Vision-Enhancing Herbs from ancient Ayurveda text Bhava Prakash Nighantu

[Full title: Vision-Enhancing Herbs from ancient Ayurveda text Bhava Prakash Nighantu: Scientific Appraisal on Natural Ocular Health Solutions]

© 2025 Sushant Maksane and Kapil Mehar . This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0). ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ) REVIEW ARTICLE Vision-Enhancing Herbs from ancient Ayurveda text Bhava Prakash Nighantu: Scientific Appraisal on Natural Ocular Health Solutions Sushant Maksane 1 * , Kapil Mehar 2 1 Professor, Department of Dravyaguna Vigyan, Mandsaur Institute of Ayurved Education and Research, Mandsaur University, Mandsaur, Madhya Pradesh, India 2 Assistant Professor, Department of Shalakya Tantra, Mandsaur Institute of Ayurved Education and Research, Mandsaur University, Mandsaur, Madhya Pradesh, India ABSTRACT Ayurveda, the ancient science of life, holds a vast repository of medicinal knowledge, meticulously documented in classical texts such as Bhava Prakasha Nighantu. Among the numerous therapeutic categories described in this compendium, Chakshushya dravyas (ocular therapeutics) form a pivotal group, specifically targeting the prevention and management of ocular disorders. With the increasing prevalence of visual impairments caused by aging, environmental stress, and lifestyle factors, these time-tested remedies offer valuable insights into holistic ocular care. This review explores the extensive list of Chakshushya dravyas classified in Bhava Prakasha Nighantu, which includes herbs, minerals, animal-derived substances, and other formulations traditionally recommended for maintaining eye health. The plant-based remedies, categorized under Haritakyaadi , Karpooradi , Guduchyaadi , and Pushpa Vargas ; exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory; and rejuvenate properties, aiding in the prevention of oxidative stress-induced ocular degeneration and infections. Mineral-based substances from the Dhaatu Varga , such as Suvarna (Gold) and Yashada (Zinc), are noted for their contributions to retinal health and tissue repair. Animalderived products, including milk ( Dugdha Varga ) and ghee ( Ghrita Varga ), are revered for their nourishing and lubricating properties, effective in conditions like dry eye syndrome. In addition, formulations such as medicated oils ( Taila Varga ) and honey ( Madhu Varga ) are extensively utilized in traditional ocular therapies, including Anjana and Tarpana . While these remedies have been extensively employed in traditional medicine, modern pharmacological studies validate their efficacy. This integration of traditional wisdom with contemporary evidence highlights the relevance of Chakshushya dravyas in addressing the global burden of ocular diseases. However, further clinical trials and pharmacological investigations are imperative to standardize these remedies for broader applications 1. INTRODUCTION The eye, an intricate sensory organ, is essential for human interaction with the external world. In today’s era, ocular health faces challenges from lifestyle changes, environmental pollution, and extensive digital screen exposure, collectively termed “digital eye strain.” [1] Modern ophthalmology offers advanced diagnostic and therapeutic solutions, yet there is growing interest in integrative approaches to optimize ocular health [2] Ayurveda, the traditional Indian medical system, offers a wealth of knowledge, including the concept of Chakshushya dravyas – Corresponding Author: Sushant Maksane, Professor, Department of Dravyaguna Vigyan, Mandsaur Institute of Ayurved Education and Research, Mandsaur University, Mandsaur, Madhya Pradesh – 458001 India. Email: dr.sushant.maksane@gmail.com herbal drugs known for their eye-protective properties [3] Bhava Prakasha Nighantu, a 16 th -century Ayurvedic pharmacological text by Bhavamishra, highlights numerous Chakshushya dravyas for preserving vision, treating ocular disorders, and addressing age-related degeneration [4] Herbs such as Triphala ( Terminalia chebula, Terminalia bellirica, Emblica officinalis ), Yashtimadhu ( Glycyrrhiza glabra ), and Amalaki ( Phyllanthus emblica ) contain bioactive compounds with antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects [5] Modern research corroborates their potential in combating oxidative stress, a major factor in cataracts, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, and macular degeneration. For example, Amalaki , a rich source of Vitamin C, scavenges free radicals, protecting the lens and retina, while G. glabra ’s flavonoids exhibit anti-inflammatory properties beneficial for uveitis and other inflammatory eye conditions. Advances in International Research Journal of Ayurveda & Yoga Vol. 8(1), pp. 28-35, February, 2025 Available online at http://irjay.com ISSN: 2581-785 X DOI: 10.48165/IRJAY.2025.80206 ARTICLE INFO Article history: Received on: 07-01-2025 Accepted on: 14-02-2025 Published on: 28-02-2025 Key words : Bhava Prakasha Nighantu, Chakshushya dravyas, Ocular Health, Ocular Therapeutics, Retinal Health, Traditional medicine, Triphala

Maksane and Mehar: Vision-Enhancing herbs from ancient Ayurveda text Bhava Prakash 2025; 8(2):28-35 29 pharmaceutical technology, such as phytosome-based delivery systems and nanocarriers, enhance the bioavailability of these herbal actives, enabling targeted delivery to ocular tissues [6] This integration of traditional wisdom with cutting-edge technology offers a promising framework for addressing the global burden of ocular disorders. Unlike conventional therapies targeting specific disease mechanisms, Chakshushya dravyas adopt a holistic approach by balancing Doshas (bio-elements) and strengthening Dhatus (tissues), promoting overall ocular resilience. This aligns with modern preventive medicine, emphasizing wellness alongside disease management. This article seeks to evaluate the therapeutic potential of Chakshushya dravyas in Bhava Prakasha Nighantu, exploring their pharmacological mechanisms and relevance in modern ophthalmology. Bridging traditional Ayurvedic insights with contemporary research underscores the significance of integrative approaches in managing ocular health challenges globally 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS This review is based on the detailed descriptions of Chakshushya dravyas provided in Bhava Prakasha Nighantu. The primary text was studied, and its listings were classified into therapeutic categories. Literature from modern pharmacological studies was reviewed to correlate the tradition 3. RESULTS 3.1. Plant-Based Chakshushya dravyas 3.1.1. Haritakyaadi Varga This group comprises 15 botanicals such as Abhaya ( T. chebula ), Bibhitaka ( T. bellirica ), and Triphala , which are renowned for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Triphala is extensively studied for its role in preventing oxidative stress-related ocular degeneration and supporting retinal health. Ajmoda ( Trachyspermum ammi ) and Jeeraka ( Cuminum cyminum ) possess antimicrobial properties, making them effective against infections. Lodhra ( Symplocos racemosa ) and Rasanjana (a preparation of Berberis aristata ) are known for their wound-healing and soothing effects on irritated eyes. Such a diverse range of actions highlights their collective potential in managing ocular conditions such as conjunctivitis and dryness [Table 1] 3.1.2. Karpooradi Varga Substances such as Karpoora ( Cinnamomum camphora ), Rakta Chandana ( Pterocarpus santalinus ), and Lavanga ( Syzygium aromaticum ) are highlighted for their cooling and anti-inflammatory effects, making them useful in soothing ocular inflammations and reducing irritation caused by environmental factors. Karpoora also shows antimicrobial and analgesic properties, supporting its use in eye disorders with inflammatory components [Table 2] 3.1.3. Guduchyaadi Varga This group features rejuvenate herbs such as Guduchi ( Tinospora cordifolia ), Shatavari ( Asparagus racemosus ), and Jivanti ( Leptadenia reticulata ). Guduchi ’s adaptogenic and immunemodulatory effects are significant in chronic ocular conditions such as diabetic retinopathy. Shatavari and Bhringaraja ( Eclipta alba ) are nourishing and rejuvenating, aiding in the prevention of degenerative ocular diseases and dryness-related conditions [Table 3] 3.1.4. Pushpa Varga Swarna Jaatika ( Jasminum auriculatum ) and Yuthika ( Jasminum sambac ) are known for their astringent and anti-inflammatory properties. Their soothing effects are beneficial in managing eye strain and mild inflammations. This group’s inclusion reflects the Ayurvedic emphasis on harnessing floral extracts for ocular health [Table 4] 3.1.5. Phala Varga The Phala Varga in Bhava Prakasha Nighantu highlights fruits with therapeutic potential for promoting and preserving ocular health. Among these, Kataka ( Strychnos potatorum ) and Draksha ( Vitis vinifera ) are explicitly described as beneficial for the eyes ( Netryam and Chakshusya ), signifying their importance in maintaining vision and treating ocular disorders [Table 5] 3.1.6. Dhanya Varga The Dhanya Varga highlights plant-based foods for systemic and ocular health. Rakta Shaali (red rice) is nourishing ( Balya ), cooling ( Sheeta ), and easy to digest ( Laghu ), with Chakshushya (eye-enhancing) properties that support vision through nutrients such as anthocyanins, iron, zinc, and B vitamins. Mudga (green gram), being light ( Laghu ) and cooling ( Sheeta ), strengthens and nourishes the eyes ( Netrya ), reduces inflammation, and prevents dryness. Rich in proteins, folate, magnesium, lutein, and zeaxanthin, these staples offer a practical, natural approach to promoting eye health [Table 6] 3.1.7. Shaaka Varga The Shaaka Varga emphasizes plant-based remedies for ocular health, as detailed in Bhava Prakasha Nighantu. Brihat Loni ( Portulaca quadrifida Linn.) is known for its soothing and anti-inflammatory properties, aiding in managing Lochana roga (eye diseases). Madhu Shigru Pushpa improves visual clarity, nourishes ( Ropanam ), and pacifies Kapha and Pitta doshas , making it beneficial for dryness and irritation. Laghu Mulakam ( Raphanus sativus Linn.) is light ( Laghu ) and pungent ( Katu ), helping to clear obstructions and alleviate chronic ocular conditions such as tearing and swelling. Kaseru ( Scirpus kysoor Roxb.), with its cooling and astringent ( Kashaya rasa ) properties, calms aggravated Pitta and Kapha doshas , making it effective for inflammatory and infective eye conditions. [Table 7] 3.1.8. Kritaanna Varga Masha Purikaa , Mudga Modaka , and Yava Saktava emphasize the importance of dietary interventions in maintaining and improving ocular health. Yava (barley) is considered light ( Laghu ), cooling ( Sheeta ), and detoxifying ( Shodhana ). Yava Saktava , made from barley flour, is known for its ability to balance all three Doshas , especially Kapha , and cleanse bodily channels ( Srotoshodhana ). Its role in ocular health includes reducing congestion, clearing obstructions in the ocular vessels, and enhancing visual acuity [Table 8] 3.2. Mineral-Based Chakshushya dravyas 3.2.1. Dhaatu Varga This category includes metals and minerals such as Suvarna (Gold), Yashada (Zinc), Lauha (Iron), and Tutham (Copper sulfate). These substances are traditionally processed to render them safe for therapeutic use. Zinc and iron are integral to retinal health, aiding in the prevention of conditions such as night blindness and age-related macular degeneration. Suvarna and Lauha are believed to strengthen the ocular tissues and improve overall vision, reflecting Ayurveda’s holistic approach to maintaining eye health [Table 9].

Maksane and Mehar: Vision-Enhancing herbs from ancient Ayurveda text Bhava Prakash 2025; 8(2):28-35 30 3.3. Animal-Derived Substances 3.3.1. Mamsa Varga The Mamsa Varga (meat category) described in Bhava Prakasha Nighantu lists specific animal-based products with significant ocular benefits ( Chakshushya properties). Although not commonly emphasized in contemporary Ayurveda practice, these substances reflect the ancient Ayurvedic approach to addressing ocular health through diverse therapeutic means. Vana Kukkuta is described as nourishing ( Balya ) and light ( Laghu ), with properties that enhance overall physical strength and vitality. Wild poultry meat is a rich source of high-quality protein, essential amino acids, and micronutrients such as zinc and iron. Horse meat is regarded as light ( Laghu ) and heat-producing ( Ushna ). Its ability to nourish and improve strength aligns with its classification as Chakshushya . Although not commonly consumed in most cultures today, horse meat is a rich source of heme iron, essential fatty acids, and bioavailable proteins. Matsya , particularly those from freshwater streams ( Nirjharaja ), are considered Drik Kara – agents that improve vision. Fish is light ( Laghu ), unctuous ( Snigdha ), and nourishing, making it beneficial for the eyes. Freshwater fish is a rich source of essential fatty acids (particularly Omega-3 s), proteins, and fat-soluble vitamins such as Vitamins A and D [Table 10] 3.3.2. Dugdha Varga Milk from various sources (cow, goat, and elephant) is described as nourishing and cooling for the eyes. Cow’s milk, for example, is rich in essential nutrients that help soothe inflamed eyes and combat dryness [Table 11] 3.3.3. Ghrita Varga Ghee, especially Gavya Ghrita (cow ghee), is lauded for its lubricating and nourishing effects. It is a key ingredient in therapies like Tarpana (therapeutic oleation) and is effective in managing dryness, reducing inflammation, and improving ocular strength [Table 12] 3.3.4. Navanita Varga Navnita , derived from cow’s milk, is traditionally recognized for its cooling ( Sheetala ), unctuous ( Snigdha ), and rejuvenating ( Rasayana ) properties. Ayurveda regards it as a natural remedy for alleviating Pitta and Vata imbalances, which are often implicated in ocular disorders such as inflammation, dryness, and degeneration. Butter is rich in fatsoluble vitamins such as Vitamin E and D, which act as antioxidants and protect ocular tissues from oxidative stress. Oxidative stress is a key factor in the development of cataracts, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), and diabetic retinopathy 3.3.5. Mutra Varga Gomutra (cow urine) is traditionally believed to possess antiinflammatory and detoxifying properties. Although its application in ocular disorders is limited and controversial, it highlights Ayurveda’s experimental and holistic outlook on medicine 3.4. Other Substances 3.4.1. Taila Varga Til taila abhyanga, medicated oils, such as those prepared with Triphala or Yashtimadhu , are used in external therapies like Anjana (collyrium) to alleviate dryness, redness, and infections. These oils help restore ocular lubrication and maintain tear film integrity 3.4.2. Madhu Varga Honey’s antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties are widely recognized. It is used in combination with other substances as a natural remedy for eye infections and for enhancing the absorption of medicinal preparations in the conjunctiva [Table 13] 3.4.3. Ikshu Varga Khanda , as described in the Ikshu Varga of Bhava Prakasha Nighantu, holds significant potential as an ocular therapeutic agent. Its dual role as a nutritional and hydrating substance aligns with its classification as Chakshusya . Sugar-based solutions could be explored for their potential in hydrating and soothing the ocular surface, particularly in conditions like dry eye syndrome 4. DISCUSSION Ocular health is an essential aspect of overall well-being. The rise in visual disorders due to lifestyle changes, digital strain, and aging underscores the need for effective preventive and therapeutic measures [7] Bhava Prakasha Nighantu, a classical Ayurvedic text, highlights numerous Chakshushya dravyas that are claimed to possess beneficial effects on vision and eye health. These remedies are categorized based on their therapeutic properties and sources, including plant-based, mineral-based, and animal-derived substances. This review systematically examines the Chakshushya dravyas , emphasizing their relevance in contemporary ophthalmic care. In recent decades, the rising incidence of ocular disorders, such as cataracts, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, and AMD, has necessitated the exploration of integrative approaches for prevention and management [8] Bhava Prakasha Nighantu, an authoritative Ayurvedic text, offers a detailed classification of Chakshushya dravyas – natural substances beneficial for eye health. The pharmacological effects of Chakshushya dravyas have been partially validated by modern research. For instance, Triphala demonstrates potent antioxidant activity, protecting against cataract formation and retinal damage [9] Guduchi and Shatavari have shown to possess adaptogenic and neuroprotective properties, useful in managing diabetic retinopathy [10] Rakta Chandana exhibits anti-inflammatory effects, corroborating its traditional use for soothing eye inflammations. Zinc and iron supplementation is essential for retinal function and preventing degenerative diseases [11] The Haritakyadi Varga of Bhava Prakasha lists potent herbs like Triphala (a combination of T. chebula, T. bellirica, and P. emblica ), which are widely studied for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties [12] Modern studies confirm that Triphala ’s rich polyphenol and flavonoid content scavenges reactive oxygen species (ROS), reducing oxidative stress – a key factor in cataracts and retinal degeneration. Triphala has also demonstrated protective effects on corneal endothelial cells and retinal ganglion cells in experimental studies [13] Guduchi ( T. cordifolia ), a prominent herb in the Guduchyaadi Varga , exhibits immune-modulatory and anti-inflammatory effects, supported by its content of alkaloids and terpenoids. It has been shown to mitigate retinal damage caused by hyperglycemia, making it a promising candidate for managing diabetic retinopathy [14] Similarly, Shatavari ( A. racemosus ), with its saponins, aids in ocular hydration and prevents dryness, aligning with its Ayurvedic role in preventing conditions like dry eye syndrome. The Dhaatu Varga highlights substances such as Suvarna (Gold) and Yashada (Zinc) [11] Processed gold formulations, such as Swarna Bhasma , are traditionally credited with enhancing vision by rejuvenating ocular tissues. Modern research indicates that gold nanoparticles exhibit anti-inflammatory properties, potentially useful in retinal diseases [15] Zinc, an essential micronutrient, is scientifically proven to support photoreceptor function and protect against oxidative damage in the retina [16] Clinical studies have validated zinc supplementation in delaying the progression of AMD.

Maksane and Mehar: Vision-Enhancing herbs from ancient Ayurveda text Bhava Prakash 2025; 8(2):28-35 31 The Dugdha Varga (milk) and Ghrita Varga (ghee) are emphasized for their nourishing properties. Ghee, especially medicated with Triphala , is used in Tarpana therapy, a traditional oleation procedure for treating dryness and inflammation. Modern research on cow ghee indicates its lipid profile can strengthen the tear film and reduce ocular surface inflammation, making it relevant for dry eye syndrome [17] Madhu (honey) is extensively used in Ayurvedic eye therapies for its antimicrobial and wound-healing properties. Scientific studies corroborate its efficacy in treating bacterial conjunctivitis and enhancing corneal healing post-injury [18] Taila Varga (medicated oils) finds application in external therapies such as Netra abhyanga (ocular massage), Murdhni taila (overhead oleation), and Nasya (nasal errhine therapy), alleviating morbid Doshas and strengthening ocular tissues [19] Free radicals are implicated in major ocular disorders such as cataracts and AMD. Antioxidants in Triphala , Amalaki , and Guduchi combat oxidative stress by neutralizing ROS. Herbal compounds like curcuminoids in Haridra ( Curcuma longa ) and berberine in Daruharidra ( Berberis aristata ) modulate proinflammatory pathways (NF- κ B), reducing ocular inflammation. Zinc and Vitamin C, present in Yashada Bhasma and Amalaki , respectively, support retinal health and collagen integrity 5. CONCLUSION The Chakshushya dravyas detailed in Bhava Prakasha Nighantu exemplify the synergy of Ayurvedic wisdom and modern science in ocular health management. Herbs such as Triphala , Yashtimadhu , and Amalaki possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties, demonstrating efficacy in conditions such as cataracts, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, and dry eye syndrome. Modern advancements, including nanotechnology and phytosomal formulations, have enhanced their bioavailability and therapeutic impact. These herbal formulations align with Ayurveda’s holistic approach, addressing Dosha balance and nourishing ocular tissues, thereby supporting both prevention and management of ocular diseases. Their relevance is increasingly recognized in addressing oxidative stress and age-related visual impairments. In conclusion, Chakshushya dravyas present significant potential for integrative ocular healthcare. While their traditional benefits are well-documented, rigorous clinical studies are required to validate their safety, efficacy, and role in evidencebased modern medicine, paving the way for innovative therapeutic applications 6. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS None 7. AUTHORS’ CONTRIBUTIONS All the authors contributed equally in design and execution of the article 8. FUNDING Nil 9. ETHICAL APPROVALS This study is not required ethical clearance as it is a review study 10. CONFLICTS OF INTEREST Nil 11. DATA AVAILABILITY This is an original manuscript and all data are available for only review purposes from principal investigators 12. PUBLISHERS NOTE This journal remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published institutional affiliation REFERENCES 1. Kaur K, Gurnani B, Nayak S, Deori N, Kaur S, Jethani J, et al . Digital eye straina comprehensive review. Ophthalmol Ther. 2022;11(5):1655-80 2. Burton MJ, Ramke J, Marques AP, Bourne RR, Congdon N, Jones I, et al . 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Maksane and Mehar: Vision-Enhancing herbs from ancient Ayurveda text Bhava Prakash 2025; 8(2):28-35 32 eye syndrome: An open labelled randomized comparative clinical trial. Ayu. 2020;41(1):52-7 17. Abd Rashid N, Mohammed SN, Syed Abd Halim SA, Ghafar NA, Abdul Jalil NA. Therapeutic potential of honey and propolis on ocular disease. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2022;15(11):1419 18. Mehar K, Goswami A, Tripathi A, Bavalatti N, Rajagopala N. Ayurveda approach to a rare case of Alport syndrome: A case report. J Indian Syst Med. 2024;12:48-52 19. Balakrishna A, Kumar MH. Evaluation of synergetic anticancer How to cite this article: Maksane S, Mehar K. Vision-Enhancing Herbs from ancient Ayurveda text Bhava Prakash Nighantu : Scientific Appraisal on Natural Ocular Health Solutions. IRJAY. [online] 2025;8(2);28-35 Available from : https://irjay.com DOI link- https://doi.org/10.48165/IRJAY.2025.80206 activity of berberine and curcumin on different models of A 549, Hep-G 2, MCF-7, Jurkat, and K 562 cell lines. Biomed Res Int. 2015;2015:354614.

Maksane and Mehar: Vision-Enhancing herbs from ancient Ayurveda text Bhava Prakash 2025; 8(2):28-35 33 Table 1: Chakshushya dravya in haritakyaadi varga S. No. Dravya Botanical name Indication Reference 1 Abhaya Terminalia chebula Retz Akshi roge B. P. Ni. 1/20 2 Bibhitaka Terminalia bellirica Roxb Netra hitam B. P. Ni. 1/37 3 Triphala Three myrobalan Chakshushyam B. P. Ni. 1/43 4 Ajmoda Apium graveolens Linn Netra aamay haret B. P. Ni. 1/71 5 Jeeraka Cuminum cyminum Linn Chakshushya B. P. Ni. 1/85 6 Shatapushpa Anethum sowa Kurz Akshi roga nut B. P. Ni. 1/91 7 Tumbaru phala Zanthoxylum alatum Akshi roga nashayet B. P. Ni. 1/115 8 Samudraphena Sepia officinalis Chakshushya B. P. Ni. 1/119 9 Yashtimadhu Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn Chakshushya B. P. Ni. 1/146 10 Manjishtha Rubia cordifolia Linn Akshi roge B. P. Ni. 1/191 11 Daruharidra Berberis aristata DC Netra roga nut B. P. Ni. 1/202 12 Rasanjana Berberis aristata DC Netra vikara nut B. P. Ni. 1/204 13 Lodhra Symplocos racemosa Roxb Chakshushya B. P. Ni. 1/216 14 Rason Allium sativum Linn Netrya B. P. Ni. 1/222 15 Saindhava Sodii chloridum Netryam B. P. Ni. 1/241 Table 2: Chakshushya dravya in Karpooradi Varga S. No. Dravya Botanical name Indication Reference 1 Karpoora Dryobalanops camphora Colebr Chakshushya B. P. Ni. 2/2 2 Latakasturi Hibiscus abelmoscheus Linn Chakshushya B. P. Ni. 2/9 3 Gandha Maarjara Viverra zibetha Linn Netryam B. P. Ni. 2/10 4 Rakta Chandana Pterocarpus santalinus Linn. f Netra hutam B. P. Ni. 2/17 5 Aguru Aquilaria agallocha Roxb Akshi rogaghna B. P. Ni. 2/22 6 Saral dhoopa Pinus longifolia Roxb Akshi roga hara B. P. Ni. 2/27 7 Tagara (Pinda) Valeriana wallichii DC Akshi roge B. P. Ni. 2/29 8 Saral niryasa Oleo resin of Pinus longifolia Roxb . Akshi roge B. P. Ni. 2/47 9 Lavanga Syzygium aromaticus Linn. Merr. & L. M. Perry Netra hitam B. P. Ni. 2/58 10 Nalika Controversial drug Chakshushya B. P. Ni. 2/130 11 Prapaundarika Controversial drug Chakshushya B. P. Ni. 2/131 Table 3: Chakshushya dravya in Guduchyaadi Varga S. No. Dravya Botanical name Indication Reference 1 Jivanti Leptadenia reticulata W. & A Chakshushya B. P. Ni. 3/51 2 Mudgaparni Phaseolus trilobus Ait Chakshushya B. P. Ni. 3/54 3 Karvira Nerium odorum Soland Netrakopa apaham B. P. Ni. 3/83 4 Nimba patra Azadirachta indica A. Juss Netryam B. P. Ni. 3/95 5 Shigru beeja Moringa pterygosperma Gaertn Chakshushya B. P. Ni. 3/110 6 Nirgundi (Shveta pushpi) Vitex negundo Linn Netra hitam B. P. Ni. 3/114 7 Gunja Abrus precatorius Linn Netraamayahara B. P. Ni. 3/127 8 Shatavari Asparagus racemosus Willd Netrya B. P. Ni. 3/186 9 Asthisanhaara Vitis quandrangularis Wall Akshiroga nut B. P. Ni. 3/227 10 Kumari Aloe barbadensis Mill Netrya B. P. Ni. 3/229 11 Bhringaraja Eclipta alba Hassk Netra arti nut B. P. Ni. 3/241 12 Kaakamaachi Solanum nigrum Linn Netra hitam B. P. Ni. 3/247 13 Meshashringi Dolichandrone falcata Seem. Akshi shula nut B. P. Ni. 3/254 14 Aakashvalli Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. Akshi amayapaha B. P. Ni. 3/259 15 Jala pippali Phyla nodiflora (Linn.) Greene Chakshushya B. P. Ni. 3/295

Maksane and Mehar: Vision-Enhancing herbs from ancient Ayurveda text Bhava Prakash 2025; 8(2):28-35 34 Table 4: Chakshushya dravya in Pushpai Varga S. No. Dravya Botanical name Indication Reference 1 Swarna Jaatika Jasminum grandiflorum Linn Akshi arti nut B. P. Ni. 4/28 2 Yuthika Jasminum auriculatum Vahl Akshirogapaham B. P. Ni. 4/30 3 Swarna Ketaki Pandanus odoratissimus Roxb Chakshushya B. P. Ni. 4/43 Table 5: Chakshushya dravya in Phala Varga S. No. Dravya Botanical name Indication Reference 1 Kataka Strychnos potatorum Linn Netryam B. P. Ni. 6/108 2 Draksha Vitis vinifera Linn Chakshushya B. P. Ni. 6/110 Table 6: Chakshushya dravya in Dhanya Varga S. No. Dravya Botanical Name Indication Reference 1 Rakta shaali Oryza sativa Linn . Chakshushya B. P. Ni. 9/15 2 Mudga Phaseolus radiatus Linn . Netrya B. P. Ni. 9/38 Table 7: Chakshushya dravya in Shaaka Varga S. No. Dravya Botanical Name Indication Reference 1 Brihat Loni Portulaca quadrifida Linn. Lochana roge B. P. Ni. 10/22 2 Madhu Shigru Pushpa Akshi hitam B. P. Ni. 10/50 3 Laghu Mulakam Raphanus sativus Linn. Nayanaamaya naashanam B. P. Ni. 10/102 4 Kaseru Scirpus kysoor Roxb. Nayanaamaya naashanam B. P. Ni. 10/113 Table 8: Chakshushya dravya in Kritaanna Varga S. No. Dravya Indication Reference 1 Masha Purikaa (Ghrita pakva) Chakshushya B. P. Ni. 12/50 2 Mudga modaka Chakshushya B. P. Ni. 12/130 3 Yava saktava Netraamayapaha B. P. Ni. 12/168 Table 9: Chakshushya dravya in Dhaatu Varga S. No. Dravya Latin/English name Indication Reference 1 Suvarna Aurum Netryam B. P. Ni. 8/11 2 Ranga/Vanga Stannum Chakshushya B. P. Ni. 8/31 3 Yashada Zincum Chakshushya B. P. Ni. 8/33 4 Lauha Ferrum Chakshushya B. P. Ni. 8/41 5 Suvarna Maakshika Copper pyrite Chakshushya B. P. Ni. 8/60 6 Taara Maakshika Iron pyrite Chakshushya B. P. Ni. 8/64 7 Tutham Copper sulfate Chakshushya B. P. Ni. 8/68 8 Kaansyam Bell metal Netra hitam B. P. Ni. 8/71

Maksane and Mehar: Vision-Enhancing herbs from ancient Ayurveda text Bhava Prakash 2025; 8(2):28-35 35 Table 10: Chakshushya dravya in Mamsa Varga S. No. Dravya Latin/English Name Indication Reference 1 Vana Kukkuta Wild poultry meat Chakshushya B. P. Ni. 11/63 2 Ashwa Horse meat Chakshushya B. P. Ni. 11/87 3 Matsya (Nirjharaja) Freshwater fish Drik kara B. P. Ni. 11/128 Table 11: Chakshushya dravya in Dugdha Varga S. No. Dravya Latin/ English Name Indication Reference 1 Hastini dugdha Elephant milk Chakshushya B. P. Ni. 13/22 2 Naari dugdha (Nasya & Ashchyotana) Human milk Chakshu shulaghna B. P. Ni. 13/23 3 Ratrau Milk at bed time Chakshu hitam B. P. Ni. 13/39 Table 12: Chakshushya dravya in Ghrita Varga S. No. Dravya Botanical Name Indication Reference 1 Gavya ghrita Cow ghee Chakshushya B. P. Ni. 17/4 2 Aja ghrita Goat ghee Chakshushya B. P. Ni. 17/8 3 Aavi ghrita Sheep ghee Chakshushya B. P. Ni. 17/11 4 Stri ghrita Human ghee Chakshushya B. P. Ni. 17/12 5 Vadva ghrita Hoarse ghee Netrarogaghna B. P. Ni. 17/13 6 Haiyanveen Ghee produced in 1 day Chakshushya B. P. Ni. 17/15 7 Purana ghrita One-year-old ghee Timirapaham B. P. Ni. 17/16 Table 13: Chakshushya dravya in Madhu Varga S. No. Dravya Botanical Name Indication Reference 1 Madhu Honey Chakshushya B. P. Ni. 21/2 2 Pinga varna maakshika Honey resembling oil Netraamaya hara B. P. Ni. 21/8 3 Aarghya madhu Honey from yellow bee Chakshushya B. P. Ni. 21/19

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