A Review on Nutritive and Medicinal Importance of Shigru (Moringa Oleifera...

[Full title: A Review on Nutritive and Medicinal Importance of Shigru (Moringa Oleifera Lam.).]

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Review Article This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License International Research Journal of Ayurveda & Yoga Vol. 6 (7),132-143, July,2023 ISSN: 2581-785 X : https://irjay.com/ DOI: 10.47223/IRJAY.2023.6720 A Review on Nutritive and Medicinal Importance of Shigru (Moringa Oleifera Lam.). Samiksha 1 , Mukesh Kumar 2 , Narendra Meena 3 , Rajesh Chandra Mishra 4 1,2,3-M.D. Scholar, Department Of Dravyaguna Vigyan, MMM Govt. Ayurved College, Udaipur (Raj.). 4-Associate. Professor, Department Of Dravyaguna Vigyan, MMM Govt. Ayurved College, Udaipur. (Raj.). INTRODUCTION Moringa oleifera is a small, fast-growing tree found in all tropical regions. Moringa tree leaves are among the world’s richest vegetables. Moringa oleifera tree is a plant food of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. All tropical areas include the tiny, quickly-propagating Moringa oleifera tree. The world's wealthiest veggies include the leaves of the moringa tree. The moringa oleifera tree is a plant food with great nutritional content that is also advantageous for the environment and the economy and is widely available in the nations that are most affected by the food crisis. The name "The Miracle tree" refers to the unique combination of vitamins, minerals, and amino acids found in moringa. Because the tree produces immature pods, it is frequently referred to as the "Drumstick tree." Due to the flavour of its root, it is also known as the “horseradish tree” and “the benzoyl tree” in other locales (because of the oil that it’s seeds produce). Dried leaves from the Moringa oleifera tree are easily kept and useful 1 A child can consume 30 grammes of Moringa oleifera tree leaf powder everyday and meet all of his needs for vitamin A, 80% of his needs for calcium, 60% of his needs for iron, and almost 40% of his needs for protein. Local resources like the Moringa oleifera tree must be used. One family just requires two or three Moringa oleifera trees in a courtyard 1 Moringa oleifera is frequently called the "wonder tree" Article Info Article history: Received on: 08-05-2023 Accepted on: 18-07-2023 Available online: 31-07-2023 Corresponding author- Samiksha, M.D. Scholar, Department Of Dravyaguna Vigyan, MMM Govt. Ayurved College, Udaipur. Email: samikshanamdev 95@gmail.com. ABSTRACT: Ayurveda seeks to promote total health. Ayurveda prioritises maintaining health before treating diseases by reducing their symptoms. Additionally, it has been described as the science of age protection (ayu.). Diet, sleep, and brahmacharya(abstinence) are the three subpillars of health . Aahar , in our opinion, is crucial for maintaining both a healthy body and mind. Shigru (Moringa oleifera) is an anti-oxidant herb. It guards against numerous infections and shields the body from free radicals Shigru is a plant with a wide variety of therapeutic applications and great nutritional value. At various locations, the various portions of this plant are used as food. It is used to treat conditions like high blood pressure, diabetes, malnutrition, arthritis, and joint diseases. This article has reviewed and explained the different health advantages of using shigru as well as how to use it as Aahar Keywords: Moringa oleifera, Aahar , Health, Shigru

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Samiksha et.al , “A Review on Nutritive and Medicinal Importance of Shigru (Moringa Oleifera Lam.). ” : 2023; 6 (7):132-143 133 because of the wide range of nutritional, therapeutic, and cleansing qualities it possesses. The "superfood" moringa has the extraordinary potential to drastically enhance health and end hunger worldwide. The Moringa oleifera tree is rich in phytonutrients and other potent disease-fighting antioxidants, as well as high levels of protein, all eight necessary amino acids, a full range of vitamins, and minerals. The Moringa oleifera tree is swiftly becoming a go-to plant for preventing infection, reducing inflammation, encouraging healthy blood flow, and combatting malnutrition due to its many beneficial uses and ease of growth in semi-arid, tropical, and subtropical regions. Every component of the Moringa oleifera tree, including the bark, leaves, blossoms, and roots, has a special function in enhancing human health, which makes it extremely special. Rich in amino acids - The Moringa oleifera tree's leaves contain 18 amino acids, eight of which are necessary amino acids, making them a "complete" protein, which is unusual for plants 2 . As a matter of fact, the protein content of the Moringa oleifera tree is comparable to that of meat, making it a superior source of protein for vegetarians and vegans. Of course, protein is necessary for the synthesis of enzymes and hormones as well as for the maintenance and growth of blood, skin, bone, cartilage, and muscle. Calcium and magnesium from the Moringa oleifera tree - one serving of Moringa oleifera tree leaves contains about 125 percent of our RDI for calcium and 61 percent of our RDI for magnesium 3 While calcium is necessary to develop strong bones and teeth, we also need magnesium to aid in calcium absorption. These two trace minerals complement one another. The abundance of both in Moringa oleifera makes it particularly effective at protecting us against bone diseases like osteoporosis. The Moringa oleifera tree nourishes the skin: Dried and powdered Moringa oleifera leaves are excellent for nourishing the skin since they contain trace minerals. For this reason, extracts from the Moringa oleifera tree are starting to appear in the products of an increasing number of cosmetic enterprises. Applying creams and lotions made from the moringa oleifera tree topically to the desired regions will allow the nutrients to penetrate the skin and renew it. As a result of their high fibre content and low fat and calorie content, Moringa oleifera tree leaves have also been associated to reduced blood pressure, better digestion, mood, and immune-boosting effects. There are two so-called "Moringine" alkaloids found in the root bark that have an impact on the nervous system 4 The root of shigru contains pterygospermin, an antibiotic that is both antifungal and antibacterial. Numerous phytoconstituents are present in various Moringa species, including alkaloids, saponins, tannins, steroids, flavonoids, and terpenes. The plant moringa is one that has been used to increase breastmilk production. Moringa leaves offer a boost in prolactin levels as well as essential nutrients. Moringa leaves, which also provide essential nutrients to support nursing, raise prolactin. Ayurveda uses the plant shigru to treat a variety of conditions, including Krimi (wormicidal), Kustha (skin problems), Kandu (itching), Ashmari (stone), and Sopha (inflammation) 5 Moringa has a pungent and bitter flavour to its juice (taste). It has katu vipaka (pungent taste conversion after digestion), ushna virya (hot potency), and laghu (light), rooksha (dryness), and teekshna (strong piercing) in guna (qualities). It also balances kapha and vata . MATERIAL AND METHODS Material related to Moringa oliefera is collected from Bhavprakash Nighantu, Dhanvantri Nighantu, Nighantu Aadarsha, Kaiyadeva Nighantu,many other classical Ayurvedic literatures, textbooks and from various scientific published journals. The available commentaries of the Ayurvedic Samhitas has also referred to collect relevant matter. Nutritional value of Moringa: Every part of M. oleifera is a storehouse of important nutrients and antinutrients. The leaves of M. oleifera are rich in minerals like calcium, potassium, zinc, magnesium, iron and copper 5 Vitamins like beta-carotene of vitamin A, vitamin B such as folic acid, pyridoxine and nicotinic acid, vitamin C, D and E also present in M. oleifera 6 Phytochemicals such as tannins, sterols, terpenoids, flavonoids, saponins, anthraquinones, alkaloids and reducing sugar present along with anti-cancerous agents like glucosinolates, isothiocyanates, glycoside compounds and glycerol-1-9-octadecanoate 7 A research shows that that immature pods contain around 46.78% fiber and around 20.66% protein content. Pods have 30% of amino acid content, the leaves have 44% and flowers have 31%. The immature pods and flowers showed similar amounts of palmitic, linolenic, linoleic andoleic acids 8 Moringa has lot of minerals that are essential for growth and development among which, calcium is considered as

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Samiksha et.al , “A Review on Nutritive and Medicinal Importance of Shigru (Moringa Oleifera Lam.). ” : 2023; 6 (7):132-143 134 one of the important minerals for human growth. While 8 ounces of milk can provide 300–400 mg, moringa leaves can provide 1000 mg and moringa powder can provide more than 4000 mg. Moringa powder can be used as a substitute for iron tablets, hence as a treatment for anemia. It has been reported that moringa contains more iron than spinach 9 A good dietary intake of zinc is essential for proper growth of sperm cells and is also necessary for the synthesis of DNA and RNA. M. oleifera leaves show around 25.5– 31.03 mg of zinc/kg, which is the daily requirement of zinc in the diet 10 A point to note is that the nutrient composition varies depending on the location. Fuglie 11 revealed that seasons influence the nutrient content. It was shown that vitamin A was found abundantly in the hot-wet season, while vitamin C and iron were more in the cool-dry season 11 The difference in results can be attributed to the fact that the location, climate and the environmental factors significantly influence nutrient content of the tree 12 A complete list of nutrients available in leaves, pods and seeds are shown in Table The nutrient compositions of leaves, leaf powder, seeds and pods. Table 1 A 2 g teaspoon of Moringa Harvest dired Moringa leaf powder contains: Phytoconstituents of plant moringa oleifera 11,12 Table 2 Rasa-Panchaka: 1 • Rasa: Katu, Tikta • Guna: Laghu, Ruksha, Teekshna • Veerya: Ushna • Vipaka: Katu • Doshaghnata: Vaata, Kapha • Karma: Deepana, Hrudya, Vidahakruta, Vishgna, Shukrala, Chakushya, Vaataghna Medicinal uses: 1,14 External uses : Bark and leaf paste causes burning, is antiinflammatory, and works on abscesses. On inflammation, it is topically applied, and abscess. The best shirovirechan nasya is seed powder, which is administered nasally for headaches and head heaviness brought on by kapha . Because seed oil is analgesic, it is used to treat painful conditions like rheumatoid arthritis. Internal Uses: 15 Nervous system : It stimulates the nerves since it is tikshna and ushna . The bark's non-crystalline part has a potent effect and activates the body's afferent neurons. Blood vessel contractions, hypertension, and a quicker heartbeat are the outcomes of this. It performs better than the muscles of the digestive and respiratory systems. The pupil expands, similar to how ephedrine and adrenaline do. Tender plant roots can help people with epilepsy. Digestive system : It possesses a variety of digestive qualities, including vidahi, grahi , analgesic, antibacterial, and deworming capabilities because of its pungency and tikshna character. Madhu Shigru has a purgative effect because it is thick and sweet. Ascites, gulma, tastelessness, loss of appetite, and worms are all alleviated by it. Circulatory system : Ushna guna promotes hypertension, stimulates the heart, and has anti-inflammatory qualities. It aids in reducing inflammation and heart deterioration. Respiratory system : Kaphaghna beneficial for kaphaj kasa . Seed powder is advantageous for Shodhan Nasya. Reproductive system : It accelerates menstruation and helps with dysmenorrhea and blocked menstruation because it is ushna and anti-inflammatory. Urinary system : The kidneys are stimulated and produce more pee since it is Ushna, tikshna . Dysuria is alleviated by it. Calculi can be aided by its decoction. It is not utilised in cases of hydronephrosis since it irritates and inflames the kidneys. Skin : Ushna and Tikshna cause perspiration. Therefore, skin problems are treated with its hot infusion. Fresh bark paste is put to the incision and bandaged if there are maggots there. All maggots start off smelling bad. Aamayika prayoga: ▪ According to Acharya Charaka, shigru decoction is helpful for tub baths when treating shushkarsha (haemorrhoids). [15] Granthivisarpa can also benefit from Shigru bark paste 16 Hikka and Shwasa vydhi (Respiratory illnesses) are treated by administering a shigru leaf decoction internally 17 ▪ In Kustha kshata, shigru oil was used, according to Acharya Sushruta (Leprosy) 18 Apachi uses powdered moringa seed to make nasya 19 ▪ Acharya Vagbhata uses Madhu Shigru for external application, as well as in food and beverage preparation 20 ▪ According to Acharya Harita, jaggery and moringa root juice can relieve headaches. ▪ If Shigru decoction is administered alongside Madhu, Krimiroga (Microbial illnesses) will quickly disappear. ▪ Shigrumool twak is applied externally in cases of Dadru vyadhi (Skin disorder). Pharmaceutical effects: Antiepileptic activity: Methanolic extract of Moringa

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Samiksha et.al , “A Review on Nutritive and Medicinal Importance of Shigru (Moringa Oleifera Lam.). ” : 2023; 6 (7):132-143 135 oleifera leaves shown effective anti-convulsant efficacy against pentylenetetrazole at dose levels of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg given intraperitoneally, and maximum electroshock induced convulsions. Phenytoin and diazepam were utilised as a baseline.Methanolic extract significantly reduced the length of limb extension in MES test and significantly slowed down the onset of seizures in Ptz-induced convulsions at both dose levels. 21 This could be as a result of the extract's alkaloids, flavonoids, and tannins content. Antioxidant activity: Aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Moringa oleifera leaves and roots (methanolic and ethanolic) demonstrated significant in-vitro antioxidant and radical scavenging activities. Its leaves may protect animals from illnesses brought on by oxidative stress as they are a rich source of antioxidant compounds. The oxidative damage brought on by a high-fat diet appears to be stopped by administering an extract from Moringa oleifera leaves 22 Anticonvulsant activity: Studies were conducted on Swiss albino mice to find out the in-vivo anti-convulsant impact of an ethanolic extract of Moringa concanensis leaves (200 mg/kg, i.p). Observation revealed inhibition of tonic limb extension and MES seizures. In PTZ seizures, the convulsions disappeared. Given that it eliminated both the hind limb extension caused by MES and the seizures brought on by PTZ, the ethanolic extract of Moringa concanensis leaves may exert its anti-convulsant actions through a number of different routes 23 Anti-diabetic activity: The aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera leaves exhibits glycemic control and has anti-diabetic properties. 24 In streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic albino rats, the effects of methanol extracts of Moringa oleifera pods on antioxidant and antidiabetic activity were examined. After administering 150 or 300 mg/kg of extract to diabetic rats for 21 days, the antidiabetic effects were assessed by observing changes in serum and pancreatic tissue biochemical parameters. Following treatment with the extract, the progression of diabetes was greatly slowed down. Both doses of the extract significantly decreased the levels of serum glucose and gas in the treated rats while simultaneously raising the levels of serum insulin and protein 25 On male STZ-induced diabetic rats, the antidiabetic effect of two dosages of Moringa seed powder, 50 and 100 mg/kg, was examined. In comparison to the negative control group, the diabetic positive control group's blood and kidney tissue homogenate had higher levels of IL-6, higher levels of lipid peroxide, and lower levels of an antioxidant enzyme 26 Anti-fertility activity: An aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera roots was successful as an anti-fertility agent both with and without estradiol dipropionate and progesterone. In order to examine the effect on the uterine histoarchitecture both before and after implantation, aqueous extract was used in the in-vivo antifertility activity and histopathology study 27 Cardiovascular activity: Moringa oleifera leaf ethanolic extract shown strong antihypertensive or hypotensive action. Thiocarbamate and isothiocyanate glycosides were shown to be responsible for this potent hypotensive effect during in-vivo testing on animal hearts 28 Anti urolithiatic activity: The Moringa oleifera bark extract was used to perform the in-vitro anti-urolithiatic activity. It demonstrated a decrease in the weight of stones created by glycol-induced urothiasis. Furthermore, it has curative and preventative properties 29 Anti-asthmatic activity: The effectiveness of Moringa oleifera seed kernel in bronchial asthma patients was examined in a study. Three grammes of finely powdered dried seed kernels were administered to patients of either sex who had mild-tomoderate asthma for three weeks. A spirometer was used to measure the clinical efficacy before and after the treatment. The majority of patients had higher haemoglobin levels. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate decrease and (Hb) values (ESR). Additionally, improvements were seen in the intensity of asthmatic attacks and the symptom score. Following a three-week course of treatment, asthmatic participants showed a considerable improvement in their forced capacity, forced expiratory volume in one second, and peak expiratory flow rate, with respective improvements of 32.97 6.03%, 30.05 8.12%, and 32.09 11.75% 30 Acetylcholine, histamine, Bacl 2, and 5 HT-induced bronchospasms were found to be spasmolytic in alcoholic

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Samiksha et.al , “A Review on Nutritive and Medicinal Importance of Shigru (Moringa Oleifera Lam.). ” : 2023; 6 (7):132-143 136 extracts of Moringa oleifera seed kernels 31 Hepatoprotective activity: Moringa oleifera's ethanolic leaf extract and alcoholic seed extract were tested in vivo for their ability to prevent liver damage brought on by the drugs isoniazid, rifampicin, and pyrizinamide. The effects of dosages of the crude extract (CE) on the liver and kidney functions, as well as hemological and hepatorenal functions of the methanolic extract of Moringa oleifera roots, were also reported 32 Anti-inflammatory activity : There is anti-inflammatory action in the methanolic and aqueous extract of the root and bark, the methanolic extract of the leaves and flowers, and the ethanolic extract of the seeds of Moringa oleifera. Pharmacological testing was done on the extract and the in-vitro anti inflammatory activity of hot water infusions of Moringa oleifera flowers, leaves, roots, seeds, and stalks or bark 33 Anti–cancer activity: Ethanolic extracts of Moringa oleifera's leaves and seeds exhibit strong anti-tumor action. Isolated substances that are linked to thiocarbamate and isothiocyanate and which serve as tumour promoter inhibitors. Interestingly, three recognised thiocarbamate and isothiocynate related compounds that function as inhibitors of tumour promoter teleocidin B-4-induced Epstein-barr virus were present, which contributed to the in-vivo anticancer potential 34 CNS activity: Extract from moringa oleifera leaves raises monoamine levels in the brain, which is beneficial for treating Alzheimer's disease. The aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera roots and the ethanolic extract of the leaves were tested and evaluated for their in-vitro anticonvulsant efficacy on penicillin-induced convulsion, locomotor behaviour, brain serotonin (5-HT), dopamine, and norepinephrine levels 35 Moringa oleifera seeds, roots, bark, and leaves exhibit antibacterial and anti-fungal properties. By using the discdiffusion method, the plant has in vitro action against bacteria, yeast, dermatophytes, and helminths. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and staphylococcus aureus are unable to thrive when the seeds and fresh leaves are used 36 Anthelmintic activity: An in-vitro study evaluated the effectiveness of fresh Moringa oleifera versus macerated and infused aqueous extract and ethanolic extract. Haemonchus contortus eggs, embryonated eggs, L 1 and L 2 larvae. Five distinct extract concentrations (0.625, 1.25, 2.5, 3.75, and 5 mg/mL) were created. While embryonated eggs and larvae were exposed for six and twenty-four hours correspondingly, fresh eggs were exposed for forty-eight hours. As a negative control, distilled water and 1.5% DMSO were utilised. The outcomes showed that the Moringa oleifera ethanolic leaf extract was more effective on eggs, inhibiting egg embryonation by 60.3% 8.2% and 92.8% 6.2% at 3.75 and 5 mg/mL, respectively 37 The anti helmentic activity of ethanolic extracts of Vitex negundo and Moringa oleifera against Pheritima posthuma was tested at various doses. Water served as the impact group, and piperazine citrate (10 mg/mL) was employed as the reference standard. The results were expressed in terms of the length of your paralysis and the length of time until the worms died. In a dose-dependent way, Moringa oleifera exhibits higher activity compared to Vitex negundo 38 Different parts of moringa used as food:- Various parts of moringa are edible: • Immature seed pods, called "drumsticks" • Leaves • Mature seeds • Flowers • Roots Moringa fresh leaves: ➢ Being a large source of vitamins B, vitamin C, provitamin A in the form of beta-carotene, vitamin K, manganese, and protein, the leaves constitute the plant's most nutrientdense component 40,41 Cooked moringa leaves are significant providers of specific nutrients when compared to regular meals that are particularly high in these nutrients per 100 g fresh weight. ➢ In the leaves of the moringa plant, some of the calcium is crystallised as calcium oxalate 42 Compared to spinach, which contains an average of 750 mg/100 g oxalate 43 , in contrast to spinach's typical oxalate content of 750 mg/100 g 44 There are many ways to consume moringa leaves, including: Moringa leaves can be consumed raw in salads or cooked with rice or other foods. The list goes on and on. Moringa leaves can be juiced, steamed or fried in any dish, baked in treats, or added to smoothies and infant milk 45

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Samiksha et.al , “A Review on Nutritive and Medicinal Importance of Shigru (Moringa Oleifera Lam.). ” : 2023; 6 (7):132-143 137 ➢ You can make a tea out of moringa leaf powder, add it to drinks, sprinkle it on food, or take capsules of it. Any recipe, even soups, can use it. ➢ Moringa can be consumed in countless ways. Start with a salad made of moringa. Wash the new Moringa leaves with water after cutting off the stalks (add salt to it). Take away from the stalk. Add extra salad components like carrots, cabbage, and cucumbers. You can proceed after adding moringa oil. ➢ Be aware that cooking with too much heat will completely destroy the enzymes and some of the vitamins in moringa leaves or powder. Never overcook the fresh moringa powder or leaves! The general guideline for using moringa powder or leaves in any dish is as follows. How many moringa leaves are edible and usable? ➢ You can get the same amount of protein as an egg, calcium as a large glass of milk, iron as a 200-gram beef steak, vitamin A as a carrot, and vitamin C as an orange by eating 100 grammes of fresh Moringa oleifera leaves. ➢ It is recommended to eat fresh Moringa leaves as soon as they are harvested and to cook them for a little period of time (a few minutes at most), or even to eat them raw if they are young and sensitive, in order to maximise nutrient retention. Your daily requirement for vitamins A and C is satisfied by a half cup of cooked moringa leaves. Moringa Pods: ➢ The seed pods are a good source of dietary fibre, potassium, magnesium, and manganese. They also retain a high level of vitamin C, which can vary in how it is degraded after cooking, even after being cooked by boiling. ➢ In South Asia, the young, slender fruits—also called "drumsticks"—are frequently served as a culinary vegetable. They are cooked till soft in a curry or soup after being parboiled and frequently sliced into shorter lengths 46 Because of the immature seeds inside, the flavour is said to taste like asparagus with a hint of green beans, but sweeter 47,48 ➢ Drumstick curries are frequently made in India and Bangladesh by cooking immature pods until they reach the required level of tenderness in a mixture of coconut milk and spices (such as poppy or mustard seeds) 49 The fruit is frequently used in dals and lentil soups like drumstick dal and sambar. It is first pulped, then it is boiled with other vegetables and spices like turmeric and cumin. A typical ingredient in bhurta, a concoction of lightly fried or curried vegetables, is mashed drumstick pulp 45 ➢ Drumsticks are frequently chewed to release the fluids and nutrients while discarding the fibrous outer peel because it is rough and fibrous. Others describe a somewhat different technique for removing the sensitive seeds and flesh by sucking it out, then discarding the tube of skin 48 ➢ The nutrient-dense moringa pods can be cooked and consumed in a variety of ways. They can be prepared and consumed in the same manner as green beans, including boiling, steaming, and frying. ➢ When the pods are young and fragile, they are the tastiest to eat. They turn woody and fibrous when they are too old. Bend the pod to test it; if it snaps and splits in two, it is safe to eat. It is probably too old if it does not break. Moringa Seeds: 45,50,51 ➢ Mature pods can have their seeds extracted, sliced, and cooked for food. The seeds are renowned in Nigeria for their bitter flavour; typically added to sauces or consumed as a fried snack. The edible seed oil can be added to sauces or condiments. The protein, iron, and calcium content of wheat flours can be increased by adding ground, debittered moringa seed to the mix. ➢ When the moringa seeds are extremely young, they can be eaten. Although they can be eaten when they are fully grown, we much like the little baby ones. You can use them like green peas, but you should be careful when eating them since the seeds have a great capacity to purify water. They also have a fantastic capacity to remove pollutants from your bloodstream. A lot of waste is taken out quite quickly when too many are done at once, which can be unpleasant and upset your stomach. ➢ The seeds can be "popped" like popcorn with salt, oil, or butter, and eaten that way, but only a few at a time! Moringa is a highly potent plant, and your body needs time to adjust to any new diet that is given to it. Moringa powder: ➢ When cooking, moringa powder can be added to stews and soups, although adding it toward the end or right before serving releases more nutrients. Fresh leaves of the moringa are the same. ➢ The amount that is tolerable may vary depending on how flavourful the soup or stew is because the powder has a strong flavour. Some flavours, like lemon or peanut, don't appear to go well with moringa powder. Finding out what tastes nice and what doesn't still requires experimentation. ➢ Moringa powder, which is packed with potent antioxidants like Quercetin and Chlorogenic Acid, works to shield your

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Samiksha et.al , “A Review on Nutritive and Medicinal Importance of Shigru (Moringa Oleifera Lam.). ” : 2023; 6 (7):132-143 138 body from oxidative stress, which can cause chronic diseases. ➢ Possibly Anti-Inflammatory- Moringa powder, which is rich in anti-inflammatories, has assisted numerous people in reducing their arthritic symptoms. ➢ Might Reduce Blood Sugar- Long-term studies have shown that moringa leaf powder lowers blood glucose levels, thereby assisting diabetics. ➢ Might Reduce Cholesterol-Moringa powder has historically been used to treat excessive cholesterol in herbal medicine and has been shown to have cholesterollowering properties. An indigenous remedy for malnutrition: the Moringa Oleifera Tree ➢ A significant contributor to the frequently high rates of infant mortality is malnutrition in all of its manifestations, including kwashiorkor, beriberi, anaemia, and scurvy. Benefits of moringa tea: 52 ➢ To make moringa tea, soak dried moringa leaves in boiling water for a few minutes. This revitalising tea boosts health and vitality. The nutrients in the moringa leaves are concentrated and can be retained even after drying. 1 Loss of weight- With its potent nutrient profile, moringa tea can help enhance energy levels, manage blood sugar levels, speed up digestion, and boost metabolism. For this reason, a cup of moringa tea is a great addition to a diet plan for losing weight. 2. Properties that Reduce Inflammation Moringa, which is best known as an anti-inflammatory tea, is fantastic for lowering inflammation of the body's tissues and cells, easing pain, pains, and joint diseases, as well as gout, upset stomach, migraines, and fever. This is one of the key causes of moringa's reputation as a universal remedy. 3. Excellent Antioxidant Source High levels of antioxidants in moringa tea aid in the fight against free radicals. Moringa leaves have 46 natural antioxidants, according to research. These potent bioactive substances support the upkeep, recovery, and repair of human cells. 4. Skin Care Moringa tea is a very nutritious beverage for the skin due to its high bioflavonoid and vitamin C content. It is a beverage that fights ageing by promoting the creation of collagen, preventing the appearance of fine lines, and enhancing the hydration and youthfulness of the skin. Its anti-inflammatory properties aid in the treatment of acne. 4. Strengthens Immune System This tea's high antioxidant content makes it a fantastic way to strengthen the immune system and guard against the symptoms of the flu and the common cold. White blood cell production is boosted by vitamin C, which also functions as an antioxidant to reduce oxidative stress and the compromised immune system that it causes. 5. Supports Digestion This tea's anti-inflammatory properties make it perfect for reducing diarrheal and constipation symptoms, as well as for enhancing overall gastrointestinal health. 6. Enhances Heart Health This tea's high potassium level makes it a great choice for decreasing blood pressure because potassium can reduce stress in the arteries and blood vessels. Additionally, the relaxing properties of moringa tea aid in bodily and mental relaxation. 7. hormone balancing Moringa tea, which is rich in antioxidants, supports hormone regulation. It has the potential to treat hormoneimbalance issues that can occur after menopause. 8.Reduces Period Cramps During the menstrual cycle, a cup of moringa tea can help ease headaches, nausea, bloating, mood swings, and menstrual cramps. 9. manages migraines and depression As dopamine and serotonin levels are crucial for controlling mood and pain perception, moringa tea can be used as an anti-depressant. A 2012 study found that moringa could effectively treat and control migraines and other types of persistent headaches. 10.Manages Diabetes For diabetics or those at risk of developing diabetes, moringa tea is significant due to its ability to decrease cholesterol and blood sugar levels. Your risk of acquiring diabetes is decreased by lowering your cholesterol and blood pressure. 11. Heightens Healing Rate Moringa tea contains vitamin C, which benefits the body's ability to produce new cells in addition to the immune system. In particular for those suffering from an injury or protracted sickness, this leads to speedier healing. 12. increases liver health Polyphenol-rich moringa tea aids in the body's healing and defence. 13. bacterial and microbial resistance Because moringa tea has potent antimicrobial and antibacterial characteristics, it may be beneficial against some types of bacteria. Boils, skin infections, typical

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Samiksha et.al , “A Review on Nutritive and Medicinal Importance of Shigru (Moringa Oleifera Lam.). ” : 2023; 6 (7):132-143 139 digestive issues, blood impurities, and urinary tract infections can all be avoided with the use of the tea. 14. Booster of Energy Moringa tea can be the solution if you're searching for a non-caffeinated beverage that will enhance your energy. The tea has no sugar or caffeine and helps enhance vitality and general wellness. 15. enhances cognition A powerful brain booster, moringa tea contains antioxidants in addition to other neuroprotective vitamins and nutrients. This tea can control neurotransmitter levels, which can impact memory and cognitive function, according to research. Moringa Leaves Stir-Fry (Thoran) with Grate Coconut 53 This delicious moringa (drumstick) leaves stir-fry is made with two superfoods - moringa and coconut. This traditional recipe is easy, healthy and tasty! Ingredients: • 250 grams moringa (drumstick) leaves. • 1/4 teaspoon turmeric powder (optional) • 1/4 cup grated coconut. • To taste salt. • 1 tablespoon oil. • 1/2 teaspoon mustard seeds. • 1/4 cup shallots. • 1 tablespoon crushed dry chillies. • 1 sprig curry leaves (optional) Directions: 1 Wash and drain the moringa leaves. 2 Take the moringa leaves, grated coconut ,turmeric powder and salt in a mixing bowl. 3 Combine well. 4 Heat the oil in a pan, splutter mustard seeds. 5 add crushed chillies and curry leaves (optional). 6 Saute for a couple of minutes on a medium flame. 7 Now add the mixed moringa leaves and combine well. 8 Cook with the lid closed for 10 minutes. Add salt if required .Stir occasionally. 9 Open the lid, stir well and cook for 2 minutes. 10 Switch off. The Side Effects of Moringa :- While the leaves are completely healthy, eating a lot of the pulp or bark may be detrimental. Several adverse effects of moringa include: • Alkaloids in the plant lower blood pressure and reduce heart rate, and moringa bark causes uterine contractions. • Cell mutations brought on by a substance derived from roasted moringa seeds • disruption of fertility • Laxative characteristics might cause an upset stomach, gas, or diarrhoea. Other uses: ▪ Moringa trees have been used to combat malnutrition, especially among infants and nursing mothers 55 ▪ When wetted in advance to permit anti-septic and detergent effects from phytochemicals in the leaves, Moringa oleifera leaf powder was as effective as soap for hand washing 56 As wastewater conditioners for dewatering and drying faecal sludge, moringa oleifera seeds and press cake have been used 57 ▪ When moringa seeds are pressed to make oil, the leftover moringa seed cake is used to filter water using flocculation to create drinkable water for both humans and animals 58 ▪ Dimeric cationic proteins found in moringa seeds collect and balance colloidal charges in turbid water, causing the colloidal particles to group together and become easier to remove as sludge by either settling or filtration 59 ▪ Most pollutants are removed from water by moringa seed cake. This application is particularly intriguing since, in moringa-growing locations where drinking water is impacted by contaminants, it is harmless and sustainable compared to other materials. RESULT Shigru is a plant with a strong nutritional value and a wide range of therapeutic uses. Different parts of this plant are consumed as food in different places. The Moringa oleifera tree is a plant food that has a high nutritional value, is advantageous for the environment and the economy, and is widely available in the nations that are most affected by the food crisis. The Moringa oleifera tree has high quantities of protein, all eight essential amino acids, a wide variety of vitamins, and minerals. It is also a rich source of phytonutrients and other powerful disease-fighting antioxidants. The leaves of the Moringa oleifera tree have a "complete" protein, which is unique for plants. They include 18 amino acids, eight of which are essential amino acids. Calcium and magnesium are found in moringa. While calcium is essential for the growth of healthy bones and teeth, magnesium also helps the body absorb calcium. The two trace minerals here work well together. Moringa oleifera is especially excellent in defending us against bone illnesses like osteoporosis because it contains a lot of both.

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Samiksha et.al , “A Review on Nutritive and Medicinal Importance of Shigru (Moringa Oleifera Lam.). ” : 2023; 6 (7):132-143 140 Because they contain trace minerals, dried and powdered Moringa oleifera leaves are fantastic for nourishing the skin. The leaves of the Moringa oleifera tree have also been linked to improvements in digestion, mood, and immunity. One plant that has been utilised to boost breastmilk production is moringa. Prolactin levels are increased by moringa leaves, which also contain vital minerals. Numerous phytoconstituents are present in various Moringa species, including alkaloids, saponins, tannins, steroids, flavonoids, and terpenes The anti-inflammatory, anti-hypertensive, diuretic, anti-microbial, anti-oxidant, anti-diabetic, anti-hyperlipidemic, anti-neoplastic, antipyretic, anti-ulcer, cardio-protective, and hepatoprotective properties of Moringa oleifera are employed in various preparations. Various parts of moringa are edible ;Immature seed pods, called "drumsticks" ,leaves, mature seeds, flowers, roots. There are various benefits of drinking moringa tea such as loss of weight ,reduce inflammation, good for skin, balances hormones, supports digestion, reduce period cramps etc. Various food preparations are made by different parts of Moringa .Thus moringa is of great medicinal use as well as it fullfills nutritional values to a great extent. That’s why It should be included in our diet also. DISCUSSION The various health benefits of consuming shigru have been studied and explained in this page, along with how to utilise it as Aahar. Moringa tree leaves are among the world’s richest vegetables. Moringa oleifera tree is a plant food of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. The name "The Miracle tree" refers to the unique combination of vitamins, minerals, and amino acids found in moringa. Because the tree produces immature pods, it is frequently referred to as the "Drumstick tree." Due to the flavour of its root, it is also known as the horseradish tree and the benzoyl tree in other locales (because of the oil that its seeds produce).Moringa oleifera is frequently called the "wonder tree" because of the wide range of nutritional, therapeutic, and cleansing qualities it possesses. The "superfood" moringa has the extraordinary potential to drastically enhance health and end hunger worldwide. The Moringa oleifera tree is rich in phytonutrients and other potent disease-fighting antioxidants, as well as high levels of protein, all eight necessary amino acids, a full range of vitamins, and minerals. The Moringa oleifera tree is swiftly becoming a go-to plant for preventing infection, reducing inflammation, encouraging healthy blood flow, and combatting malnutrition due to its many beneficial uses CONCLUSION Moringa oleifera tree is a plant food of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. The Moringa oleifera tree is rich in phytonutrients and other potent disease-fighting antioxidants, as well as high levels of protein, all eight necessary amino acids, a full range of vitamins, and minerals. Phytochemi-cals such as tannins, sterols, terpenoids, flavonoids, saponins,anthraquinones, alkaloids and reducing sugar present along withanticancerous agents like glucosinolates, isothiocyanates, glycoside compounds and glycerol-1-9-octadecanoate. Various parts of moringa are edible ,Immature seed pods, leaves, mature seeds , flowers, roots. Moringa has a pungent and bitter flavour to its juice (taste). It has katu vipaka (pungent taste conversion after digestion), ushna virya (hot potency), and laghu (light), rooksha (dryness), and teekshna (strong piercing) in guna (qualities). It also balances kapha and vata . The current review aims to consolidate all prior information on the topic of its phytochemistry, therapeutic benefits and food recipes and pharmacology discussed in earlier articles. Acknowledgment - Nil Conflicts Of Interest- Nil Source of finance & support – Nil ORCID Samiksha , https://orcid.org/ 0009-0004-8758-9766 REFERENCES 1 Pandeya G, Bhavprakash Nighantu, Guduchyadi Varga, Shigru , Chaukhamba Bharti Acadamy, 2008. 2 Bapalal G. Vaidya, Nighantu Aadarsha (Volume.I), Chaukhamba Bharati Academy, Varanasi, India.2013 3 Sharma P.V: Kaiyadeva Nighantu: Chaukhamba Oriental Academy, Varanasi: 11 th edition, 1979; 137. 4 Sharma P.V,: Dhanavantari Nighantu: Chaukhamba Oriental Academy: 4 th edition, 2005; 127. 5 J.N. Kasolo, G.S. Bimenya, L. Ojok, J. Ochieng, J.W. Ogwalokeng,Phytochemicals and uses of Moringa oleifera leaves in Ugandan ruralcommunities, J. Med. Plants Res., 2010; 4: 753– 757.

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PMID 24528477. 56 Torondel, B.; Opare, D.; Brandberg, B.; Cobb, E.; Cairncross, S. (2014). "Efficacy of Moringa oleifera leaf powder as a handwashing product: A crossover controlled study among healthy volunteers". BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 14: 57. doi:10.1186/1472-6882-14-57. PMC 3930822. PMID 24528477. 57 Gold, Moritz; Dayer, Pauline; Faye, Marie Christine Amie Sene; Clair, Guillaume; Seck, Alsane; Niang, Seydou; Morgenroth, Eberhard; Strande, Linda (18 April 2016). "Locally produced natural conditioners for dewatering of faecal sludge". Environmental Technology. 37 (21): 2802– 2814. doi:10.1080/09593330.2016.1165293. PMC 5020332. PMID 26984372. 58 Ndabigengesere, Anselme; Narasiah, K.Subba; Talbot, Brian G. (February 1995). "Active agents and mechanism of coagulation of turbid waters using Moringa oleifera". Water Research. 29 (2): 703–710. doi:10.1016/0043- 1354(94)00161-Y. 59 Ghebremichael, K. A.; Gunaratna, K. R.; Henriksson, H; Brumer, H; Dalhammar, G (2005). "A simple purification and activity assay of the coagulant protein from Moringa oleifera seed". Water Res. 39 (11): 2338–44. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2005.04.012. PMID 15921719 How to cite this article : Samiksha, Kumar M, Meena N, Mishra R.C ,“A Review on Nutritive and Medicinal Importance of Shigru (Moringa Oleifera Lam.). ” IRJAY. [online] 2023;6(7);132-143. Available from: https://irjay.com. DOI link - https://doi.org/ 10.47223/IRJAY.2023.6720

[Find the meaning and references behind the names: Alpha, Niaz, Cal]

Samiksha et.al , “A Review on Nutritive and Medicinal Importance of Shigru (Moringa Oleifera Lam.). ” : 2023; 6 (7):132-143 143 Table 1 The nutrient compositions of leaves, leaf powder, seeds and pods. Nutrients Fresh leaves Dry leaves Leaf powder Seed Pods Calories (cal) 92 329 205 - 26 Protein(g) 6.7 29.4 27.1 35.97 ∓ 0.19 2.5 Fat (g) 1.7 5.2 2.3 38.67 ∓ 0.03 0.1 Carbohydrate (g) 12.5 41.2 38.2 8.67 ∓ 0.12 3.7 Fibre(g) 0.9 12.5 19.2 2.87 ∓ 0.03 4.8 VitaminB 1(mg) 0.06 2.02 2.64 0.05 0.05 VitaminB 2(mg) 0.05 21.3 20.5 0.06 0.07 VitaminB 3(mg) 0.8 7.6 8.2 0.2 0.2 Vitamin C (mg) 220 15.8 17.3 4.5 ∓ 0.17 120 Vitamin E (mg) 448 10.8 113 751.67 ∓ 4.41 - Calcium(mg) 440 2185 2003 45 30 Magnesium(mg) 42 448 368 635 ∓ 8.66 24 Phosphorus (mg) 70 252 204 75 110 Potassium (mg) 259 1236 1324 - 259 Copper (mg) 0.07 0.49 0.57 5.20 ∓ 0.15 3.1 Iron (mg) 0.85 25.6 28.2 - 5.3 sulphur(mg) - - 870 0.05 137 Table 2 Phytoconstituents of plant moringa oleifera [11,12] Sr.No. Plant Part Extract Extract Constituents 1 Leaves Aqueous and alcoholic Niazirin and Niazirinin – nitrile glycosides,4-[(4’-Oacetylalpha- L-rhamnosyloxy) benzyl isothiocyanate, Niaziminin A, and Niaziminin B, three mustard oil glycosides, niaziminin, a thiocarbamate,4- (alpha-1- rhamnopyranosyloxy)- benzylglucosinolate, quercetin-3- Oglucoside and quercetin-3-O-(6’’- Malonylglucoside),Niazimicin 2 Seeds Aqueous and Hydro-alcoholic Methionine, cysteine, 4-(alpha-Lrhamnopyranosyloxy) benzylglucosinolate, Moringine, benzylglucosinolate, niazimicin niazirin. 3 Pods Hydro-alcoholic Isothiocyanate, nitrites, thiocarbamates,O-(1 heptenyloxy) propyl undecanoate, Oethyl-4-(alpha-L-rhamnosyloxy) benzyl carbamate, methylp-hydroxybenzoate, betasitosterol . 4 Bark Alcoholic 4-(alpha-Lrhamnopyranosyloxy) benzylgiucosinolate. 5 Flowers Hydro-alcoholic D-glucose, quercetin, isoquercetin, kaemopherol, kaempferitin and ascorbic acid, protein, D-mannose. 6 Root Alcoholic Moringine, moringinine, spirachin, 1,3-dibenzyl urea, alphaphellandrene, pcymene, Deoxy-niaz 7 Stem Aqueous and Hydro-alcoholic 4-hydroxyl mellein, vanillin, octacosonoic acid, betasitosterone.

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