Root. Fig. 1.7: Shows Coarse powder of Root. Physico-Chemical Parameters Loss on drying Ash value Water soluble extractive Methanol soluble extractive Qualitative Analysis Alkaloids Flavonoids Glycoside

[Find the meaning and references behind the names: Mode, Amino, Change, New, Less, Shinoda, Raw, Normal, Delhi, Thin, Aluminium, Hold, Holding, Situ, High, Keller, Gel, Vis, Acid, Council, Sample, Table, General, Wagner, Positive, Peak, Legal, Common]

Dharmendra P. Jani et.al. Analytical profile of Kushtha (Saussurea lappa). ISSN: 2456-3110 ORIGINAL ARTICLE July-Aug 2017 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | July - Aug 2017 | Vol. 2 | Issue 4 65 Phenol Amino acid Protein Tannin Carbohydrate Thin Layer Chromatogrphy (TLC) Thin layer chromatography on Silica Gel in normal phase mode. HPTLC Profile On Aluminium backed Silica Gel GF 254 in normal phase. Densitometry Using Camag TLC Scanner 3 Peak Assignment and UV-Vis Spectrum In situ scanning mode using Camag Scanner 3. Methods Physico-Chemical Parameters, [7] Qualitative Tests For Various Functional Groups, [8] Thin Layer Chromatogrphy (TLC), [9] HPTLC Profile were done as per standard techniques available in Ayurvedic Pharmacoepia of India, (2001) (1 st ed.,Govt. of India, Ministry of Healtlh and Family Welfare, Dept. of Indian Systems of Medicine & Homeopathy, New Delhi) Part - I, and Quality Standards of Indian Medicinal Plants.(2006) (Indian Council of Medicinal Research, Delhi - Vol- 4 pg.no.204.) O BSERVATION AND R ESULTS Physio-Chemical Parameters The analytical data of common Physico-chemical parameters of the samples is tabulated in the table below Table 1: Physico-chemical parameters of the samples. SN Test Sample 1- Kustha Kustha (Root) Churna (API) 1 Loss on drying 0.49% w/w Not more than 2 % 2 Ash value 3.25% w/w Not more than 4 % 3 Water soluble extract 22.38%w/w Not less than 20 % 4 Methanol soluble extract 13.45% w/w Not less than 12 % The table includes the parameters that affect the storage condition of drug and raw material processing and primary information about the drug tested. Loss on drying reflects the nature of powder to hold moisture. It is assumed that high moisture holding capacity directly reflects the stability as carbohydrate and similar components provide natural growing atmosphere to microorganism. Kushtha have no quotable change as 0.49% w/w was observed. Like loss on drying, drug have Ash content i.e. 3.25% w/w for Kushtha , In general, the data gives information about total inorganic load. For further comparison ash analysis is suggested for specific positive and negative elements. In extractive principle, Kushtha shows high water soluble components i.e. 22.38%w/w . While methanol solubility was found 13.45% w/w in Kushtha . Qualitative Tests The samples were qualitatively tested for the presence of different phytoconstituents and the result has been presented in table below, Table 2: Qualitative tests of powder samples. SN Tests Name of reagent Results 1 Alkaloids Wagner’s reagent + Dragendorff’s reagent + 2 Flavonoids Lead acetate - Shinoda test - 3 Glycoside Legal’s test + Keller Killiani +

[Find the meaning and references behind the names: Work, Long, Present, Under, Spray, Good, Short]

Dharmendra P. Jani et.al. Analytical profile of Kushtha (Saussurea lappa). ISSN: 2456-3110 ORIGINAL ARTICLE July-Aug 2017 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | July - Aug 2017 | Vol. 2 | Issue 4 66 4 Phenol NH 4 OH + potassium ferricyanide - Dilute potassium permanganate - 5 Amino Acid Ninhydrin test - 6 Protein Biuret test - Milion’s test - 7 Tannin Lead acetate + Ferric chloride + 8 Carbohydrate Molisch test - Fehling’s test - +ve - Positive, - ve - Negative The qualitative test for Alkaloids with Wagner’s reagent and Dragendroff’s reagent was positive. Shinoda test and Lead acetate test for Flavonoids was found to be negative. Tannins are present in Kushtha ( S.lappa) when tested with lead acetate and ferric chloride. Keller Killiani test and Legal test were positive. Which indicate presence of glycosides. NH 4 OH + potassium ferricyanide test and potassium permanganate test for phenols were found to be negative. Ninhydrin test for Amino acids whereas Biuret test and Milion’s test for proteins was found to be negative for Kushtha (S.lappa) For the detection of Carbohydrate, Fehling’s test and Tollen’s test gave negative for Kushtha (S.lappa) Thus it can be seen that Alkaloids, Glucosides are present in Kushtha (S.lappa) Tannins are present in Kushtha (S.lappa.) Thin Layer Chromatography Thin layer chromatographic work confirms separation of components, hence different solvent systems were tested for good separation, then the same protocols were followed in HPTLC fingerprinting Plate 2: TLC & HPTLC Kustha ( Saussurea lappa. – C.B.Clarke) extract under short and long UV radiation. Chromatographic condition Stationary phase : Silica gel G F 254 Mobile phase: Toluene: Ethyl acetate (97: 3) Detection : (i) Short UV (254 nm) (ii) Long UV (366 nm) Fig. 2.1:TLC separation visualization under short UV. (Rf- 0.37) Fig.2.2: TLC separation visualization under long UV. (Rf- 0.37) Fig. 2.3: Visualization after Spray with Anisaldehyde-Sulphuric acid reagent. (Rf- 0.37). Fig. 2.4: Chromatographic separation of Extract under short UV Fig. 2.5: Chromatographic separation of Extract under long Fig. 2.6: Densitogram of Extract under short UV Fig. 2.7: Densitogram of Extract under long UV Fig. 2.8: Chromatographic separation of Extract at all wavelengths.

[Find the meaning and references behind the names: Shri, Press, Sharman, Sharma, Bharat, Cite, Band, Shastri, Int, Sci, Jeffrey, Ayus, Mumbai, Pad, Satar, Future, Iii, Ayush, Track, Guide, Edi, Nil, Med, Min, None]

Dharmendra P. Jani et.al. Analytical profile of Kushtha (Saussurea lappa). ISSN: 2456-3110 ORIGINAL ARTICLE July-Aug 2017 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | July - Aug 2017 | Vol. 2 | Issue 4 67 HPTLC Profiling [10] Table 3: Showing HPTLC profile with mobile phase Toluene: Ethyl acetate (97: 3) Detection under short UV radiation (254 nm) Detection under long UV radiation (366 nm) No of spots Rf No of spots Rf Extract 3 0.18, 0.23, 0.37 8 0.18, 0.23, 0.30, 0.37, 0.48, 0.56, 0.86, 0.95 Visualization [11] Spray the air dried plate with Anisaldehyde Sulphuric acid reagent and the plate was heated at 110°C for 5 min. Rf value and colour of the band were noted. Evaluation [12] A band (Rf- 0.37) corresponding to Costunolide is visible in test solution track. As per quality standards of Indian Medicinal plants Vol-4, this Rf. Value is indicative of presence of Costunolide in this sample. CONCLUSION A band (Rf.- 0.37) corresponding to Costunolide is visible in test solution track. As per standards this Rf. value is indicative of presence of Costunolide in this sample. Analytical and physicochemical profiles for standardization of medicinal plants is need of hour Costunolide can be marker compound for the identification of Kushtha ( Saussurea lappa. – C.B.Clarke.) REFERENCES 1 Jeffrey B. Harborne. Phytochemical Methods: A Guide to Modern Techniques of Plant Analysis, second edition, ISBN-13-9789401089562, p.1 2 Shri Pad Sharma, Atharvaveda Shunaka Samhita, Bharat press, Satar, Mumbai, 1943. 3 Anonymous, Database on medicinal plants used in Ayurveda by CCRAS Dept. of AYUSH, Ministry of Healtlh and Family Welfare, New Delhi, Vol. -7 p.244-264. 4 Anonymous, Database on medicinal plants used in Ayurveda by CCRAS Dept. of AYUSH, Ministry of Healtlh and Family Welfare, New Delhi, Vol. -7 p.244-264. 5 Charaka, Charaka Samhita, Commentry by Shastri K.N. et al., Chaukhamba Vidhyabhavan, Varanasi, 1970. 6 Anonymous, Database on medicinal plants used in Ayurveda by CCRAS Dept. of AYUSH, Ministry of Healtlh and Family Welfare, New Delhi, Vol. -7 p.244-264. 7 Anonymous Ayurvedic Pharmacoepia of India, 1 st edi., Govt. of India, Ministry of Healtlh and Family Welfare, Dept. of Indian Systems of Medicine & Homeopathy, New Delhi. Part – I, New Delhi, 2001. 8 Anonymous Ayurvedic Pharmacoepia of India, 1 st edi., Govt. of India, Ministry of Healtlh and Family Welfare, Dept. of Indian Systems of Medicine & Homeopathy, New Delhi. Part – I, Vol. III, 2001. 9 Kalasz H. and Bathori M. Present status and future perspectives of thin layer chromatography, LC-GC Int., Vol. 10, 1997:p.440-445. 10 Anonymous, Quality standards of Indian medicinal plants, Indian council of Medicinal Research, Delhi, vol- 4, 2006:p.204. 11 Anonymous, Quality standards of Indian medicinal plants, Indian council of Medicinal Research, Delhi, vol- 4, 2006:p.204. 12 Anonymous, Quality standards of Indian medicinal plants, Indian council of Medicinal Research, Delhi, vol- 4, 2006:p.204. ***************************** How to cite this article: Dharmendra P. Jani, Komal D. Jani. Analytical profile of Kushtha (Saussurea lappa) extensively used medicinal plant in Ayurveda system of medicine. J Ayurveda Integr Med Sci 2017;4:63-67. http://dx.doi.org/10.21760/jaims.v 2 i 4.9329 Source of Support: Nil, Conflict of Interest: None declared.

Other Health Sciences Concepts:

[back to top]

Discover the significance of concepts within the article: ‘Analytical profile of Kushtha (Saussurea lappa) extensively used medicinal...’. Further sources in the context of Health Sciences might help you critically compare this page with similair documents:

Vedic ritual, Saussurea lappa, Medicinal plant, Flavonoid, Protein, Vedic literature, Ayurveda system, Authentic text, Biological function, Original article, Organic substance, Loss on drying, Ash value, Acharya Charaka, Qualitative analysis, Thin Layer Chromatography, Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, Chromatographic study, Water-soluble, Analytical profile, Water soluble extract, Methanol soluble extract, Mobile phase, Densitogram, Qualitative test, HPTLC profile, Rf value, Amino acid, Tannin, Chromatographic separation, Chemical structure, Physicochemical profile, Marker compound, Vedic kala, Ferric chloride, Physicochemical Parameter, Morphological character, Ancient Medical Science, Alkaloid, HPTLC profiling, Stationary phase, Lead acetate, Anisaldehyde - Sulphuric Acid reagent, UV radiation, TLC separation, Shinoda test, Phenol, Qualitative method, UV spectrum, Fehling's test, Quality control parameter, Potassium ferricyanide, Molisch test, TLC profile, Carbohydrate, Glycoside, Densitometry, Test solution, Quality standard, Indian medicinal plant, Phyto chemistry, Wagner's reagent, Short UV, Long UV, Methanol soluble, Costunolide, Dragendorff's reagent.