Conceptual Study of Shodhana and Shamana Chikitsa

Review Article This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License International Research Journal of Ayurveda & Yoga Vol. 6 (1),60-63, Dec,2022 ISSN: 2581-785 X; https://irjay.com/ DOI: 10.47223/IRJAY.2023.6111 Conceptual Study of Shodhana and Shamana Chikitsa Sakshi Awasthi, 1 Satish Gandharve, 2 Rajesh Sood, 3 Sonia Sharma 4 1 -P.G. Final Year, Department of Samhita and Siddhant, Rajiv Gandhi Government Post Graduate Ayurvedic College and Hospital, Himachal Pradesh, India. 2-Reader, Department of Samhita and Siddhanta, Rajiv Gandhi Government Post Graduate Ayurvedic College and Hospital, Himachal Pradesh, India. 3-Professor, Department of Samhita and Siddhanta, Rajiv Gandhi Government Post Graduate Ayurvedic College and Hospital, Himachal Pradesh, India. 4-Sr. Lecturer, Department of Samhita and Siddhanta, Rajiv Gandhi Government Post Graduate Ayurvedic College and Hospital, Himachal Pradesh, India INTRODUCTION The Ayurvedic concept of the progression of a disease is remarkably wide. According to Ayurveda, Vyadhi (Disease) has been defined as the state in which both the body and mind are subjected to pain and misery. Whatever may be the aggravating causes of the disease the actual factors which become imbalanced are the three Doshas(humors) i.e., Vata, Pitta and Kapha, which ultimately are the three basic entities of the living body. Thus, for balancing these doshas, mandatory treatment required have been mentioned in detail in texts. Different types of Chikitsa have been described by different Acharyas like Ekavidha Chikitsa, Dwividha Chikitsa etc. The present study has been planned to review the detailed description of Dwividha Chikitsa as mentioned by Acharya Vagbahata i.e. Shodhana and Shamana Chikitsa. AIMS & OBJECTIVES To review the concept of two types of Chikitsa i.e., Shodhana and Shamana Article Info Article history: Received on: 05-11-2022 Accepted on: 12-01-2023 Available online: 31-01-2023 Corresponding author- Sakshi Awasthi, P.G. Final Year, Department of Samhita and Siddhant, Rajiv Gandhi Government Post Graduate Ayurvedic College and Hospital, Himachal Pradesh, India, Email: sakshiawasthi 945@gmail.com. ABSTRACT: Ayurveda's primary goal is to prevent and cure various diseases. Concept of Chikitsa (Treatment) in Ayurveda has been extensively well defined, divided into three main aspects on Shodhana (Purification Therapy), Shamana(Pacification Therapy) and Nidana Parivarjana(Avoiding causative factors). Panchakarma therapy of Ayurveda has caught the attention of people all over the world since it is a unique type of treatment for various chronic, auto immunological, hormonal, and degenerative problems, among others, where other types of treatments have failed. Acharya Charaka emphasized the importance of Panchakarma therapy by noting that the ailment healed by Shodhana will never recur, however the disease treated by Shamana therapy may resurface in the future Here, in this article an attempt has been made to analyse the concept of Shodhana and Shamana Chikitsa as mentioned in classical texts of Ayurveda. Keywords - Shodhana, Shamana, Chikitsa

Sakshi et al “Conceptual Study of Shodhana and Shamana Chikitsa ” : 2022; 6 (1):60-63 61 MATERIAL AND METHODS: Material related to Shodhana and Shamana Chikitsa is collected from ayurvedic texts books, modern text books, index medical journals and website Conceptual Study • Eliminating the causative factors of a disease is called Chikitsa 1 • According to Bhavprakasha, any activity or approach which alleviates or destroys a disease is called Chikitsa 2 . Table no 1. Different classifications of Chikitsa have been described by various classical texts. Shodhana And Shamana Chikitsa 4 • In Ayurveda the approach to treatment of a disease consists of two major procedures as mentioned by Acharya Vagbhata: Shodhana Chikitsa and Shamana Chikitsa. • Importance of Shodhana Chikitsa is described flawlessly by Acharaya Charak as, the diseases cured by Shodhana Chikitsa never relapse while the diseases cured by Shamana therapy may recur 5 . • However, the comprehensive treatment of a disease will be successful after the use of both types of treatments i.e., Shodhana Chikitsa and Shamana Chikitsa . Shamana Chikitsa • Shamana therapy is a palliative approach that normalizes the Doshas in the body at their place of vitiation itself rather than expelling them from the body. It is a form of palliative care, used in cases where Shodhana is contraindicated. It helps to reduce or eliminate the symptoms of a disease instead of treating its root cause. Shamana therapies focus on balancing the Doshas with the help of drugs inside the body itself 6 • According to Acharya Sharangdhar, Shamana dravyas are those which do not expel the Doshas out of the body, does not elevate or alleviate the Doshas present in normal amount, but brings the cupious Doshas in their normal forms thus, curing the disease. Due to certain circumstances, Doshas can linger inside the body even after detoxification. Shamana drugs thus, helps in restoring the Dosha equilibrium. It is usually performed in initial stages of disease where Doshas are less vitiated. S • Shamana therapy takes the approach by means of different Yogas (medications). Apart from Yogas, the approach also involves effecting a change in diet and lifestyle . Shamana also involves treatment by the modes of Pachana Dravyas, Deepana Dravyas, Atapa Sevana, Maruta Sevana, Kshudha and Trishna Nigraha, Vyayama 7 Shodhana Chikitsa 8,9,10 • Shodhana refers to the detoxification of body which helps in the alleviation and prevention of diseases. According to Ayurveda, all diseases are due to Dosha imbalance . Shodhana therapy (Detoxification techniques) therefore focus on eliminates the provoked humours present the body • Shodhana Karma (purificatory therapy) helps to clean the Srotas (channels) and rejuvenates them thus, ensuring a proper transportation of the metabolites. • Panchakarma is a classically formulated Shodhana regimen. The purificatory therapies, if applied suitably, provide for clarity of the mind, strength of sense organs, stability of tissue and keenness of digestive power. The process of ageing also slows down by merits of this therapy • Though, Shodhana has a wide range of applicability, it has been mainly indicated in Bahudoshaavastha. Due to drastic changes in life style, in terms of foods, habits, excess modernization in present era, prevalence of diseases like Sheetapitta (Urticaria), Madhumeha (DM), Sthoulya (Obesity) has become common. Palliative treatment in diseases having Bahudoshavastha (excess humour) does not provide significant improvements, and in most of the cases only symptomatic relief is found. Proper application of Shodhana Karma , involves Purva Karma , which plays an important role by helping in avoiding the complications. • Apart from these diseases, importance of other Shodhana Karmas like Nasya, Raktamokshana has also been well established after various studies, in providing relief in various diseases. • Samsarjana krama means a proper sequential diet regimen of Peya, Vilepi, Kritakria Yusha and Kritakrita Mamsarasa , advised after Shodhana karma to strengthen the weakened Agni. • During the strenuous process of both Vamana and Virechana Karma Samana Vayu, Kledaka Kapha, Pachaka Pitta and Apana Vayu are disturbed. These processes also lead to weakness, loss of weight, freeness of Sandhibandhana etc. Due to this reason patient cannot tolerate any treatment or diet regimen. Therefore, to intensify the Jathargni , patient is advised Samsarjana

Sakshi et al “Conceptual Study of Shodhana and Shamana Chikitsa ” : 2022; 6 (1):60-63 62 Karma from Laghu Aahara (easy to digest) to Guru Aahara (heavy to digest). DISCUSSION During these times of stress and changing lifestyles with prevalence of different diseases and only a handful of treatment options available Shodhana Karma provides a natural, effective and better approach to not only cure the disease, but to restore the equilibrium, boost overall health and well-being . Shodhana along with Shamana therapy can provide a wide approach to cure the disease to a better extent. The whole Shodhana procedure depends upon the proper mobilization of Dosha from the Shakha which is achieved by Snehana and Swedana . According to Hemadri , Pachana does digestion of Ama, Deepana separates Doshas from Dhatu, Snehana does Utkleshana (excitation) of Dosha and Swedana brings Dosha from Shakha to Koshtha . Since, Vamana and Virechana are the purifactory procedures against the normal physiological processes of the body, which is turn is bound to aggravate Vata, therefore implying the importance of Purva Karma in Shodhana Therapy. Samsarjana Krama normalizes the Agni and Vayu, provides nutrition and helps to normalize the body tissues, which are weakened during the purificatory procedures. Thus, diet is managed through 12,8,4 Anna Kalas (meals) according to Pravara , Madhyama and Heena Shuddhi of the patients 11 . CONCLUSION Ayurveda is the oldest available medical literature in the world. So many treatment protocols along with formulations have been mentioned by different Acharya in different texts. In today’s era there are various chronic diseases which affect our life to a great extent, and with only symptomatic treatment available in other sciences, Shodhana therapy along with Shaman therapy provides relief to much greater extent. As, also said by Acharya Charak , diseases cured by Shamana therapy can relapse but diseases cured with Shodhana therapy do not recur. Acknowledgments- Nil Conflicts Of Interest- Nil Source of finance & support – Nil ORCID Sakshi Awasthi , https://orcid.org/ 0000-0001-5610-5248 REFERENCES 1. Deva R, Shabkalpdruma Published by Nagprakash, Delhi . 1999. 2. Shaatri AD, The Bhavprakash Nighantu , Chaukhamba Sanskrit series, Varanasi, Vachaspatyam, compiled by Taranath Tarka Vachaspati, Chaukhamba.2009 3. Shastri H, Amarkosh , published by Chaukhamba Sanskrit Sansthan.2009 4. Sharma A, Ashtang Samgrah, Chaukhamba orientalia, Varanasi.2010 5. Shastri H.D, Ashtang Hridya with Sanskrit commentary: Sarvangsundara of Acharya Arundutta.Charak Samhita, Agnivesha, revised by Charak and Dridbala, with hindi commentary , Chaukhamba Sanskrit series, Varanasi.2008 6 Sharma PV Charak Samhita with Ayurveda Dipika commentary of Chakrapani and Vidyotini Hindi Commentary Chaukhamaba Orientalia, Varanasi 2008. 7 Patil V.K, Principles and Practices of Panchakarma, Chaukhamba Publications 2008. 8 Singh H, Panchkarma Therapy, Chaukhamba Sanskrit Series, Varanasi 2008. 9 Gupta S, Panchakarma Chikitsa Vigyana, Chaukhambha Prakashak Delhi 2006. 10 Sen K PanchaKarma Sangraha , Srinibas Ayurvedic Aushadhalaya 206, Bidhan Sarani, Calcutta-6.2008 11 Sen K PanchaKarma Sangraha , Koviraj Jaynarayan Sen, Srinibas Ayurvedic Aushadhalaya 206, Bidhan Sarani, Calcutta-6.2008 How to cite this article: Awasthi S, Gandharve S, Sood R,Sharma S “Conceptual Study Of Shodhana And Shamana Chikitsa” IRJAY.[online]2023;6(1); 60-63 Available from: https://irjay.com DOI linkhttps://doi.org/10.47223/IRJAY.2023.6111

Sakshi et al “Conceptual Study of Shodhana and Shamana Chikitsa ” : 2022; 6 (1):60-63 63 Table no 1. Different classifications of Chikitsa have been described by various classical texts. Ekavidha Chikitsa Nidana parivarjana Dwi-vidha Chikitsa Sheeta Upachara, Ushna Upachara Santarpana and Apatarpana Shodhana and Shamana Swasthya Urjaskar and Artasya Roganuta Rasayana and Vajikarana Roga prashamana and Apunarbhava Dravyabhuta and Adravyabhuta Trividha Chikitsa Daiv-vyapashraya, Yukti- Vyapashraya, Satvavajaya Chikitsa Antah parimarjan, Bahi parimarjan, Shastra pranidhana Hetu-Vipareeta, Vyadhi-Vipareeta, Ubhayaarthakaari Langhana, Langhanapachana, Doshavasechana Chaturvidha Chikitsa(Su.chi.33/3) Brimhitavya, Prashamayitavya, Nirhartavya and Paripaalya Panchavidha Chikitsa Vamana,Virechana,Vasti, Shirovirechana, Raktamokshana Shatvidha Chikitsa Langhana, Brimhana, Rukshana, Snehana, Swedana, Stambhana Saptavidha chikitsa(A.h.su.14/6-7) Pachana, Deepana, Kshudha, Trishna, Vyayama, Aatapa, Vayu Dashvidha Chikitsa- 10 types of Langhana Vamana, Virechana, Niruhavasti, Nasya, Pipasa, Vaayu sevana, Aatap sevana, Pachana, Upavasa, Vyayama Ashtadasha Vidha Chikitsa 18 18 types of Upashaya