Therapeutic role of vegetables in Respiratory Diseases – A critical review...

[Full title: Therapeutic role of vegetables in Respiratory Diseases – A critical review from Ayurvedic classics.]

[[[ p. 1 ]]]

[[[ p. 2 ]]]

[Find the meaning and references behind the names: Guna, Raghavendra, Sneha, Shweta, Naik, Good]

ISSN: 2456-3110 REVIEW ARTICLE Sep-Oct 2016 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | Sep - Oct 2016 | Vol. 1 | Issue 3 128 Therapeutic role of vegetables in Respiratory Diseases – A critical review from Ayurvedic classics. Raghavendra Naik, Shweta Vekariya 1 , R N Acharya 2 , Sneha D Borkar. 3 1 PhD Scholar, 2 Professor & Head, Dept. of Dravya Guna, IPGT & RA, Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India. 3 Assistant Professor, Dept. of Agada Tantra, Mahatma Jyotiba Fule Medical College of Ayurveda, Chomu, Rajasthan, India. I NTRODUCTION According to Ayurveda, proper nutrition/diet is the basic need of good health and also acts as causative factor for disease as well as preservation and promotion of health [1] It is also said that in both the Address for correspondence: Dr. Raghavendra Naik PhD Scholar, Dept. of Dravya Guna. IPGT & RA, Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India E-mail: ayuraghu@gmail.com Submission Date : 09/10/2016 Accepted Date: 26/10/2016 Access this article online Quick Response Code Website: www.jaims.in DOI: 10.21760/jaims.v 1 i 3.4429 conditions, viz. health and disease, diet is a prime factor to be thought about, as it is told that, without proper diet, the use of any drug is futile [2] Though Ayurveda recognized the importance of a good diet for the prevention of disease, clinical nutrition has emerged only recently as an important discipline in modern medicine [3] In Ayurveda, Pranavaha Srotas is correlated to respiratory system due to similarity in its function [4] General causes of vitiation of Pranavaha Srotas include suppression of natural urges; lifestyle and dietary patterns; seasonal and environmental factors. They produce different symptoms like Kasa (cough), Shvasa (dyspnoea/asthma) , Hikka (hiccup)etc [5] Diet is a modifiable risk factor for the development of respiratory diseases, which appears to be more than an option to prevent and modify the disease. Changes A B S T R A C T The concept of Pathya (wholesome diet) is an unique contribution of Ayurveda, which plays an important role in prevention and management of many diseases . “ Shakavarga” , a category under dietetics in classical texts of Ayurveda enlisted different vegetables with their properties and indications in different disease conditions. These vegetables can be prescribed as Pathya (wholesome diet) in clinical practice. In the present review, plants described under Shakavarga , indicated as Pathya in different diseases related to Pranavaha Srotas (Respiratory system) were compiled from 15 different Ayurvedic classical texts. Critical analysis of the compiled data reveals that out of 332 vegetables described under Shakavarga , 44 are indicated in respiratory disease like Shvasa (Dyspnoea/Asthma), Kasa (Cough), Peenasa (Chronic rhinitis) and Hikka (Hiccup) . Among them, botanical identity of 42 classical plants has been established and maximum number of vegetables belongs to the family cucurbitaceae (10) followed by solanaceae (4). Some of these vegetables have been reported for their various pharmacological activities related to prevention and management of diseases related to Pranavaha Srotas (Respiratory system). These vegetables are reported for their anti-inflammatory (16), antioxidant (14), anti-allergic (6) and antitussive (3) activities. The observed result may be helpful in use of vegetables as Pathya (wholesome diet) and planning further scientific studies about the efficacy of these plants on prevention as well as management of respiratory diseases. Key words: Pathya , Pranavaha Srotas, Shakavarga , Respiratory diseases, Vegetables

[[[ p. 3 ]]]

[Find the meaning and references behind the names: Raja, Priya, Pushpa, Flower]

Raghavendra Naik et. al. Therapeutic role of vegetables in Respiratory Diseases. ISSN: 2456-3110 REVIEW ARTICLE Sep-Oct 2016 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | Sep - Oct 2016 | Vol. 1 | Issue 3 129 in diet over the past few decades have been suggested to contribute to the increased prevalence of obstructive lung diseases, including Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD) [6] Evidence from human studies and experimental investigations have shed new light on the relationship between diet, lung function and COPD development, showing role of certain foods, nutrients and dietary patterns on pulmonary function [7] Some studies also concluded that, high intake of fresh fruit and some vegetables appears to have a beneficial effect on lung health and their consumption should be recommended on a daily basis [8] Ayurveda, being the foremost life science, describes ways to prevent and manage diseases through proper dietary management, explained different vegetables under the group “ Shakavarga ” where the properties and indications of individual Shaka (vegetables) has been explained. Recent literature review suggest that the vegetables recommended in classical texts of Ayurveda are time tested and have potential to prevent or reduce the risk of developing cardio vascular disorders, [9] diabetes [10] and skin diseases [11] and gastrointestinal diseases [12] In the present review, various classical vegetables mentioned as diet in the diseases of Pranavaha Srotas were reviewed along with their reported activities in different respiratory diseases. The review will provide a scientific rationale of using classical vegetables as Pathya in clinical practice. M ATERIALS AND M ETHODS Plants described in Shakavarga , under the category of Patrashaka (Leafy vegetables) , Phalashaka (Fruit vegetables), Mulashaka (Tubers) etc, indicated in combating the diseases of Pranavaha Srotas (respiratory system) were compiled from Charaka Samhita, [13] Sushruta Samhita, [14] Astanga Sangraha, [15] Astanga Hridaya [16] and 11 different Nighantus i.e, Dhanvantari Nighantu, [17] Shodhala Nighantu, [18] Madhava Dravyaguna, [19] Madanapala Nighantu, [20] Kaiyadeva Nighantu, [21] Bhavaprakasha Nighantu, [22] Raja Nighantu, [23] Priya Nighantu, [24] Gunaratnamala, [25] Dravyaguna Sangraha [26] and Dravyaguna Shatasloki [27] Various research journals and books were referred to collect published scientific research data on the role of these vegetables in the prevention and management of respiratory disorders. The collected data are presented in a scientific manner with regards to their part used, botanical identity and reported activities in respiratory disorders. R ESULTS AND DISCUSSION All the Samhitas and majority of Nighantus allotted a separate chapter known as Shakavarga for different vegetables. It is observed that, out of about 324 classical vegetables described under Shakavarga , 44 are indicated in disorders related to respiratory system. Different parts of the plants like leaves (17), fruits (12), Rhizome/tuber (3), flowers (2) are used as vegetable in diseases related to Pranavaha Srotas (Respiratory system). Maximum vegetables are indicated in Shvasa (39) followed by Kasa (36) and Hikka (4).(Table 1) Table 1: Classical vegetables used in common respiratory diseases as mentioned in classical texts of Ayurveda. Indication Patra (leaf) Pushpa (Flower) Phala (fruit) Kanda (tuber) Hikka (hiccup) Kakamachi Devadali, Karkotaki Lashun Kasa (cough) Arkapushpi, Brahmi, Dronapushpi, Ghoti, Gojihva, Guduchi, Kakamachi, Karchari, Kasamarda, Kiratatikta, Kuntali, Loni, Mandukaparni, Patola, Phanji, Saptala, Sateena, Suvarchala, Triparnika, Vasa Agastya Alabu, Brahati, Devadali, Eranda, Kantakari, Karavellaka, Karkotaki, Katutumbi, Koshataki, Patola,Phan phata, Rajakoshat aki, Vrintaka. Kemuka, Soorana Peenasa (chronic rhinitis) Agastya Lashuna Shvasa (dyspnoea /asthma) Arkapushpi, Bakuchi, Brahmi, Chakramarda, Dronapushpi, Guduchi, Gojihva, Brihati, Devadali, Eranda, Kantakari, Karavellaka, Patola, Karkotaki, Kemuka, Soorana

[[[ p. 4 ]]]

[Find the meaning and references behind the names: Rasa, Ham]

Raghavendra Naik et. al. Therapeutic role of vegetables in Respiratory Diseases. ISSN: 2456-3110 REVIEW ARTICLE Sep-Oct 2016 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | Sep - Oct 2016 | Vol. 1 | Issue 3 130 Kakamachi, Kuntali, Kiratatikta, Loni, Mandukaparni, Vasa,Palankya, Patha, Phanji, Punarnava, Saptala, Sateena, Shitivara, Triparnika, Sunnishanaka, Suvarchala, Ghoti. Katutumbi, Koshataki, Phanphata, Rajakoshat aki, Shigru, Vrintaka Among 44 vegetables classically indicated as Pathya (wholesome diet) for different respiratory tract diseases, botanical identity of 42 vegetables have been established and remaining 2 are yet to be identified botanically (Table 2). Maximum vegetables belong to the family cucurbitaceae (10) followed by solanaceae (4). Majority of these vegetables are having Katu-tikta Rasa, Laghu-Ruksha Guna and Ushna Veerya . According to Charaka, the drugs which are useful in diseases of Pranavaha Srotas should possess Ushna, Vatanulomana and Kaphavatahara properties [28] Table 2: Botanical equivalents and properties of classical vegetables used in respiratory disorders. Shaka Vegetable Botanical name / Family Rasa Guna Veerya Vipaka Agastya [14] Sesbania grandiflora Linn. (Fabaceae) T, Ks Sh Sh Kt Alabu [12], [13], [15], [17- 21], [23], [25] Lagenaria vulgaris Ser. (Cucurbitaceae) M G, R Sh M Arkapushpi [ 14] Holostemma rheedianum Spreng. (Asclepiadaceae ) - L - - Bakuchi [13], [14], [16], [21] Psoralea corylifolia Linn. (Papilionaceae) T, Kt L U Kt Brihati [14-16], [19], [26] Solanum indicum Linn. (Solanaceae) Kt, T L - Kt Brahmi [19], [21] Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell (Scrophularacea e) Ks, T, M Sr, L Sh M Chakramar da [13-16], [19], [21-23] Cassia tora Linn. (Caesalpiniacea e) Ks, M, L G, R Sh - Devadali [21] Luffa echinata Roxb. (Cucurbitaceae) T - - - Dronapush pi [13], [14], [16], [18], [21], [22], [25] Leucas cephalotes Spreng. (Labiateae) Kt, L G, R U M Eranda [14], [15] Ricinus communis Linn (Euphorbiaceae) Kt, T, A Sn U - Ghoti [25] - A Sr U - Gojihva [13- 16], [19], [21], [22], [25] Elephantopus scaber Linn. (Compositae) Ks, M, T L Sh M Guduchi [13- 16], [19], [22], [23] Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers (Menispermace ae) Ks, Kt, T L U M Kakamachi [ 13-16], [19], [21], [26] Solanum nigrum Linn. (Solanaceae) Kt, T Sn Sh Kt Kantakari [14],[16],[22],[25 ] Solanum xanthocarpum Schrad. (Solanaceae) T, Kt L, R, U U - Karavellaka [13-22],[25],[26] Momordica charantia Linn. (Cucurbitaceae) T Sh, L - Kt Karchari [14] Cucumis species (Cucurbitaceae) - - - - Karkotaki [13-23],[25] Momordica dioica Roxb. (Cucurbitaceae) M, T - U Kt Kasamarda [14-16], [19- 21],[22],[25], [26] Cassia occidentalis Linn. (Leguminoseae) M, T, Kt L, Sr U Kt Katutumbi [17],[19-21] Lagenaria vulgaris Ser. (Cucurbitaceae) T, Kt Sh Sh Kt Kemuka [13- 16], [22], [24] Costus speciosus (Koeni g) Sm. (Zingiberaceae) T L Sh Kt Kiratatikta [14] Swertia chirata (Buch-Ham) (Gentianaceae) T - - - Koshataki [14-16],[18-20], [24],[27] Luffa acutangula (Linn) Roxb. (Cucurbitaceae) T L, R, Sh - - Kuntali [12],[13],[19] Zanonia indica Linn. (Cucurbitaceae) T, Ks, M, R, Sr Sh Kt Lashuna [12- Allium sativum Linn. M, A L, Sn, G Sr, - Kt

[[[ p. 5 ]]]

Raghavendra Naik et. al. Therapeutic role of vegetables in Respiratory Diseases. ISSN: 2456-3110 REVIEW ARTICLE Sep-Oct 2016 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | Sep - Oct 2016 | Vol. 1 | Issue 3 131 14], [18], [23] (Liliaceae) Kt, T, Ks Tk, Loni [13-16], [18], [20-22], [24], [25] Portulaca oleraceae Linn. (Portulaceae) A, Kt, L G, R Mandukap arni [13- 16],[18] Centella asiatica (Linn)Gaertn. (Umbelliferae) Ks, T, M L Sh Kt Palankya [13-16], [20-26] Spinacia oleracea Linn . (Chenopodiacea e) M G, R, Sr Sh M Patha [13],[15],[19] Cissampelospar eira Linn. ( Menispermace ae) T, Kt L, U U Kt Patola [13- 16],[18-25] Trichosanthes dioica Roxb. (Cucurbitaceae) T, M L, S, U - Kt Phanji [13- 15],[21-23] Rivea hypocrateriform is (Desr.) Choisy (Convolvulaceae ) M, Ks G , R, - - Phanphata [21] - T G, U - Kt Punarnava [13-15], [17], [20], [22], [24-26] Boerhaavia diffusa Linn. (Nyctaginaceae) T, Kt,K s R, Sr U - Rajakoshat aki [19],[21],[22],[25 ] Luffa acutangula Roxb. (Cucurbitaceae) T, M Sh Sh - Saptala [14- 16] Acacia concinna (Willd.) DC. (Mimosaceae) T L - Kt Sateena [13- 15], [18],[23-25] Pisum sativum Linn. (Papilionaceae) T, M L - Kt Shigru [13],[14],[16], [17],[19],[24] Moringa pterygosperma Gaertn. (Moringaceae) Kt - U - Shitivara [20],[22],[25] Celosia argentea Linn. (Amaranthacea e) Kt, T, Lv Sr, R, L Sh M Surana [15],[16],[19],[20 ],[22-26] Amorphophallus campanulatus (Roxb.) Blume ex Decne (Araceae) Kt, Ks R, V, L U - Sunnishana Marsilea minuta M, L, R Sh M ki [13-16], [18], [19], [25], [26] Linn. (Marseliaceae) A, Ks Suvarchala [14-16] Malva rotundifolia Linn. (Malvaceae) M,L v G, R Sh M Triparnika [13-16],[ 25] Uraria logopoides DC. (Papilionaceae)/ Clematis triloba Heyne ex Roth (Ranunculaceae ) M, Lv G, R S M Vasa [13-16],[ 24] Adathoda vasica Nees. (Acanthaceae) Kt, T L Sh Kt Vrintaka [13- 16], [18-27] Solanum melongena Linn. (Solanaceae) M U, L - Kt On critical analysis, it is observed that some of these vegetables have been well studied and proved to be having multi-pharmacological actions related to prevention of diseases related to respiratory tract. Maximum number of vegetables are reported for their Anti-inflammatory activity (16) followed by antioxidant (14), anti-allergic (6) and antitussive activities (3). (Table 3) Table 3: Classical vegetables reported for different pharmacological activities related to prevention of respiratory diseases. Activity Shaka (Vegetables) Total Antiinflammatory Agastya ( S. grandiflora), Brihati (S. indicum), Dronapushpi (L. cephalotes), Kakamachi ( S. nigrum), Karavellaka (M. charantia), Karkotaki (M. dioica), Kasamarda (C. occidentalis), Kebuka (C. speciosus), Kiratatikta (S. chirata), Loni (P. oleracea), Mandukaparni (C. asiatica), Palankya (S. oleracea), Patola (T. dioica), Shigru (M. pterygosperma), Shitivara (C. argentea), Vasa (A. vasica) 16 Antioxidant Brihati (S. indicum Linn.), Chakramarda (C. tora Linn.), Gojihva (L. pinnatifida ), Guduchi ( T. cordifolia), Kakamachi ( S. nigrum Linn.), Karavellaka ( M. charantia), Kiratatikta ( S.chirata ), Koshataki ( L. acutangula), Lashuna ( A. sativum Linn), Loni ( P. oleracea L), Mandukaparni ( C. 14

[[[ p. 6 ]]]

[Find the meaning and references behind the names: Hind]

Raghavendra Naik et. al. Therapeutic role of vegetables in Respiratory Diseases. ISSN: 2456-3110 REVIEW ARTICLE Sep-Oct 2016 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | Sep - Oct 2016 | Vol. 1 | Issue 3 132 asiatica L), Patola ( T. dioica Roxb), Shitivara ( C. argentea L), Vrintaka ( S. melogena L.) Anti-allergic Kakamachi (S. nigrum), Kantakari (S. xanthocarpum), Kasamarda (C. occidentalis), Mandukaparni (C. asiatica), Patola (T. dioica), Vasa (A. vasica) 6 Antitussive Loni (P. oleracea), Sunishannaka ( M. minuta), Vasa (A. vasica) 3 Bronchodilator Loni (P. oleracea) 1 Expectorant Sunishannaka ( M. minuta) 1 Anti-inflammatory Recent research works show that systemic inflammation exists in stable COPD and that this systemic inflammation is related to functional performance [29] Several studies have found that systemic inflammatory markers, such as highsensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and cytokines, are higher in patients with COPD when compared with subjects without COPD, and are related to mortality in COPD patients [30,31] Systemic inflammation is considered a hallmark of COPD and one of the key mechanisms that may be responsible for the increased rate of comorbidities, including and osteoporosis [32] Among the classical vegetables indicated for respiratory diseases 16 are reported for their Anti-inflammatory activity. (Table 4) Table 4: Anti-inflammatory activity of classical vegetables indicated in respiratory diseases. Vegetable Results Agastya (S. grandiflora) The methanol extract of Sesbania grandiflora L. flowers showed significant inhibitory activity against carrageenan and cotton pellet induced inflammatory models [33] Mandukaparni (C. asiatica) Chloroform and methanol extracts of Centella asiatica at 100 and 200 mg doses showed significant antiinflammatory activity in carrageenan induced paw edema of Wistar albino rat [34] Brihati (S. indicum) Methanol extract of S. indicum fruit at the dose of 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg exhibited comparable antiinflammatory activity after 6 hours of treatment on Wistar rats in comparison to the reference drug diclofenac sodium (1 mg/kg) [35] Dronapushpi (L. cephalotes) Alkaloidal fractions of the leaves of L. cephalotes showed significant reduction in inflammation i.e 80 % (100 mg/kg) followed by crude methanol extract i.e. 61 % (100 mg/kg) and aqueous extract i.e. 58 % (100 mg/kg) as compared to standard anti-inflammatory drug aspirin i.e. 68.62% (25 mg/kg) [36] Kakamachi (S.nigrum L.) Methanolic extract of berries of Solanum nigrum Linn. at the dose of 375 mg/kg showed good antiinflammatory activity against carrageenan induced paw edema [37] Karavellaka (M. charantia) Ethanol extract of M. charantia fruit showed 42.10% anti-inflammatory effect at the dose of 500 mg/kg in carrageenan induced paw oedema [38] Karkotaki (M. dioica) Hexane and methanol extracts of Momordica dioica fruit pulp in a dose of 50 and 100 mg/kg exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activities when compared to standard drug [39] Kasamarda (C. occidentalis) Cassia occidentalis leaf powder showed maximum anti-inflammatory activity at the dose of 2000 mg/kg in carrageenan-induced rat paw edema. In cotton pellet granuloma assay, the transudative, exudative and proliferative components of chronic inflammation were suppressed by the test drug [40] Kebuka (C. speciosus) The ethanolic extract of the rhizome of Costus speciosus possesses antiinflammatory property [41] Kiratatikta (S. chirata) Xanthone derivative (1,5-dihydroxy- 3,8 dimethoxy xanthone) of S. chirata at the dose of 50 mg/kg, significantly reduced carrageenan - induced pedal edema (57%) and formalin - induced pedal oedema in rats (58%) [42] Loni (P. oleracea) Petroleum ether extract of Portulaca oleracea exhibited significant antiinflammatory activity in carrageenan induced hind paw oedema [43]

[[[ p. 7 ]]]

[Find the meaning and references behind the names: Amine, Ion]

Raghavendra Naik et. al. Therapeutic role of vegetables in Respiratory Diseases. ISSN: 2456-3110 REVIEW ARTICLE Sep-Oct 2016 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | Sep - Oct 2016 | Vol. 1 | Issue 3 133 Palankya (S. oleracea) The water extract of Spinacia oleracea and its methanolic aqueous fraction at 600 mg/ kg dose showed significant inhibition of inflammation in both acute and chronic antiinflammatory models [44] Patola (T dioica) Methanol extract along with its organic soluble fractions at the dose of 100, 200, 400 mg/kg, exerted a significant and dose dependent inhibition on carrageenan induced rat paw edema compared to control group [45] Shigru (M. pterygosperma Seed infusion of M. pterygosperma at 1000 mg/kg showed significantantiinflammatory effect in carrageenan induced rat paw edema [46] Shitivaraka (C. argentea) Flavonoid fraction from alcoholic extract of C. argentea at the dose of 10 mg/kg exhibited significant dose dependent anti-inflammatory activities in carrageenan induced rat paw edema and cotton pellet induced chronic inflammation [47] Vasa (A. vasica) Vasicine, vasicinone, vasicine acetate, 2-acetyl benzyl amine, vasicinolone present in chloroform fraction of A. vasica leaves showed most potent anti-inflammatory effects at the dose of 20.0 mg/kg after 6 hours in carrageenan induced paw oedema [48] Antioxidants Fruits and vegetables contain high levels of antioxidants including vitamins C and E, carotenoids and flavonoids, which might explain their beneficial effects on respiratory function [49] Protective effects on lung function have also been described for vitamin E, vitamin A, vitamin D, carotenoids and flavonoids, [50, 51,52,53,54,55] thus supporting the antioxidant hypothesis. This article reports antioxidant activity of 14 classical vegetables. (Table 5) Table 5: Antioxidant activity of classical vegetables indicated in respiratory diseases. Vegetable Results Brihati (S. indicum Linn.) In DPPH assay,aqueous extract of S. indicum showed more Ic 50 value than ethanol extract. In β - Carotene assay the ethanol extract possesses more antioxidant activity than water extract [56] Chakramarda (C. tora Linn.) Ethanol extract showed strong antioxidant activities in total antioxidant capacity, DPPH-scavenging activity and ferric ion reducing assay [57] Gojihva (L. pinnatifida) The ethanol extract of leaves exhibited the significant antioxidant activity against DPPH free radical and hydroxyl radical scavenging activities [58] Guduchi (T. cordifolia) Ethyl acetate, methanol, butanol and water extracts of leaves at 250 μ g/ml, showed significant DPPH radical scavenging activity, reducing power, phosphomolybdenum and metal chelating activity [59] Kakamachi (S. nigrum Linn.) Pretreatment with methanol extract of S. nigrum berries at the dose of 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg normalized the decreased levels of antioxidant enzymes and increased mucosal injury [60] Karavellaka (M. charantia) The IC 50 values of alcoholic extract of M. charantia in DPPH and hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging activity was found to be 120.07 ± 0.77μg/ml and 175.78 ± 0.63 μg/ml respectively [61] Kiratatikta (S.chirata) Methanol extract of S. chirata exhibited significant DPPH scavenging activity and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity [62] Koshataki (L. acutangula) Aqueous extract showed effective DPPH radical screening activity, superoxide radical scavenging activity and reducing power assay [63] Lashuna (A. sativum Linn) In nicotine-induced lipid peroxidation, A. sativum oil at the dose of 100 mg/kg showed effective antioxidant activity by reducing oxidative damage in rats [64] Loni (P. oleracea L) Methanol extract has showed significant DPPH radical-scavenging activity, reducing power, nitric oxide radical scavenging assay [65] Mandukaparni (C. asiatica L) Total reducing power and DPPHradical scavenging activity of 50% ethanol extract of C. asiatica were significantly higher when compared to those of the 100% ethanol and water extracts [66]

[[[ p. 8 ]]]

[Find the meaning and references behind the names: Low]

Raghavendra Naik et. al. Therapeutic role of vegetables in Respiratory Diseases. ISSN: 2456-3110 REVIEW ARTICLE Sep-Oct 2016 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | Sep - Oct 2016 | Vol. 1 | Issue 3 134 Patola (T. dioicaRoxb) Methanol extract along with its organic soluble fractions showed concentration dependent DPPH radical-scavenging activity, reducing power, nitric oxide radical scavenging assay [67] Shitivara (C. argentea L) Methanol extracts of C. argentea showed significant DPPH, Nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity [68] Vrintaka (S. melogena L.) IC 50 value of crude and ethyl acetate fractions of S. melogena was found to be 66.745 + 1.008 μg/mL and 58.735 + 1.734μg/mL, respectively in DPPH assay [69] Anti-allergic Various epidemiological studies have identified the causes for an increase in the prevalence of upper and lower respiratory tract allergic diseases [70] Intensive research during the last several decades has highlighted the role of lymphocytes, immunoglobulins, mast cells, and various autacoids in the etiopathogenesis of allergic conditions. Inspite of the voluminous literature on the subject, the treatment of allergic diseases continues to be far from satisfactory. The available treatment options for upper and lower respiratory tract allergic diseases have major limitations owing to low efficacy, associated adverse events and compliance issues [71] Present review reports 6 plants for their anti-allergic activity (Table 6) and hence can be used against various allergic respiratory diseases Table 6: Anti-allergic activity of classical vegetables indicated in respiratory diseases. Vegetable Results Kakamachi (S. nigrum) The petroleum ether extract of S. nigrum at the dose of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg,significantly inhibited clonidine-induced catalepsy, increased leukocyte and eosinophil count due to milk allergen and showed maximum protection against mast cell degranulation by clonidine [72] Kantakari (S.xanthocarpum) Apigenin, a flavonoid isolated from Solanum xanthocarpum, has shown anti allergic effect on ovalbunin induced asthma model by significantly inhibiting allergic airway reactions in mice [73] Karkotaki (M. dioica) Petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, methanol and aqueous extracts of M. dioica (200 mg/kg) were screened for anti-allergic activity in models of milk induced leukocytosis, milk induced eosinophilia and differentia leukocytes count in mice. Methanol extract showed more significant anti-allergic activity as compared to other extracts [74] Kasamarda (C. occidentalis) Ethanol extract of Cassia occidentalis at the dosage of 250 mg/ kg inhibited mast cells degranulation, stabilized HRBC membrane there by alleviating immediate hypersensitivity [75] Mandukaparni (C. asiatica ) Aqueous and alcoholic extracts at the dose of 100 mg/kg showed a better protection of mast cell degranulation induced by sheep serum (76 – 83 %) than the standard drug Ketotifen fumarate (75%) [76] Vasa (A. vasica) The extract containing the alkaloid vascinol and 20% vasicine inhibited ovalbumin-induced allergic reactions by about 37% at a concentration of 5 mg [77] Vasicinone has been proven to be a potent anti-allergen in tests on mice, rats and guinea pigs [78] Anti-tussive Anti-tussive drugs act in the CNS to raise the threshold of the cough centre or act peripherally in the respiratory tract to reduce tussal impulses, or both these actions. They aim to control rather than eliminate the cough [79] The most frequently used antitussive drugs in clinical conditions belong to the group of narcotic analgesics, the antitussive dose is lesser than analgesic dose. Adverse effects like depression of the respiratory center, decreased secretion in the bronchioles and inhibition of ciliary activity, increased sputum viscosity, decreased expectoration, hypotension and constipation acts as limitation to the therapy [80] In the present review, 3 vegetables are found to be reported for their anti-tussive activity. (Table 7)

[[[ p. 9 ]]]

[Find the meaning and references behind the names: Shri, Jaya, Charan, Gupta, Krishna, Hari, Red, Prakashan, Min]

Raghavendra Naik et. al. Therapeutic role of vegetables in Respiratory Diseases. ISSN: 2456-3110 REVIEW ARTICLE Sep-Oct 2016 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | Sep - Oct 2016 | Vol. 1 | Issue 3 135 Table 7: Anti-tussive activity of classical vegetables indicated in respiratory diseases. Vegetable Results Loni (P. oleracea) The antitussive effects of two different concentrations of boiled extract (2.5% w/v and 5% w/v), codeine and saline were tested by counting the number of coughs induced by citric acid aerosol. The results showed significant reduction in cough numbers following the use of both concentrations of the boiled extract compared to saline. In addition there was a significant difference between the cough numbers of the 5% extract with that of codeine [81] Sunishannaka (M. minuta) Methanol, ethyl acetate, and petroleum ether extracts of M. minuta significantly increased mice's cough latent period and inhibited the frequency of cough induced by ammonia and sulfur dioxide. Methanol extract at 500 mg/kg showed 59.5% and 55.8% inhibition in the number of coughing induced by ammonium liquor and SO 2, respectively [82] Vasa (A. vasica) Adhatoda vasica extract showed a good antitussive activity in anaesthetized guinea pigs and rabbits and in unanaesthetized guinea pigs. After oral administration, the antitussive activity was similar to codeine against coughing induced by irritant aerosols [83] Bronchodilators Bronchospasm can induce or aggravate cough. Stimulation of pulmonary receptors can trigger both cough and bronchoconstriction, especially in individuals with bronchial hyperactivity. Bronchodilators can relieve cough in such individuals and improve the effectiveness of cough in clearing secretions by increasing surface velocity of airflow during cough [79] Bronchodilatory activity of methanolic extract of classical vegetable Loni ( Portulaca oleracea) was studied on histamine dihydrochloride induced asthma in guinea pigs. The extract at the dose of 40, 60 and 80 mg/kg, when administered orally, 30 min prior to their exposure to histamine aerosol showed marked but insignificant bronchodilatory activity [84] Expectorants Expectorants are drugs believed to increase bronchial secretions or reduce its viscocity, facilitating its removal by coughing [79] In an experimental study, methanol, ethyl acetate and petroleum ether extracts of classical vegetable Sunishannaka ( Marsilea minuta) were evaluated for expectorant activity by calculating volume of phenol red in mice's tracheas. All the extracts significantly improved tracheal phenol red output in expectorant evaluation. Methanol extract at 500 mg/kg showed superior activity compared to other extracts by exhibiting 89.3% increase in phenol red secretion [85] CONCLUSION The observed results in the present review reports the use of different vegetables in prevention as well as management of diseases of respiratory system. These vegetables mentioned in classical texts of Ayurveda are time tested and have potential to prevent or reduce the risk of developing certain respiratory diseases. Based on many experimental studies it can be suggested that, intake of dietary vegetables might help to prevent many respiratory diseases through different mechanisms. The observed results also give an insight in planning further scientific studies about the efficacy of these plants in respiratory diseases. These vegetable can be cultivated in kitchen garden according to the season of availability to grow healthy, fresh vegetables. REFERENCES 1 Agnivesa, Caraka Samhita, with Ayurveda-Dipika Commentary of Cakrapanidatta by Vaidya Jadavji Trikamji Acharya, Editor. Chowkhamba Surbharati Prakashan, Varanasi, Reprint edition 2009:181. 2 Lolimbaraj. Vaidya jeevanam, Commented by Shri Kalika charan Pandeya and Shri Brahmashankara Shastri: Jaya Krishna Das Hari Das Gupta Press, India. 1947 chapter 1/10. 3 Halsted CH. Clinical nutrition education--relevance and role models. Am J Clin Nutr. 1998 Feb;67(2):192-6. 4 Vaidya Yadavaji Trikamji, Charaka Samhita of Agnivesha with Ayurveda dipika commentary, reprint

[[[ p. 10 ]]]

[Find the meaning and references behind the names: Sri, Vidya, Sharma, Singh, Ram, Aguilar, Torres, Pandey, Pala, Med, Sura, Nirmala, Narayan]

Raghavendra Naik et. al. Therapeutic role of vegetables in Respiratory Diseases. ISSN: 2456-3110 REVIEW ARTICLE Sep-Oct 2016 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | Sep - Oct 2016 | Vol. 1 | Issue 3 136 edition ; Chaukamba Surabharat prakashan Varanasi, 2013:533. 5 P.V.Sharma; Charaka Samhita Vol.I, reprint edition (English); Varanasi, Chaukamba orientalia, 2008:329- 333 6 Osler M, Tjønneland A, Suntum M, Thomsen BL, Stripp C, et al. (2002) Does the association between smoking status and selected healthy foods depend on gender? A population-based study of 54 417 middle-aged Danes. Eur J Clin Nutr 56: 57-63. 7 Toraldo DM, Nuccio FD, Scoditti E (2013) Systemic Inflammation in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: May Diet Play a Therapeutic Role? J Aller Ther S 2: 005. doi:10.4172/2155-6121.S 2-005 8 Romieu I, Nutrition and lung health. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2005 Apr;9(4):362-74. 9 Raghavendra Naik, Sneha D Borkar, R N Acharya, Role of Classical Vegetables of Ayurveda in the Prevention and Management of Cardiovascular Diseases-A Review. Research & Reviews: Journal of Food Science and Technology. 2015; 4(3):1-13 10 Raghavendra Naik, Sneha D Borkar, R N Acharya, Prevention And Management Of Diabetes Mellitus Through Classical Vegetables Of Ayurveda – A Critical Review, J Res Educ Indian Med, Vol. XXI 2015 doi:10.5455/JREIM.82 11 Raghavendra Naik, Sneha D Borkar, R N Acharya, Ayurvedic shaka dravyas (vegetables) and their role in prevention and management of dermatological disorders: a critical review, J of Ayurveda and Hol Med (JAHM).2015;3(6):68-89 12 Raghavendra Naik, Mital Buha, Rabinarayan Acharya, Sneha D Borkar, Role of Vegetables (Shaka Dravyas) in Prevention and Management of Gastro - Intestinal Tract Diseases: A Critical Review, J. res. tradit. medicine | Jul - Aug 2016 | Volume 2 | Issue 4 13 Vaidya Yadavaji Trikamji, Charaka Samhita of Agnivesha with Ayurveda dipika commentary, 2013 edition ; Chaukamba Surabharat Prakashan Varanasi, Sutrasthana 28. 14 Susruta samhita of susruta commented by dalhanacarya and sri gayadasacarya ,edited by vaidya jadavji trikamji acarya and narayan ram acarya ‘kavyatirth’, chowkhamba krishnadas a cademy, Varanasi, reprint,2004:230-236. 15 Ashtanga samgraha, by kaviraj atrideva gupta ,chowkhamba krishnadas academy, Varanasi ,revised 2005:71-75. 16 Acharya Vagbhata, Ashtanga Hridaya, Sutra Sthana 1/20 Brahmananda Tripathi, nirmala Hindi Vyakhya, Chaukhamba Sanskrita Pratishthn, Delhi, 2007:16 17 Dhanvantari Nighantu, Edited by Acharya P V Sharma, chaukhamba orientalia, Varanasi, reprint edition, Chaukhamba Orientalia, Varanasi, reprint edition 2008 18 Shodhal Nighantu, Edited by P V Sharma, Oriental Institute Baroda, 1978. 19 Madhava Dravyaguna, edited by P V Sharma, chaukhamba vidya bhavan , Varanasi, 1 st edition 1973:51-57. 20 Madana pala Nighantu, Edited by Hariprasad Tripathi, Chakhambha Krisnadasa Academy, Varanasi, 1 st edition 2009:167-185. 21 Kaiyadeva nighantu by prof. P V Sharma & Dr. Guruprasda Sharma, Chaukhamba orientalia Varanasi, 2 nd edition 2006:65- 160. 22 Bhavaprakasha nighantu by Sri Bhavamisra, commented by Prof. K C Chunekar, Edited by Lt. Dr G S Pandey, Chaukambha bharati academy Varanasi, Revised and enlarged edition, 2010: 650-690 23 Raja Nighantu of Pandit Narahari, edited by Indradeva Tripathi, Chowkhamba Krisnadasa Academy, Varanasi, 5 th Edition, 2010:190-231 24 Priya nighantu by Prof P V Sharma Chaukhamba sura bharati prakashan Varanasi, Edition 2004:163- 177. 25 Guna Ratnamala, edited by K P Pandey & A N Singh, Chaukambha Sanskrit Bhavan Varanasi, first edition 2006:418-465 26 Dravyaguna sangraha of Chakrapanidatta by vaidya Chandrakant sonare,chaukhamba orientalia, Varanasi, reprint edition 2006:73-106 27 Malabhatta, Dravyagunashatashloki, Shaka varga/39- 49:6-7. 28 Vaidya Yadavaji Trikamji, Charaka Samhita of Agnivesha with Ayurveda dipika commentary, reprint edition ; Chaukamba Surabharat prakashan Varanasi, 2013:539 29 de Torres JP, Cordoba-Lanus E, Lo´pez-Aguilar C, et al. C-reactive protein levels and clinically important

[[[ p. 11 ]]]

[Find the meaning and references behind the names: Ahmed, Alok, Sunil, Anil, Saha, Ravi, Sadique, Thomas, Patil, Jagan, Pinto, Saleem, Santosh, Kumar, Archana, Mark, Abhishek, Badrul, Elango, Satish, Mar, Showkat, Alam, Manohar, Patel, Uddin, Sultana, Verma, Vinay, Nazim, Sofia, Vandana, Chowdhury, Rao, Chandra, Sohan, Mir, Laxmi, April, Jones, Lorena, Hossain, Armando, Jan, Rajkumar]

Raghavendra Naik et. al. Therapeutic role of vegetables in Respiratory Diseases. ISSN: 2456-3110 REVIEW ARTICLE Sep-Oct 2016 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | Sep - Oct 2016 | Vol. 1 | Issue 3 137 predictive outcomes in stable COPD patients. Eur Respir J 2006; 27: 902 – 907. 30 Pinto-Plata VM, Müllerova H, Toso JF, Feudjo-Tepie M, Soriano JB, Vessey RS, Celli BR.Thorax. C-reactive protein in patients with COPD, control smokers and non-smokers. 2006 Jan;61(1):23-8. Epub 2005 Sep 2. 31 Fabbri LM, Rabe KF (2007) From COPD to chronic systemic inflammatory syndrome? Lancet 370: 797- 799. 32 Broekhuizen R, Wouters EF, Creutzberg EC, Schols AM (2006) Raised CRP levels mark metabolic and functional impairment in advanced COPD. Thorax 61: 17-22. 33 Nataraj Loganayaki, N Suganya, S Manian, Evaluation of edible flowers of agathi (S grandiflora L. Fabaceae) for in vivo anti-inflammatory and analgesic, and in vitro antioxidant potential Food Science and Biotechnology, April 2012, Volume 21, Issue 2:509-517 34 Saha S, Guria T, Singha T, Maity TK., Evaluation of Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Chloroform and Methanol Extracts of Centella asiatica Linn. ISRN Pharmacol. 2013 Nov 21;2013:789-613. 35 Prashanta Kr. Deb, Ranjib Ghosh, Raja Chakraverty, Rajkumar Debnath et al., Phytochemical and Pharmacological Evaluation of Fruits of Solanum indicum Linn. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res., Mar – Apr 2014, 25(2) 36 Mathur Abhishek , Gupta Vinay, Verma Satish K.et al,Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Different Fractions of Leucas Cephalotes Leaves Extract, IJCPR Feb – Apr 2011; 2(1);28-32 37 Ravi V, Saleem TSM, Patel SS 1, Raamamurthy J, Gauthaman K, Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Methanolic Extract of Solanum nigrum Linn Berries, International Journal of Applied Research in Natural Products Vol. 2(2):33-36 38 M Ullah, Mir Showkat, Nazim Uddin Ahmed et al., Evaluation of Momordica charantia fruit extract for analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities using in vivo assay, Research journal of medicinal plants 2012:1-9 39 Ilango K, Maharajan G, Narasimhan, S. Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory Activities of Momordica dioica Fruit Pulp. Natural product sciences. 2003, 9(4):210-212. 40 Sadique J, Chandra T, Thenmozhi V, Elango V. Biochemical modes of action of C. occidentalis and Cardiospermum halicacabum in inflammation. J Ethnopharmacol. 1987; 19(2):201-12. 41 K. Binny, Sunil Kumar G, D. Thomas, Journal of Basic and Clinical Pharmacy, 2010. 42 Laxmi Ahirwal, Siddhartha Singh, Vandana Bharti and Archana Mehta, Immunosuppressive Effect Of Swertia chirata Buch Ham. on Swiss Albino Mice, International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 2013; Vol. 4(12): 4763-4768 43 Jagan Rao N, Jayashree T, Mallikarjuna Rao B et al., Evaluation of the anti-nociceptive and antiinflammatory activity of the petroleum ether extract of Portulaca oleracea, Journal of clinical and diagnostic research 6(2);226-230 44 Nagar, Anil; Shukla, Alok Kumar; Bigoniya, Papiya, Antiinflammatory potential of Spinacia oleracea leaf extract., Journal of Natural Pharmaceuticals . Apr 2011, Vol. 2 Issue 2:80-87. 45 M. Badrul Alam, M. Sarowar Hossain, N. Sultana Chowdhury, M. Asadujjaman, Ronok Zahan, Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory and Anti-pyretic Activities of Trichosanthes dioica Roxb. Fruits, Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 2011, Volume: 6, Issue: 5; 440-453 46 Armando Ciiceresa’b, Amarillis Saraviab, Sofia Rizzoa, Lorena Zabalaa, et al.,Pharmacologic properties of Moringa oleifera : Screening for antispasmodic, anti inflammatory and diuretic activity, Journal of Ethnop~rmaco~ogy, 36 (1992) 233-237 47 Santosh.S.Bhujbal, Sohan.S.Chitlange, AnupamaA.Suralkar, Devanand.B.Shinde and Manohar J. Patil Antiinflammatory activity of an isolated flavonoid fraction from Celosia argentea Linn., Journal of Medicinal Plants Research Vol. 2(3):052-054 48 Singh B, Sharma RA. Anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties of pyrroloquinazoline alkaloids from Adhatoda vasica Nees. Phytomedicine. 2013 Mar 15;20(5):441-5 49 McKeever TM, Scrivener S, Broadfield E, Jones Z, Britton J, et al. (2002) Prospective study of diet and decline in lung function in a general population. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 165: 1299-1303. 50 Britton JR, Pavord ID, Richards KA, Knox AJ, et al. (1995) Dietary antioxidant vitamin intake and lung

[[[ p. 12 ]]]

[Find the meaning and references behind the names: Santosh Kumar, Prabhat, Veer, Mohammad, Khan, Kausar, Ganga, Rizwana, Chung, Urmila, Fatima, Hussain, Devi, Manish, Rizwan, Pranav, Shah, Sah, Hasan, Akbar, Kashmir, Prabhu, Helen, Praveen, Grant, Kim, Mijanur, Kromhout, Rahaman, Nusrat, Mallika, Rahman, Mubashir, Satyanarayana, Krishnakumar, Hum]

Raghavendra Naik et. al. Therapeutic role of vegetables in Respiratory Diseases. ISSN: 2456-3110 REVIEW ARTICLE Sep-Oct 2016 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | Sep - Oct 2016 | Vol. 1 | Issue 3 138 function in the general population. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 151: 1383-1387. 51 Grievink L, Smit HA, Ocké MC, van ‘t Veer P, Kromhout D (1998) Dietary intake of antioxidant (pro)-vitamins, respiratory symptoms and pulmonary function: the MORGEN study. Thorax 53: 166-171. 52 Schünemann HJ, Grant BJ, Freudenheim JL, Muti P, Browne RW, et al. (2001) The relation of serum levels of antioxidant vitamins C and E, retinol and carotenoids with pulmonary function in the general population. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 163: 1246-1255. 53 Tabak C, Arts IC, Smit HA, Heederik D, Kromhout D (2001) Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and intake of catechins, flavonols, and flavones: the MORGEN Study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 164: 61-64. 54 Black PN, Scragg R (2005) Relationship between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin d and pulmonary function in the third national health and nutrition examination survey. Chest 128: 3792-3798. 55 Guénégou A, Leynaert B, Pin I, Le Moël G, Zureik M, et al. (2006) Serum carotenoids, vitamins A and E, and 8 year lung function decline in a general population. Thorax 61: 320-326. 56 Rizwan Ul Hasan, Pranav Prabhat, Kausar Shafaat, Rizwana Khan, Phytochemical Investigation And Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity of Fruit of Solanum indicum Linn. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2013, Vol 5, Issue 3, 237-242 57 Prabhu Ashwini,Krishnamoorthy M, Antioxidant Activity Of Ethanolic Extract of Cassia tora L, International Journal of Research in Ayurveda and Pharmacy 2011,2(1), 25-252 58 Santosh Kumar Nagalapur And S. Paramjyothi, In Vitro Antioxidant Activity Of Launaea pinnatifida Cass Leaves, The bioscan 2010, 5 (1) :105 - 108 59 N. Praveen 1, M. Thiruvengadam, H. J. Kim 1, J. K. Praveen Kumar and I. M. Chung, Antioxidant activity of Tinospora cordifolia leaf extracts through nonenzymatic method, Journal of Medicinal Plants Research Vol. 6(33):4790-4795, 60 Mallika Jainu and C.S. Shyamala Devi, Antioxidant Effect Of Methanolic Extract Of Solanum nigrum Berries On Aspirin Induced Gastric Mucosal Injury, Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry, 2004, 19 (1) 57- 61 61 S. Patel , T. Patel , K. Parmar , B. Patel , and P. Patel, Evaluation Of Antioxidant Activity, Phenol And Flavonoid Contents of Momordica charantia Linn. Fruit, ARPB, 2011; Vol 1(2), 120-129 62 Laxmi Ahirwal, Siddhartha Singh, Manish Kumar Dubey, Vandana Bharti and Archana Mehta, Investigation of Antioxidant Potential of Methanolic Extract of Swertia chirata Buch. Ham. European Journal of Medicinal Plants 2014, 4(11): 1345-1355 63 Patel Diti I., Patel Disha I., Shah Vaishali N., Preliminary Phytochemical Screening And Evaluation Of Free Radical Scavenging Activity Of Luffa acutangula Var Amara Fruit, International Journal of Pharmaceutical Erudition, 2012, 2(1), 34-41 64 Helen A, Rajasree CR, Krishnakumar K, Augusti KT, Vijayammal PL. Antioxidant role of oils isolated from garlic ( Allium sativum Linn) and onion ( Allium cepa Linn) on nicotine-induced lipid peroxidation, Vet Hum Toxicol. 1999 Oct;41(5):316-9. 65 Mohammad Akbar Dar and Mubashir Hussain Masoodi, Evaluation of antioxidant activity of Portulaca oleracea Linn. from Kashmir Himalaya, Nat Prod Chem Res 2014, Volume 2, Issue 5, 222 66 Mijanur Rahman, Shahdat Hossain, Asiqur Rahaman, Nusrat Fatima, Taslima Nahar et al., Antioxidant Activity of Centella asiatica (Linn.) Urban: Impact of Extraction Solvent Polarity, Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Vol. 1 No. 6, 27-32 67 M. Badrul Alam, M. Sarowar Hossain, N. Sultana Chowdhury, M. Asadujjaman, Ronok Zahan, Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory and Anti-pyretic Activities of Trichosanthes dioica Roxb. Fruits, Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 2011, Volume: 6, Issue: 5; 440-453 68 G H Urmila, B Ganga Rao, T Satyanarayana Phytochemical And In-Vitro Antioxidant Activity Of Methanolic extract Of Lactuca scariola & Celosia argentea Leaves. Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics, Vol 3, No 4 (2013) 69 Namrata k. Satam, lavu s. Parab, suvarna i. Bhoir, HPTLC Finger Print Analysis And Antioxidant Activity Of Flavonoid Fraction Of Solanum melongena Linn Fruit, International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2013, Vol 5, Issue 3, 734-740

[[[ p. 13 ]]]

[Find the meaning and references behind the names: Lee, George, Sky, Choi, Latha, Taher, Sanjay, Malek, Nirmal, Rang, Farhad, Jun, Mathew, Nil, Sreejith, Joseph, Biplab, Amol, Nilesh]

Raghavendra Naik et. al. Therapeutic role of vegetables in Respiratory Diseases. ISSN: 2456-3110 REVIEW ARTICLE Sep-Oct 2016 Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | Sep - Oct 2016 | Vol. 1 | Issue 3 139 70 Passali D, Lauriello M, Mezzedimi C, Bellussi L. Nasal allergy and atmospheric pollution. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 1999; 49:257-60. 71 Salib RJ, Drake-Lee A, Howarth PH. Allergic rhinitis: past, present and the future. Clin Otolaryngol 2003; 28: 291-303. 72 Nirmal SA, Patel AP, Bhawar SB, Pattan SR. Antihistaminic and antiallergic actions of extracts of Solanum nigrum berries: possible role in the treatment of asthma. J Ethnopharmacol. 2012 Jun 26;142(1):91-7. 73 Choi JR, Lee CM et al apigenin protects ovalbumin induced asthma through the regulation of GATA 3 gene , Inter Immuno (1009)918-924 74 Maharudra S Rakh, Amol N Khedkar, Nilesh N Aghav, Sanjay R Chaudhari, Antiallergic and analgesic activity of Momordica dioica Roxb. Willd fruit seed, Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine (2012)S 192- S 196 75 G.Sreejith, PG Latha et al anti allergic, antiinflammatory and anti-lipid peroxidant effect of Cassia oxidentalis Linn. Indian journal of experimental biology Vol. 48 , May 2010 pp. 494-498 76 Mathew George, Lincy Joseph, and Ramaswamy, Anti- Allergic, Anti-Pruritic, and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Centella Asiatica Extracts Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med. 2009; 6(4): 554 – 559. 77 Paliwa JK, Dwivedi AD, Sihgh S, Gupta RC. Pharmacokinetics and in-situ absorption studies of a new anti-allergic compound 73/602 in rats. Int J Pharm 2000; 197(1-2):213-20. 78 Wagner H. Search for new plant constituents with potential antiphlogistic and antiallergic activity. Planta Med 1989; 55(3):235-41. 79 K D Tripathi, Essentials of Medical pharmacology, Jaypee brothers Medic al publishers pvt Ltd, New Delhi, 6 th edition, 2008:214 80 Rang HP, Dale MM, and Ritter JM. Pharmacology. Churchill Livingstone, New York, 1999 81 Mohammad Taher Boroushaki , Mohammad Hosein Boskabady , Farhad Malek, ,Antitussive effect of Portulaca oleracea L. in guinea pigs, Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research (2004) 3: 187-190 82 Raja Chakraborty, Biplab De, N. Devanna, and Saikat Sen Antitussive, expectorant activity of Marsilea minuta L., an Indian vegetable J Adv Pharm Technol Res. 2013 Jan-Mar; 4(1): 61 – 64. 83 Dhuley JN. Antitussive effect of Adhatoda vasica extract on mechanical or chemical stimulation-induced coughing in animals. J Ethnopharmacol. 1999 Nov 30;67(3):361-5 84 Iyekowa O, Uzama-Avenbuan O, Edema MO, Enadeghe OR and Odaro SI. Antiasthmatic activity of Portulaca oleracea. Linn. Sky Journal of Biochemistry Research . 2012; 1 (1): 1-6. 85 Raja Chakraborty, Biplab De, N. Devanna, and Saikat Sen Antitussive, expectorant activity of Marsilea minuta L., an Indian vegetable J Adv Pharm Technol Res. 2013 Jan-Mar; 4(1): 61 – 64. *********************************** How to cite this article: Raghavendra Naik, Shweta Vekariya, R N Acharya, Sneha D Borkar. Therapeutic role of vegetables in Respiratory Diseases – A critical review from Ayurvedic classics. J Ayurveda Integr Med Sci 2016;3:128-139. http://dx.doi.org/10.21760/jaims.v 1 i 3.4429 Source of Support: Nil, Conflict of Interest: None declared.

Other Health Sciences Concepts:

[back to top]

Discover the significance of concepts within the article: ‘Therapeutic role of vegetables in Respiratory Diseases – A critical review...’. Further sources in the context of Health Sciences might help you critically compare this page with similair documents:

Ayurveda, Sushruta-samhita, Vasa, Mandukaparni, Kantakari, Shakavarga, Charakasamhita, Dhanvantarinighantu, Rajanighantu, Madanapalanighantu, Kaiyadevanighantu, Bhavaprakashanighantu, Ashtangasamgraha, Diet, Good health, Scientific studies, Skin disease, Wholesome diet, Asthma treatment, Tuber, Astanga-Hridaya, Proper nutrition, Leafy vegetable, Respiratory system, Oral administration, Anti-inflammatory activity, Antioxidant activity, Pharmacological activities, Dietary Intake, Clinical Practice, Anti-inflammatory activities, Free radical scavenging, Analgesic activity, Botanical identity, Anti-inflammatory effect, DPPH assay, Classical text, Antioxidant Effect, Anti-allergic activity, Bronchodilator, Shodhala Nighantu, Priya Nighantu, Cardio-vascular disorders, In vitro antioxidant activity, Antioxidant potential, Reducing power, Methanolic extract, Ethanol extract, Methanol extract, Respiratory tract, Allergic Rhinitis, Significant antiinflammatory activity, Clinical Nutrition, Ayurvedic classic, Antiallergic Activity, Respiratory disease, Lower respiratory tract, Allergic disease, Gastrointestinal disease, Antitussive effect, Nasal allergy, Anti-pyretic activities, Lung function, Mast cell degranulation, Antiasthmatic activity, Hydroxyl radical, Anti allergic effect, Flavonoid fraction, Antioxidant vitamin, Life science, Obstructive Lung Disease, Pharmacokinetics Studies, Antitussive activity, Extracts of leaves, Anti-allergic, Phenol red, Upper and lower, Antioxidant activity of, Lung function decline.