Correlation of Trividha Pariksha with Chaturvidha Pramana: A Review Article

© 2024 Riyanka Devi, et al . This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0). ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ) REVIEW ARTICLE Correlation of Trividha Pariksha with Chaturvidha Pramana: A Review Article Riyanka Devi 1 * , Vividha Mahant 2 , Meenakshi Chauhan 2 , Abhilasha Kumari 1 , Madhu Bala 1 1 P.G Scholar, Department of P.G Studies in Ayurveda Samhita Evam Siddhanta , Shiva Ayurvedic Medical College and Hospital, Chandpur, Himachal Pradesh, India 2 Assistant Professor, Department of P.G studies in Ayurveda Samhita Evam Siddhanta , Shiva Ayurvedic Medical College and Hospital, Chandpur, Himachal Pradesh, India ABSTRACT In Ayurveda , the word “ Pariksha ” is used for Pramana . Pariksha is composed of two words “ Pari ” means “all around” and “ iksha ” means “to inspect or view.” The synonyms of Pariksha are Pramana, Saadhana, Jynana, and Uplabdhi . Any abnormality in the normal structural or physiological aspect of the body develops a disease. For proper treatment of the disease, proper diagnosis is a must. Before treatment of the disease, an examination is necessary. Examination of disease can be done with the help of Trividha Pariksha , that is, – Darshana, Sparshana , and Prashana. Pariksha helps in understanding the condition of the patient. Trividha Pariksha is done by the method of Chaturvidha Pramana, that is, Aaptopdesha, Pratyaksha , Anumana, and Yukti which tell the object truly 1. INTRODUCTION To determine the specific character of the disease proper examination is needed. For examination of a specific disease, all four Pramana are required. After examination of the disease by these Pramana , the physician should obtain knowledge regarding the nature of the disease and what treatment or therapy is required. Appropriate examination is required to identify the unique features of illnesses. However, some diseases require all of the Pramanas to be determined, whereas other diseases just require one or two Pramanas . For instance, all that is required to appreciate Agnimandya is Aptopadesha and Anumana Pramana . Following an examination of the illness by these Pramanas, the doctor should learn about the nature of the illness and the necessary treatments. A skilled doctor who understands the condition and how to treat it will be unable to treat it if the Pareekshas are not performed correctly. A person who behaves appropriately will get appropriate outcomes. In Trividha Rogi Pariksha , that is, Darshana , Sparshana , and Prashana patients are clinically examined through Chaturvidha Pramana . A Corresponding Author: Riyanka Devi, P.G Scholar, Department of P.G studies in Ayurveda Samhita Evam Siddhanta , Shiva Ayurvedic Medical College and Hospital, Chandpur, Himachal Pradesh, India. Email: sharmariyanka 18@gmail.com physician having sound knowledge of Roga and Rogi Pariksha can treat the disease properly 1.1. Aim To understand the correlation of Trividha Rogi Pariksha with Chaturvidha Pramana through an Ayurvedic perspective 1.2. Objective 1. To explore the Ayurvedic classical text for the description of Trividha Pariksha and Chaturvidha Pramana 2. Role of Chaturvidha Pramana in Trividha Pariksha 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS For this literary study material related to the study is collected from various authentic books, Charaka Samhita , Sushruta Samhita, Astang Hriday , Sanskrit Dictionaries, etc 2.1. Derivation of Pariksha “Parit Ikshyte Anyaa iti Pariksha .” [1] 1. Pariksha is a process by which things are inspected or viewed thoroughly International Research Journal of Ayurveda & Yoga Vol. 7(10), pp. 57-60, October, 2024 Available online at http://irjay.com ISSN: 2581-785 X DOI: 10.48165/IRJAY.2024.71011 ARTICLE INFO Article history: Received on: 03-09-2024 Accepted on: 19-10-2024 Published on: 31-10-2024 Key words : Pramana, Trividha Pariksha, Yukti, Aaptopdesha, Pratyaksha

Devi, et al .: Correlation of Trividha Pariksha with Chaturvidha Pramana 2024; 7(10):57-60 58 2. Both the words Pariksha and Pramana are used to get true knowledge through proper assessment 3. Acharya Charaka many times used the word Pariksha for Pramana . Chakrapaani explained that the Pariksha is Pramana by which objects are rightly or truly known [2] 4. The actual meaning of Pariksha is examination 2.2. Chaturvidha Pramana 1. Aptopadesha , that is, the authoritative statement of those people who are absolutely free from the predominance of Rajas and Tamas . Their words are true beyond any doubt 2. Pratyaksha , that is, perception or direct observation. In reference to Roga Rogi Pariksha, it is the examination of any disease by own sense organs ( Indriyas ) except the gustatory organ 3. Anumana, that is, inference is preceded by perception. Knowledge is gained by reason and logic 4. Yukti, that is, Rationale. Yukti Pramana plays an important role in the planning of treatment [3] 2.3. Trividha Pariksha The patient is to be examined by the following method: 1. Darshana Pariksha (Inspection) – Darshana Pariksha examination is done through sense organ, for example, Netrendriya for inspection 2. Spashana Pariksha (Palpation) – Sparshana Pariksha examination is done by the physician using one’s Sparshana Indriya, for example, palpation of the abdomen, checking raised body temperature, etc 3. Prashana Pariksha (Interrogation) – Prashana Pariksha is done by questioning the patient [4] Description of Trividha Pariksha mentioned in Charaka Samhita Vimana Sthana ( Trividha Roga Vishesha Vijyaniya ) and Chikitsa Sthana (Dwivarniya Adhyaya), Ashtanga Hridaya Sutrasthana ( Ayushkaamiya Adhyaya ), and Bhava Prakasha Purva Khanda. In Charaka Samhita Vimana Sthana , a slightly different Trividha Roga Pariksha has been mentioned as follows – the specific knowledge of disease is obtained through these methods, that is, Aaptopdesha, Pratyaksha, and Anumana. [5] Table 2 below shows the Use of Jnanendriya in Trividha Pariksha (Darshana, Sparshana, and Prashana) 3. RESULTS Everyone should have valid knowledge of Roga Pariksha and Rogi Pariksha . Nowadays the development of technology has made the diagnosis of diseases easy but the physician should not completely rely upon it. He should have a complete knowledge of clinical methodology. The physician should not encourage the overuse of laboratory investigations. Hence, the physician should follow the methods of clinical examinations told in classics for better understanding and treatment of patients, and prefer judicious use of modern tools and methods of diagnosis. Before requesting any investigations, the physician should analyze the patient’s condition carefully and draw up a provisional management plan. In these Pariksha , Pramana is helpful in the diagnosis of disease. Thus the Pariksha and Pramana are similar to each other. Table 1 below shown the Correlation of Trividha Pariksha with Chaturvidha Pramana 4. DISCUSSION The techniques employed to comprehend the stage, state, and location of Dosha include Aptopadesha, Pratyaksha, and Anumana Pareeksha ; the state of Dooshya and the location of Dooshya Sammurchana. Prasna Pareeksha is one of the Pareekshas that aids in comprehending the patient’s specifics and state. The patient will develop a strong relationship with the doctor as a result of thorough questioning, which will enable the patient to open up to the doctor about anything without holding back. Patients must be completely honest with the doctor about everything. To attain a proper knowledge of the disease, one of the many different types of Pariksha should be adopted. After attaining the correct knowledge, physicians will become capable of diagnosing the disease accurately and hence describing a proper treatment. It is said that “the eyes see what the mind knows,” analogous to this saying, in Trividha Pariksha firstly the physician attains the Jyana through Aaptopdesha Pramana and after this, he utilizes Pratyaksha Pramana to attain knowledge through – Darshana , Sparshana , and Prashana Pariksha Thereafter the physician uses Anumana Pramana to process all that he/she gained from Pratyaksha Pramana . Thus to know the root cause of disease examination is necessary. Finally, based on these three Pramana and Yukti Pramana are used for planning the treatment. According to Acharya Charaka , the physician should first of all diagnose the disease, and then he should select the proper medicine [8] Thereafter, he should administer the therapy applying the knowledge of the science of medicine (he had already gained) [9] 5. CONCLUSION It is a universally accepted fact that a basic knowledge of any subject ( Aaptopdesha ) is necessary before perceiving it with the help of our sense organs ( Pratyaksha ). After perceiving new information from our sense organs we tend to extract inference ( Anumana ). By combining multiple factors, valid for past, present, and future we arrive at a reasoning ( Yukti ). The knowledge attained after this process is utilized by a physician for the purpose of performing Chikitsa . On a rough outlook, it seems as if Trividha Rogi Pariksha lies within the realms of just Pratyaksha Pramana , but on closer inspection, we can conclude that to attain absolute knowledge from Trividha Pariksha one must know the application of the remaining three Pramana too (i.e. – Aaptopdesha, Anumana, and Yukti). Acharya Charaka has used the word Pariksha for Pramana . In Roga Pariksha and Rogi Pariksha, the examination is done with the help of four Pramana . Therefore Pariksha and Pramana are synonyms of each other, as there is application of Pramana in any type of Pariksha (examination) 6. ACKNOWLEDGMENT Nil 7. AUTHORS’ CONTRIBUTIONS All the authors contributed equally to the design and execution of the article 8. FUNDING Nil 9. ETHICAL APPROVALS This manuscript does not require ethical approval as it is a review study.

Devi, et al .: Correlation of Trividha Pariksha with Chaturvidha Pramana 2024; 7(10):57-60 59 10. CONFLICTS OF INTEREST Nil 11. DATA AVAILABILITY This is an original manuscript and all data are available for only review purposes from principal investigators 12. PUBLISHERS NOTE This journal remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published institutional affiliation REFERENCES 1. Prasad V. Vasuna Haricharan. The Shabdakalpdruma-An Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Sanskrit Words. Part. 3. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Prakashan; 2015. p. 67 2. Kushvaha H. Trieshniya Adhyaya. Chakrapaani Commentary on Charaka Samhita Sutra Sthana. Ch. 11., Part. 1., Verse. 17. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia; 2022. p. 162 3. Sharma RK. Charaka Samhita Sutra Sthana. Trieshniya Adhyaya. Sanskrit Text with English Translation. Vol. 1., Ch. 11., Verse. 20. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Sanskrit Series Office; 2016. p. 210, 211 4. Vidyanath R. Astang Hridaya Sutra Sthana Ayushkamiya Adhyaya. Text with English Translation and Appendices. Ch. 1., Verse. 22. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Surbharti Prakashan; 2013. p. 18 5. Shashirekha HK. Charaka Samhita Vimana Sthana. Sanskrit Text with English Translation. Ch. 4., Verse. 3. New Delhi: Chaukhambha Publication; 2018. p. 211 6. Sharma RK. Charaka Samhita Chikitsa Sthana Dwivarniya Chikitsa Adhyaya. Sanskrit Text with English. Vol. 4., Ch. 25., Verse. 22. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Sanskrit Series Office; 2017. p. 440 7. Sharma RK. Charaka Samhita Chikitsa Sthana Dwivarniya Chikitsa Adhyaya. Sanskrit Text with English Translation. Vol. 4., Ch. 25., Verse. 23. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Sanskrit Series Office; 2017. p. 440 8. Sharma RK. Charaka Samhita Sutra Sthana Mharoga Adhyaya. Sanskrit Text with English Translation. Vol. 1., Ch. 20., Verse. 20. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Sanskrit Series Office; 2016. p. 372 9. Pandey K. Charaka Samhita Sutra Sthana. Trieshniya Adhyaya. Vidyotini Hindi Commentary. Ch. 11., Part. 1., Verse. 17. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Bharti Academy; 2018. p. 215 How to cite this article: Devi R, Mahant V, Chauhan M, Kumari A, Bala M. Correlation of Trividha Pariksha with Chaturvidha Pramana : A Review Article. IRJAY. [online] 2024;7(10);57-60 Available from : https://irjay.com DOI link- https://doi.org/10.48165/IRJAY.2024.71011

Devi, et al .: Correlation of Trividha Pariksha with Chaturvidha Pramana 2024; 7(10):57-60 60 Aaptopdesha Pratyaksha • Darshana • Sparshana • Prashana Anumana Yukti Chikitsa Table 2: Use of Jnanendriya in Trividha Pariksha (Darshana, Sparshana, and Prashana) Pariksha Jnanendriya used Darshana Chakshu Indriya, Shrotrendriya , and Ghranendriya Sparshana Sparshanendriya Prashana Shrotrendriya Table 1: Correlation of Trividha Pariksha with Chaturvidha Pramana Trividha Pariksha Symptom Clinical examination Pramana used Darshana Color, shape, size, and body build In Vrana – Age, color, nature of the physique, and sense organs [6] Inspection Pratyaksha, Sparshana Temperature, roughness, abscess, edema, and softness and hardness of the body In Vrana – stiffness, hardness, coldness, and heat [7] Palpation/Percussion Pratyaksha, Prashana Type of pain, history of past illness, family history, power of digestion, and cause of disease In Vrana - Nature of pain, Satmay , Agni Bala [7] Questioning/Interrogation Shrotrendriya (Pratyaksha) and Anumana