Image Based Smartphone Application for Purisha Pariksha – An  Exemplar for...

[Full title: Image Based Smartphone Application for Purisha Pariksha – An  Exemplar for Digital Health]

1. INTRODUCTION Digital health applies digital transformation to the healthcare field, utilising sensors, software, networking, and computer platforms for health care and related purposes. According to Deloitte Insights, digital health employs more than just technologies and tools; it also views “radically interoperable data, artificial intelligence (AI), and open, secure platformsas central to the promise of more consumer-focused, prevention-oriented care.” Dosha, Dhatu, Agni and Mala are main factors to define health of an individual 1 . Purisha falls under Sharirika Mala, which is further broken down into Mutra, Purisha, and Sweda. Diseases will develop if metabolic waste products are not eliminated from the body. The ancient and mediaeval texts of Ayurveda do not specifically describe the physical characteristics of normal stool, such as Gandha (odour), International Research Journal of Ayurveda & Yoga Vol. 7(12), pp. 55-59, December, 2024 Available online at http://irjay.com ISSN: 2581-785 X DOI: 10.48165/IRJAY.2024.71208 A wide, multidisciplinary notion called “digital health” or “digital healthcare” is an intersection between technology and healthcare. The purpose of the Global strategy on digital health (2020-2025) is to strengthen health systems through the application of digital health technologies for consumers, health professionals, health care providers and industry towards empowering patients and achieving the vision of health for all. Stool examination is one among the prime laboratory investigative tool in Medicine and in so many conditions it helps to confirm the diagnosis. Dosha, Dhatu, Agni and Mala are main factors to define Swastha and Aswastha awastha of an individual. And in Astha Sthana Pariksha, Mala Pariksha stands on third place. Purisha Pariksha have been mentioned in various disease conditions by Brihatrayi in scattered manner. This work should be done with collaboration of Advance technical experts. Images of different conditions of Purisha Pariksha are collected with special reference to Classical text books. In back-end, Machine learning algorithms using Python language to process the image of Purisha. In front end, we can use app for user interface This attempt may help to differentiate physiological and pathological Purisha, by the Image based smartphone app This innovative project may help to assess Agnibala, Symptoms of abnormal dosha, Ama and Niraama Mala for the well-being of entire mankind. We have already touch down twenty-first century, an era of digitalization and modernization. So, evidencebased studies are only valid today, it is inevitable to incorporate technology for more acceptability and understanding of various Ayurvedic concepts at global level. ABSTRACT Article Info Article history: Received on: 06-11-2024 Accepted on: 18-12-2024 Published on:31-12-2024 Keywords: Purisha Pariksha , Mobile app, Stool Examination, Digital health Corresponding author Ravikumar, M.D. Scholar, P. G. Department of Kriya Sharir, National Institute of Ayurveda, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India E-mail address: ravikumardodamaniktr@gmail.com Image Based Smartphone Application for Purisha Pariksha – An Exemplar for Digital Health Ravikumar Hanamanth Harijan 1 ,C hhaju Ram Yadav 2 , B hanu Pratap Singh 3 1- P. G. Department of Kriya Sharir, National Institute of Ayurveda, Jaipur,Rajasthan, India 2- Dean (Research), P. G. Department of Kriya Sharir, National Institute of Ayurveda,Jaipur, Rajasthan, India 3-Assistant Professor, P. G. Department of Kriya Sharir, National Institute of Ayurveda, Jaipur, REVIEW ARTICLE

56 Ravikumar,, et al.: Image Based Smartphone Application for Purisha Pariksha 2024; 7(12): 55-59 Sparsha (touch), Varna (colour), and Vaishadya (unstickiness/ clearness), but stool examination has been given due importance in the context of the diseases. Acharya Charaka designated only the Pramana (amount) of the Purisha as Sapta Anjali Pramana 2 . Jeerna Mala Lakshana was described by Acharya Yogarantakar, although there are no specific requirements for colour, consistency, stickiness, or anything else 3 In patient of rajyaksma purisha is considered as ‘Balam tasya hi vidbalam’. Acharya Sushrut and Vaghbat mentioned it as Upasthambha 4 and Avastambha 5 , respectively, which indicate one that supports the body 6 Necessity of Purisha Pariksha To know the condition or type of agni To prognose the disease, For example - Asadhya Rogi Mala Lakshana To identify symptoms of abnormal Doshas such as Dridhata and Shuskata in Vata Vikriti person 7 To identify intestinal bleeding, infestation, Inflammatory diseases, Malabsorption To detect presence of Krimi 8 – worms like adult worms, segments of tapeworms, larvae, ova, and protozoa (trophozoites or cysts) To rule out different causes of Diarrhoea, evaluation of chronic diarrhoea, dysentery To identify infection by bacteria like Shigella, Salmonella, Vibrio, Yersinia, or Clostridium difficile can be identified by stool culture Table 1 shows the Different Color of stool in different conditions 9 Table 2 shows Different Consistency of stool in different conditions 10 In Ayurveda, there are two methods of Purisha Pariksha 11 1) Physical examination of stool 2) Jala Nimajjan to detect the presence of Ama. (Charak Chikitsa sthana Grahani Adhyaya) Darshan Pariksha is very important because seeing is different from observing, because of this, we say “observe the patient” rather than “see the patient.” Table 3 shows Different Color of stool in different conditions described in Ayurveda 12 Table 4 shows Different Consistency of stool in different conditions described in Ayurveda 13 1.1 Aim: To develop image-based smartphone application for Purisha Pariksha 1.2 Objectives: 1) Images of different conditions of Purisha are collected 2) Images are saved in database for analyzation in terms of Color and Consistency 3) Analyse the Saam and Niraam conditions of the Purisha, Dourgandhya, Shulayukta etc 2. Methods This work should be done with collaboration of Advance technical experts. Different type of Images of Purisha based on various colors, consistency mentioned in Samhitas and other related classical literatures should be collected. And saved in database In back-end, Machine learning algorithms using Python language to process the image of Purisha In front end, we can use app for user interface Based on that data base, variations mentioned in the Purisha Pariksha should be attached and will use for differential diagnosis as well as provisional diagnosis with the help of clinical features of patient This software aids in determining the consistency of the stool after colour. Whatever was shown by the Bristol stool test, our Acharyas have already spoken of these consistencies in terms of Atibaddha , Baddha , and other factors. Data from various consistency of stool photos will be saved, and only traditional names will be used. (In Figure 2) Figure 2: The third phase is to analyse the Saam and Niraam conditions of the Purisha, Dourgandhya, Shulayukta, etc - using the questioning approach by questionary method in the app 3. DISCUSSION: Ayurveda the rich Indian medical heritage, wisdom provided by Ayurveda through its fundamental principles is everlasting in Universe. We have already touch down twenty-first century, an era of digitalization and modernization. It will be helpful to introduce Ayurveda to a global audience. The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development highlights that the spread of information and communications technology and global interconnectedness has great potential to accelerate human progress, to bridge the digital divide and to develop knowledge societies. Therefore, Need of App in present era is also discussed. According to Susan Biddle, senior director of healthcare at Fortinet- “The healthcare industry is in the midst of a technological transformation with the goal of improving patient care, and it needs to be ready to support this progression” The objectives of the Global strategy on digital health (2020- 2025) 14 are as follows Promote global collaboration and advance the transfer of knowledge on digital health Advance the implementation of national digital health strategies Strengthen governance for digital health at global, regional and national levels Advocate people-centred health systems that are enabled by digital health Hence the use of a smartphone app for Purisha Pariksha was used to illustrate how digital techniques could be used

57 Ravikumar,, et al.: Image Based Smartphone Application for Purisha Pariksha 2024; 7(12): 55-59 in Ayurveda. This is merely a hypothesis regarding Purisha Pariksha ; a proper clinical examination should be used to make the diagnosis. By using an image-based smartphone app, this endeavour could aid in distinguish between physiological and pathological Purisha 4. CONCLUSION: This innovative project may help to assess Agnibala , Symptoms of abnormal dosha , Ama and Niraama Mala for the wellbeing of entire mankind. Hence with the example of Image based smartphone app for Purisha Pariksha , highlighting the application of Digital techniques in Ayurveda. 5. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS None 6. AUTHORS’ CONTRIBUTIONS All the authors contributed equally in design and execution of the article 7. FUNDING Nil 8. ETHICAL APPROVALS This study not required ethical approval 9.CONFLICTS OF INTEREST Nil 10. DATA AVAILABILITY This is an original manuscript and all data are available for only review purposes from principal investigators. 11. PUBLISHERS NOTE This journal remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published institutional affiliation How to cite this article: Harijan, R. H., Yadav, C. R., & Singh, B. P. (2024). Image-based smartphone application for Purisha Pariksha – An exemplar for digital health. International Research Journal of Ayurveda and Yoga (IRJAY), 7(12), 55-59 Available from: https://irjay.com DOI linkhttps://doi.org/10.48165/IRJAY.2024.71208 REFERENCES 1. Acharya, Y. T. (2012). Susruta Samhita of Susruta with the Nibandhasangraha commentary of Sri Dalhanacharya, Sutra Sthana 15/41 (5 th ed., p. 75). Chaukhamba Sanskrit Sansthan, Varanasi 2. Acharya, Y. T. (2008). Charaka Samhita by Agnivesa revised by Charaka and Dridhabala with the Ayurveda-Dipika commentary of Chakrapanidatta, Sharir Sthana 7/15 (4 th ed., p. 339). Chaukhambha Publications, New Delhi 3. Tripathi, I. (2008). Yogaratnakar with Vaidyaprabha Hindi commentary (3 rd ed., p. 11). Chaukhamba Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi 4. Acharya, Y. T. (2012). Susruta Samhita of Susruta with the Nibandhasangraha commentary of Sri Dalhanacharya, Sutra Sthana 15/41 (5 th ed., p. 68). Chaukhamba Sanskrit Sansthan, Varanasi 5. Pradakra, S. (2009). Astanga Hrdayam of Vaghbhat with the Commentaries Arunadatta and Hemadri, Sutra Sthana 11/5 (3 rd ed., p. 183). Chaukhamba Sanskrit Sansthan, Varanasi 6. Acharya, Y. T. (2012). Susruta Samhita of Susruta with the Nibandhasangraha commentary of Sri Dalhanacharya, Sutra Sthana 15/41 (5 th ed., p. 68). Chaukhamba Sanskrit Sansthan, Varanasi 7. Tripathi, I. (2008). Yogaratnakar with Vaidyaprabha Hindi commentary (3 rd ed., p. 11). Chaukhamba Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi 8. Acharya, Y. T. (2008). Charaka Samhita by Agnivesa revised by Charaka and Dridhabala with the Ayurveda-Dipika commentary of Chakrapanidatta, Viman Sthana 7/35 (4 th ed., p. 67). Chaukhambha Publications, New Delhi 9. Shirish, M. (2022). Essentials of Clinical Pathology by Shirish M Kawthalkar, Chapter 9 (14 th ed., p. 106). JP Publications 10. Shirish, M. (2022). Essentials of Clinical Pathology by Shirish M Kawthalkar, Chapter 9 (14 th ed., p. 107). JP Publications 11. Jaiswal, A., & Singh, S. (2021). An overview on Purisha Pariksha (Examination of feces). World Journal of Pharmaceutical and Medical Research, 7(5), 115–118 12. Uikey, R., & Chandra, A. (2015). A review on Purisha Pariksha in Ayurveda. Ayu, 36(2), 125–129 13. Uikey, R., & Chandra, A. (2015). A review on Purisha Pariksha in Ayurveda. Ayu, 36(2), 125–129 14. Shirish, M. (2022). Essentials of Clinical Pathology by Shirish M Kawthalkar, Chapter 9 (14 th ed., p. 117). JP Publications.

58 Ravikumar,, et al.: Image Based Smartphone Application for Purisha Pariksha 2024; 7(12): 55-59 Figer 1: In the app, it will seem as follows: after analysing the photograph, it will provide the differential diagnosis associated with it Vatika Arsha Vatika Gulma Kumbha Kamala Paittika Atisara Vata Prakopa Krishna Varna Halimak Harita Varna Figure 2:

59 Ravikumar,, et al.: Image Based Smartphone Application for Purisha Pariksha 2024; 7(12): 55-59 1. Table 1- Different Color of stool in different conditions. Brown Normal Black Bleeding in upper gastrointestinal tract (Proximal to cecum), Drugs (iron salts, bismuth salts, charcoal) Red Bleeeding in large intestine, undigested tomatoes or beets Clay colored (gray-white): Biliary obstruction Silvery Carcinoma of ampulla of Vater Table 2 - Different Consistancy of stool in different conditions. Watery Certain strains of Escherichia coli, Rotavirus enteritis, cryptosporidiosis Rice water Cholera Unformed with blood and mucus Amebiasis, inflammatory bowel disease Unformed with blood, mucus, and pus Bacillary dysentery Unformed, frothy, foul smelling, which float on water Steatorrhea Table 3 - Different Color of stool in different conditions described in Ayurveda 12 S.No Types of Color Conditions involved 01 Krishna Varna ( black color ) Vatika Arsha, Vatika Gulma, Kumbha Kamala, Paitika Atisara, Vata Prakopa 02 Shyava, Aruna varna ( grey and reddish color) Vatika Udaroga, Vatika Arsha, Vatika Atisara, Vata Prakopa, Vataja Pandu, Vata Gulma, Vata Jwara. 03 Shukla Varna ( white color )- Shleshmika Jwara, Shleshmika Udararoga, Shleshmika Arsha, Shleshmika Pandu, Shakhashrita Kamala, Shleshmika Atisara, Sahaja Arsha, Kaphaja Gulma, Kaphaja Visarpa, Jalodara. 04 Rakta Varna ( red color) Kamala, Pittja Atisara, Raktapitta, Sahaja Arsha, Chhidrodara. Table 4 - Different Consistency of stool in different conditions described in Ayurveda 13 S.No Types of Consistency Conditions involved 01 Sandra (dense) Kaphaja Atisara, Sahaja Atisara And Arsha 02 Baddha/vibaddha (solid) Asadhya Pandu, Vataja Prameha, Udara Roga, Baddhodara, Purishishavrita Vata, Ashuddha Dughdhapna Sevana,Tridosha Dushti, Tikshagni, Vataja Atisara, Mahashvasa, Vataja Visarpa, Vataja Jwara, Sahaja Arsha, Vataja Arsha, Malavrita Vata 03 Drava (watery) Pattika Arsha,Vatika Grahani, Asadhya Atisara, Mandagni 04 Bhinna (loose) Pattika Arsha, Sleshmika Grahani, Kshayaja Kasa, Pittja Murchha, Vegasandharanjanya Yakshma, Arsha Samanya Lakshana, Kaphavrita Apanavayu. 05 Shushka (dry) Vataja Grahani and Sahaja Arsha.

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