Comprehensive Analysis of Macroscopic and Microscopic Features ofSolanum...

[Full title: Comprehensive Analysis of Macroscopic and Microscopic Features ofSolanum Xanthocarpum Schrad. and J.C. Wendl. (Kantakari): Root,Leaf, Flower, Stem, and Fruit]

© 2024 Priya Gupta, et al . This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0). ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ) ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE Comprehensive Analysis of Macroscopic and Microscopic Features of Solanum Xanthocarpum Schrad. & J.C. Wendl. (Kantakari): Root, Leaf, Flower, Stem, and Fruit Priya Gupta 1 * , Sonal Singh Kushwaha 1 , Suman Panwar 2 1 Doctor/PG Scholar, Department of Dravyaguna, Shri Dhanwantry Ayurvedic College and Hospital, Sector 46-B, Chandigarh, India 2 HoD and Professor, Department of Dravyaguna, Shri Dhanwantry Ayurvedic College and Hospital, Sector 46-B, Chandigarh, India ABSTRACT Introduction: Solanum xanthocarpum Schrad. & J.C. Wendl. (commonly known as Kantakari) is a significant plant in traditional medicine, known for its distinctive therapeutic properties. This study aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the macroscopic and microscopic features of S. xanthocarpum , with a focus on its root, leaf, flower, stem, and fruit Methods: In macroscopic examination, the physical attributes of fresh sample of S. xanthocarpum were documented, including size, shape, color, and texture of various parts (root, leaf, flower, stem, and fruit). For microscopic analysis, advanced microscopic techniques were employed to analyze the cellular structure and arrangement of S. xanthocarpum Schrad. & J.C. Wendl. Literary reviews from various Ayurvedic texts were also being considered to know the property of Kantakari Result: Key identifying features such as vascular bundles, trichomes, and stomatal patterns were highlighted. Samples were prepared using standard histological procedures and observed under a light microscope. S. xanthocarpum Schrad. & J.C. Wendl. root is cylindrical, branched, tapering, 5–8 mm in diameter, with longitudinal striations, scars, and lenticels. It is brown, has a short greenish fracture, and tastes bitter. The flowers are bisexual, bluish-purple, with prickly sepals, and purple deltoid lobes. Leaves are ovate-oblong, 4–12 cm long, greenish-yellow, with sharp prickles. The stem is cylindrical, spiny, and yellowish-green, while the fruit is a bitter, globular berry, green with stripes turning yellow when ripe Discussion: The distinct macroscopic and microscopic features of S. xanthocarpum Schrad. & J.C. Wendl. aid in its accurate identification. Key traits include its cylindrical, branched root; bisexual, bluish-purple flowers; ovateoblong, prickly leaves; spiny, yellowish-green stem; and globular, striped-to-yellow, bitter fruit Conclusion: The study successfully achieved its aim by providing a comprehensive macroscopic and microscopic analysis of S. xanthocarpum Schrad. & J.C. Wendl. This detailed morphological and anatomical profile supports its traditional medicinal use and lays the groundwork for future pharmacological studies in Ayurveda and Modern Science 1. INTRODUCTION Solanum xanthocarpum Schrad. & J.C. Wendl., commonly known as yellow-fruit nightshade or Kantakari [1,2] in Ayurveda, is a significant medicinal plant renowned for its wide array of therapeutic applications. This plant is extensively utilized in traditional medicine systems, particularly in Ayurveda, due to its potent properties and actions. Its roots, leaves, petioles, seeds, and fruits are employed Corresponding Author: Priya Gupta, Shri Dhanwantry Ayurvedic College and Hospital, Sector 46-B, Chandigarh, India. Email: pg.priyagupta 98@gmail.com in various formulations to treat respiratory, urinary, and digestive ailments, among others. The macroscopic and microscopic features of S. xanthocarpum Schrad. & J.C. Wendl. play a crucial role in its identification, quality control, and authentication in pharmacognosy. Macroscopic examination involves the observation of physical characteristics such as size, shape, color, and texture of different plant parts. These features are essential for the initial identification and assessment of plant material. Microscopic analysis, on the other hand, delves into the cellular structure and arrangement, revealing intricate details such as vascular bundles, trichomes, and stomatal patterns. This level of analysis is vital for ensuring the purity and potency of the International Research Journal of Ayurveda & Yoga Vol. 7(6), pp. 1-9, June, 2024 Available online at http://irjay.com ISSN: 2581-785 X DOI: 10.48165/IRJAY.2024.70601 ARTICLE INFO Article history : Received: 27-04-2024 Accepted: 11-06-2024 Published on: 30-06-2024 Key words : Kantakari , Macroscopic, Microscopic, Solanum xanthocarpum Schrad. & J.C. Wendl.

Gupta, et al. : Macroscopic and Microscopic Features of Solanum xanthocarpum Schrad. & J.C. Wendl. (Kantakari) 2024; 7(6):1-9 2 plant material used in medicinal preparations. In addition to modern scientific approaches, understanding the Ayurvedic perspective of S. xanthocarpum Schrad. & J.C. Wendl. enriches our knowledge of its medicinal value. In Ayurveda, this plant is classified as having Vata and Kapha pacifying properties, and it is traditionally used for its expectorant, anti-inflammatory, and diuretic actions. These properties make it a valuable resource in managing conditions, such as asthma, bronchitis, and various other respiratory and urinary disorders. This study aims to provide a detailed examination of both the macroscopic and microscopic features of S. xanthocarpum Schrad. & J.C. Wendl 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS 2.1. Plant Material Collection The plant parts of S. xanthocarpum Schrad. & J.C. Wendl. (root, leaf, petiole, seed, and fruit) were freshly collected from the campus of Shri Dhanwantry Ayurvedic College and Hospital, Chandigarh (Herbal Garden), in February 2024. The plant was washed under running tap water and blotted dry [Figure 1] 2.2. Macroscopic Examination The macroscopic examination involved the following steps: 2.2.1. Visual inspection Each part of the plant was visually inspected for its external characteristics, such as color, shape, size, and texture [Figure 2] 2.2.2. Odor assessment The distinctive smells of the plant parts were noted to aid in their identification. Texture Evaluation: The texture and consistency of each plant part were evaluated by touch 2.2.3. Foreign matter check The samples were checked for the presence of any foreign matter to ensure purity and quality 2.3. Microscopic Examination Microscopic examination involved preparing transverse sections of the root, leaf, petiole, seed, and fruit using the following steps: 2.3.1. Selection of specimen Suitable samples of the root, leaf, petiole, seed, and fruit were chosen for sectioning [Figures 3-9] 2.3.2. Softening The specimens were softened by soaking them in water for 24 h to facilitate sectioning 2.3.3. Sectioning Thin, even sections of the specimens were cut using a sharp blade. The thickness of the sections was adjusted as needed [Figure 10] 2.3.4. Mounting The sections were transferred onto glass slides and mounted, ensuring proper arrangement without overlapping [Figures 11 and 12] 2.3.5. Drying The mounted sections were allowed to dry thoroughly before staining [Figures 13-16] 2.3.6. Staining The sections were stained using safranine to enhance contrast and visualize specific structures 2.3.7. Cover-slipping A coverslip was placed over the stained sections using a suitable mounting medium to protect them and improve clarity for microscopic examination 2.3.8. Labeling and documentation The slides were labeled with relevant information, including the plant part and staining details 2.4. Organoleptic Evaluation The organoleptic evaluation was conducted to assess the sensory properties (color, odor, taste, and texture) of each plant part 2.5. Photomicrography Photomicrographs of the stained sections were taken using a compound microscope equipped with a digital camera. These images were used to document and analyze the cellular structures and arrangements 2.6. Data Analysis The macroscopic and microscopic features observed were compared with the standards provided in the Quality Standards of Indian Medicinal Plants [10] Any deviations were noted, and the data were analyzed to determine the quality, authenticity, and suitability of the S. xanthocarpum Schrad. & J.C. Wendl. samples for medicinal applications 2.7. Statistical Analysis Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the findings, and the data were presented in tabular and graphical forms where applicable. This comprehensive analysis of the macroscopic and microscopic features of S. xanthocarpum Schrad. & J.C. Wendl. provided valuable insight into the identification, quality control, and effective utilization of this medicinal plant. A literary review from various Ayurvedic Nighatus was considered to know the various properties and synonyms of Kantakari 3. RESULTS Various Ayurvedic nighantus were also being reviewed for knowing the exact properties and synonyms of Kantakari that are enlisted: The macroscopic structures were almost similar when compared with the Quality Standards of the Indian Medicinal Plant, the only difference was shown that the fractured surface was whitish and only a few rootlet scars were present. When flowers were compared then all the features were found to be similar to that of the standard features, i.e., purplish flowers with persistent calyx. Leaves were sinuate, sub-acute, midrib and lateral veins showed prominent sharpe prickles, petiole was cylindrical, and all the macroscopic features were similar to the standard the only difference was found that the upper and lower surfaces were green and odorless. Microscopic structures through the midrib are dorsiventrally convex and show a narrow collenchymatous band underneath both epidermis, but it was not distinct. The stem was found to be cylindrical slightly angular and variable in length, the surface is spiny running longitudinally running winged extension. Internodes were 10 cm in length, fracture showed hollow in the center, and taste was bitter. Microscopy of the stem shows a ring of bicollateral stele, and perimedullary fibers encircling the central pith which becomes hollow in the mature stem. The fruit was a globular, bicarpellary berry with persistent spines These are shown in tables 2-8. This helps in the

Gupta, et al. : Macroscopic and Microscopic Features of Solanum xanthocarpum Schrad. & J.C. Wendl. (Kantakari) 2024; 7(6):1-9 3 accurate identification of Kantakari, i.e. S. xanthocarpum Schrad. & J.C. Wendl. as in Ayurveda, various other plants are also known with the name of Kantakari. From various Ayurvedic nighantus , Kantakari ( S. xanthocarpum Schrad. & J.C. Wendl.) is a common plant available everywhere straggling ( dhavani ), thorny ( kantakari, kantakini ) difficult to touch ( duhasparsha ), with small and variegated fruits ( ksudraphala, citraphala ) and growing fastly ( nidigdhika ). It liquefies kapha , alleviates cough ( kasaghni ), obesity, mucous coating ( nidigdhika ), diseases of nose, etc., and promotes voice ( vyaghri ). Thus, Kantakari is actually ( kanthakai ) (wholesome for throat) and as such included in kanthya group [Tables 1 and 9] [16] These findings provide a comprehensive morphological and anatomical profile of S. xanthocarpum Schrad. & J.C. Wendl., essential for accurate identification and potential pharmacological studies 4. DISCUSSION S. xanthocarpum Schrad. & J.C. Wendl., commonly known as yellowberried nightshade, can be accurately identified through its distinctive macroscopic and microscopic features. The root of the plant is cylindrical and branched, providing a sturdy foundation. The stem is spiny and yellowish-green, adding to the plant’s unique appearance. The leaves are ovate-oblong in shape and covered with prickles, making them easily recognizable. One of the standout features of S. xanthocarpum is its flowers. The plant produces bisexual flowers that are bluish-purple, a colour that sets them apart from many other species. These flowers contribute to the plant’s reproductive capability, ensuring its propagation. The fruit of S. xanthocarpum is another key characteristic. It is globular in shape and transitions from striped to yellow as it matures. The fruit has a bitter taste, which can be a distinguishing factor. This combination of features, from the spiny stem and prickly leaves to the vibrant flowers and distinctive fruit, allows for the precise identification of S. xanthocarpum . These traits are critical for botanists and herbalists who rely on accurate plant identification for research, medicinal uses, and ecological studies, ensuring that S. xanthocarpum can be correctly distinguished from similar species 5. CONCLUSION The study successfully achieved its aim by providing a comprehensive macroscopic and microscopic analysis of S. xanthocarpum Schrad. & J.C. Wendl. The detailed observations of the root, leaf, flower, stem, and fruit, along with their distinctive features, aid in the accurate identification of this significant medicinal plant. The findings include the presence of vascular bundles, trichomes, and stomatal patterns, which are crucial for quality control and authentication in pharmacognosy. Kantakari , a common plant from Ayurvedic nighantus , is thorny, difficult to touch, and has small, variegated fruits. It liquefies kapha, alleviates cough, obesity, and nose diseases, and promotes voice. A comprehensive morphological and anatomical profile is essential for identification and pharmacological studies. This thorough examination and literary review support the traditional medicinal use of S. xanthocarpum Schrad. & J.C. Wendl and lays the groundwork for future pharmacological studies in Ayurvedic Nighatus 6. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Nil 7. AUTHORS’ CONTRIBUTIONS All the authors contributed equally in the design and execution of the article 8. FUNDING Nil 9. ETHICAL APPROVALS This study is not required ethical clearance 10. CONFLICTS OF INTEREST Nil 11. DATA AVAILABILITY This is an original manuscript and all data are available for only review purposes from principal investigators 12. PUBLISHERS NOTE This journal remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published institutional affiliation REFERENCES 1. Gupta P, Kushwaha SS. A crystal compendium on Raja Nighantu. -A review. World J Pharm Res 2023;12:1112-25 2. Kushwaha SS, Gupta P. Critical analysis of Bhavaprakash Nighantu-A review. World J Pharm Res 2023;12:1250-6 3. Bharath MN, Gupta S, Vashistha G, Ahmad S, Singh SV. Bioprospective role of Ocimum sanctum and Solanum xanthocarpum against emerging pathogen: Mycobacterium avium Subspecies paratuberculosis: A review. Molecules 2023;28:3490 4. Kar DM, Maharana L, Pattnaik S, Dash GK. Studies on hypoglycaemic activity of Solanum xanthocarpum Schrad. & Wendl. Fruit extract in rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2006;108:251-6 5. Hussain T, Gupta RK, Sweety K, Khan MS, Hussain MD, Arif MD, et al . Evaluation of antihepatotoxic potential of Solanum xanthocarpum fruit extract against antitubercular drugs induced hepatopathy in experimental rodents. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2012;2:454-60 6. Kumar P, Shakya R, Kumar V, Kumar D, Chauhan RP, Singh H. Chemical constituents and strong larvicidal activity of Solanum xanthocarpum among selected plants extracts against the malaria, filaria, and dengue vectors. J Vector Borne Dis 2023;60:18-31 7. Sahu N, Madan S, Walia R, Tyagi R, Fantoukh OI, Hawwal MF, et al . Multi-target mechanism of Solanum xanthocarpum for treatment of psoriasis based on network pharmacology and molecular docking. Saudi Pharm J 2023;31:101788 8. Shivnath N, Siddiqui S, Rawat V, Khan MS, Arshad M. Solanum xanthocarpum fruit extract promotes chondrocyte proliferation in vitro and protects cartilage damage in collagenase induced osteoarthritic rats (article reference number: JEP 114028). J Ethnopharmacol 2021;274:114028 9. Parmar KM, Shende PR, Katare N, Dhobi M, Prasad SK. Wound healing potential of Solanum xanthocarpum in streptozotocininduced diabetic rats. J Pharm Pharmacol 2018;70:1389-400 10. Indian Council of Medical Research. Quality Standards of Indian Medicinal Plants. Vol. 8. New Delhi: Indian Council of Medical Research; 2003. p. 283-295 11. Chunekar KC. Bhavaprakash Nighaṇṭu. Guduchyadi Varga/38. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Bharati Academy; 2013. p. 27 12. Triphathi I RajaNighaṇṭu. Satavhvadi Varga/30-23. Varanasi: Chowkhamba Krishnadas Academy; 2003. p. 88.

Gupta, et al. : Macroscopic and Microscopic Features of Solanum xanthocarpum Schrad. & J.C. Wendl. (Kantakari) 2024; 7(6):1-9 4 13. Pandey G Madanapala Nighaṇṭu. Abhayadi Varga/67 Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia; 2012. p. 44 14. Prasad GP. Sadarasa Nighantu. Abhdhana Ratnamala 1/2. Varanasi: Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office; 2009 15. Ojha J Dhanvantari Nighaṇṭu Varanasi: Chaukhambha Surbharti Prakashan; 2004 16. Sharma PV. Namarupagranam. Namarupagyanam 30. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Visavabharati; 2011. p. 38 How to cite this article: Gupta P, Kushwaha SS, Panwar S. Comprehensive Analysis of Macroscopic and Microscopic Features of Solanum Xanthocarpum Schrad. & J.C. Wendl. ( Kantakari ): Root, Leaf, Flower, Stem, and Fruit. IRJAY. [online] 2024;7(6);1-9 Available from : https://irjay.com DOI link- https://doi.org/10.48165/IRJAY.2024.70601

Figure 1: Solanum xanthocarpum Schrad. & J.C. Wendl. Whole plant Figure 3: Solanum xanthocarpum Schrad. & J.C. Wendl. Flowers and Leaves Figure 2: Solanum xanthocarpum Schrad. & J.C. Wendl. Whole plant Figure 5: Persistent calyx Figure 4: Arrangement of Stamens (Epipetalous) Figure 6: Stamen Gupta, et al. : Macroscopic and Microscopic Features of Solanum xanthocarpum Schrad. & J.C. Wendl. (Kantakari) 2024; 7(6):1-9 5

Figure 7: Stamens with carpel Figure 9: Transverse section of Stamen Figure 8: Transverse section of Stamen Figure 10: Solanum xanthocarpum Schrad. & J.C. Wendl. Leaf Figure 12: Transverse section of Solanum xanthocarpum Schrad. & J.C. Wendl. Leaf showing xy-xylem, ph-phloem, pa-parenchyma, scr-nsandy crystals of calcium oxalate, col-collenchyma Figure 11: Transverse section of Solanum xanthocarpum Schrad. & J.C. Wendl. Leaf showing xy - xylem, ph - phloem, pa - parenchyma, scr -nsandy crystals of calcium oxalate, col - collenchyma Gupta, et al. : Macroscopic and Microscopic Features of Solanum xanthocarpum Schrad. & J.C. Wendl. (Kantakari) 2024; 7(6):1-9 6

Figure 14: Col-collnchyma; e - epidermis; ph - phloem; phf - phloem fibres; pi - pith; wgwing; xy - xylem Figure 16: Col-collnchyma; e - epidermis; ph - phloem; phf - phloem fibers; pi - pith; wgwing; xy - xylem Figure 13: Col-collnchyma; e - epidermis; ph - phloem; phf - phloem fibres; pi - pith; wgwing; xy - xylem Figure 15: Col-collnchyma; e - epidermis; ph - phloem; phf - phloem fibers; pi - pith; wgwing; xy - xylem Gupta, et al. : Macroscopic and Microscopic Features of Solanum xanthocarpum Schrad. & J.C. Wendl. (Kantakari) 2024; 7(6):1-9 7

Gupta, et al. : Macroscopic and Microscopic Features of Solanum xanthocarpum Schrad. & J.C. Wendl. (Kantakari) 2024; 7(6):1-9 8 Table 1: Recent research on S. xanthocarpum Schrad. & J.C. Wendl Action/Karma Site of action Type of study Description Rajayakshma / Paratuberculosis [3] Tridoshaghna, Sarvaroga Jita, Brimhana, Swasa, Kasa, Balya In vitro anti-mycobacterial activity Bioactive compounds from Ocimum sanctum and S. xanthocarpum were evaluated for anti-MAP activity. Ursolic acid (12 µ g/mL) and solasodine (60 µ g/mL) showed suitable MIC 50 values Pramehaghna / hypoglycemic activity [4] Medahara, Kaphahara In vivo and in vitro study The aqueous extract of S. xanthocarpum fruits has significant hypoglycemic activity, comparable to glibenclamide In vitro studies on isolated rat hemidiaphragm suggest that this extract may have insulin-like activity, enhancing peripheral glucose utilization, and exerting extra-pancreatic effects Pleharoga/ hepatoprotective activity [5] Raktavaha srotas In vivo study Ethanolic fruit extract of S. xanthocarpum (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg bw) was administered daily for 35 days to experimental animals with liver toxicity induced by antitubercular drugs (isoniazid, rifampicin, and pyrazinamide). The treatment significantly ( P <0.05– P <0.001) and dose-dependently prevented the drug-induced increase in serum hepatic enzymes, reduced liver LPO, and restored antioxidant enzyme activities (GSH, SOD, and CAT) toward normal levels. Histopathology showed reduced hepatocellular necrosis and inflammatory cell infiltration Antipyretic Activity/ Jwaragna [6] Rasavaha srotas In vitro (laboratory-based bioassay) Larvicidal activity was tested against early-stage larvae of Anopheles stephensi , Aedes aegypti, and Culex quinquefasciatus at 20-–120 ppm, with Culex quinquefasciatus being the most susceptible. GC-MS analysis identified 43 compounds, including major ones such as phytol (13.09%), 3-allyl-2-methoxy phenol (9.55%), and linoleic acid (5.45%) Chronic autoimmune condition/ Anti-psoriatic [7] Raktavaha srotas Molecular docking According to the IMPPAT Database, 8 active compounds from SX were effective against PSO. PPI network and core targets study identified key targets: EGFR, SRC, STAT 3, ERBB 2, PTK 2, SYK, EP 300, CBL, TP 53, and AR. Molecular docking simulations confirmed the binding interactions of SX phytochemicals with these PSO targets Anti-osteoarthritic [8] Asthivaha srotas In vitro and in vivo Histological studies showed that SXF restored collagen and proteoglycan synthesis, essential for cartilage restoration, and reduced the arthritic score Wound healing in Diabetic rats [9] Medovaha srotas and raktavaha srotas In vivo The extract of S. xanthocarpum mainly contained alkaloids, polyphenols, and steroids, with chlorogenic acid at 8.44% w/w. The extract was most effective in healing at 10% gel (topically) and 200 mg/kg (orally) in diabetic rats, with the best results observed when used both orally and topically S. xanthocarpum : Solanum xanthocarpum , GSH: Glutathione, SOD: Superoxide dismutase, CAT: Catalase, LPO: Lipid peroxidation, GC-MS: Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, EGFR: Estimated glomerular filtration rate Table 2: Macroscopic features Solanum xanthocarpum Schrad. & J.C. Wendl. Root Features Observations Shape Cylindrical, branched, long, tapering gradually Size 5–8 mm in diameter, variable in length Surface Longitudinally striated with scars and lenticels present Odor Nil Fracture Short, surface-greenish Color Brown Taste Bitter Table 3: Macroscopic features Solanum xanthocarpum Schrad. & J.C. Wendl. Flowers Features Observations Calyx Bisexual, pedicellate, actinomorphic, bluish-purple in color Persistent, sepals-1 cm, densely prickly Corolla Lobe’s deltoid, purple colored Androecium Stamens 5, epipetalous Anther - oblong, 0.8 cm long, yellow colored Gynoecium Ovary - superior, ovoid, bilocular with numerous ovules

Gupta, et al. : Macroscopic and Microscopic Features of Solanum xanthocarpum Schrad. & J.C. Wendl. (Kantakari) 2024; 7(6):1-9 9 Table 8: Macroscopic Solanum xanthocarpum Schrad. & J.C. Wendl. Fruit Features Observations Shape Globular, bicarpellary berry with persistent spines Size 1 cm in diameter Surface Smooth Color Green when young, with green-white stripes present turning yellow when ripe Taste Bitter Table 9: Nighantu description of various synonyms of Kantakari by B.P - Bhavaprakasha Nighantu , K.N - Keydeva Nighantu , M.P - Madanapala Nighantu , S.N - Sadarasa Nighantu , D.N. - Dhanwantry Nighnatu Synonyms B.P [11] K.N [12] M.P [13] S.N [14] D.N. [15] Kantakari + + + + Kantakini + + Duhasparsha + + + + + Duspradharshini + Kshudra + + + + Nidigdhika + + + + + Dhavini + + + + + Kshudrakantika + Bahukantha + + Kshudrakantha + Kshudraphala + Kantarika + + Chitraphala + Vyaghri + + + + Kantalika + + Brihati + Kantakini + + + Kantakarika + Singhi + Table 6: Macroscopic features Solanum xanthocarpum Schrad. & J.C. Wendl. Stem Features Observations Shape Cylindrical, slightly angular Size 5–10 mm in diameter, variable in length Surface Spiny Fracture Fibrous Color Yellowish-green surface Taste Bitter Table 7: Microscopic features Solanum xanthocarpum Schrad. & J.C. Wendl. Stem Features Observations Epidermis Embedded with stomata Glandular trichomes are present Hypodermis Collenchymatous narrow band Cortex Parenchymatous Phloem and Xylem Sieve tissue, phloem parenchyma, unibiseriate medullary rays in continuation with xylem. Radially arranged xylem vessels. Distinct cambium Present Pith Parenchymatous Disintegrated in older stem - centrally located hollow pith Starch grains Present Table 5: Microscopic features Solanum xanthocarpum Schrad. & J.C. Wendl. Leaf Features Observations Upper epidermis and Lower epidermis Embedded with stomata, trichomes present Chollenchymatous bands Underneath both epidermis Meristele Centrally located Embedded in parenchymatous ground tissue Microsphenoidal crystals present in parenchymatous cells Lamina Rows of palisades underneath the upper epidermis, 4–6 rows of spongy parenchymatous tissues present Table 4: Macroscopic features Solanum xanthocarpum Schrad. & J.C. Wendl. Leaf Features Observations Shape Ovate oblong, sinuate, sub-acute, pubescent, Petiole – cylindrical Size 4–12 cm in length, 2.5–5 cm width Petiole - 1–3 cm Surface Leaf midrib and lateral veins show sharp prickles Petiole - Persistent with spines Odor Not characteristic Color Greenish yellow Taste Not characteristic

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Ayurveda, Kantakari, Kaphahara, Fruit, Flower, Leaf, Medicinal plant, Root, Medicinal preparation, Therapeutic application, Traditional medicine, Therapeutic properties, Medicinal use, Wound healing, Statistical analysis, Botanist, Comprehensive analysis, Standard feature, Quality Control, Ayurvedic Perspective, Anti-inflammatory, Ayurvedic text, Hypoglycemic activity, Organoleptic evaluation, Pharmacognosy, Pharmacological studies, Diuretic action, Vascular bundle, Microscopic features, Macroscopic features, Visual inspection, Antipyretic activity, Traditional medicinal use, Ecological studies, Plant material collection, Expectorant, Medicinal application, Antioxidant enzyme, Respiratory disorder, Light microscope, Photomicrography, Upper epidermis, Lower epidermis, SENSORY PROPERTIES, Autoimmune condition, Urinary disorder, Stem, Diabetic rat, Parenchymatous cell, Accurate identification, Trichome, Antitubercular drug, Herbalist.