Shalparni (Desmodium Gangeticum) – A Review from Pharmacological Perspective

Review Article This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License International Research Journal of Ayurveda & Yoga Vol. 5 (6),57-63, June, 2022 ISSN: 2581-785 X; https://irjay.com/ DOI: 10.47223/IRJAY.2022.5608 Shalparni ( Desmodium Gangeticum) – A Review from Pharmacological Perspective Pramila kumari 1 , Mohd Imtiyaj 2 , Masum 3 , Vijaya 4 1 P.G. Scholar Dept. of Dravyaguna MMM Govt. Ayurveda College, Udaipur (RAJ) 2 P.G. Scholar Dept. of Dravyaguna MMM Govt. Ayurveda College, Udaipur (RAJ) 3 P. G. Scholar Dept. of Physiology . MMM Govt. Ayurveda College, Udaipur (RAJ) 4 P.G. Scholar Dept. of Dravyaguna MMM Govt. Ayurveda College, Udaipur (RAJ) INTRODUCTION Around the worldalmost 20,000 plants are used for medicinal purposes, out of which approximately 10,000 plants are used in Indian medicinal system. Shalparni is a well-known plant in Ayurveda literature. It is found throughout India. Shalparni is one of the constituent drug of Laghupanchmool and Dashmoola . Shalparni and Prashniparni are together termed as Parnidwaya in classical Ayurvedic literature. The botanical name of Shalparni is Desmodium gangeticum DC., and belongs to the family Fabaceae. Shalparni is a short herb or undershrub which attains a height of 0.5 to 1 meter. The stem is hairy or less hairy. Leaf is unifoliate, leaflets are oval, oblongue and rounded at the base. The calyx is 2 mm long and hairy and the fruit is pod shaped. Flowering takes place usually in the month of June – august 1 . 49 species of desmodium are found in India viz. Desmodium triflorum DC., Desmodium Laxiflorum , Article Info Article history: Received on: 18-04-2022 Accepted on: 10-06-2022 Available online: 30-06-2022 Corresponding author- Pramila kumari, PG Scholar, Department of Dravyaguna, MMM Govt. Ayurveda College, Udaipur (RAJ), Email: pramilajhajharia 1992@gmail.com . ABSTRACT: Shalparni is a well-known plant in Ayurveda literature. The botanical name of Shalparni is Desmodium gangeticum DC., and belongs to the family Fabaceae. Shalparni is one of the constituent drug of Laghu panchmool and Dashmoola. Due to its madhura – tikta rasa and madhuravipaka it alleviates vitiated vaat and rakta dusthi , so it is indicated efficiently in vaatrakta chikitsa . In Charaka samhita it is classified in sothhara mahakashya and in Sushruta it is classified in Vidarigandhadi gana and laghupanchamula . Desmodidium gangeticum has many ethnomedical uses.In various nighantus , it is also indicated in Atisara, Shosha, Shopha, Jwara, Visha, Krimi rogas . Shalparni possesses aphrodisiac, cardiotonic, nervine tonic, febrifuge, haemostatic, and anti-helminthic properties. Shalparni also has anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antibacterial, anticholinesterase, smooth muscle relaxant, antipyretic, CNS stimulant and depressor, and bronchial muscle relaxant properties Key words – Shalparni , RasPanchak , Dosha , Dhatu

Pramila et. al “ Shalparni (Desmodium Gangeticum) – A Review from Pharmacological Perspective” : 2022; 5 (6):57-63 58 Desmodium natalitium Sonder., Desmodiummaculatum L.(DC). etc. Distribution 2 – Various species of Desmodium are found on lower hills & plains upto 1500 meters in Himalayas. It is very commonly seen in Punjab, Bihar, Rajasthans open and wet land forest and western ghats. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES 1 To study the Shalparni with respect to its synonyms, rasapanchak from the classical text of Ayurveda . 2 To identify various uses of Shalparni in Samhitakala and modern era. Classical Categorization Table 1 Vernacular Names – Table 2 Synonyms in different Nighantu –Table 3 Synonyms of Shalparni in different Nighantus are given below 3-10 - Raspanchak -Table 4 Rogaghnata – Table 5 Effect on Dosha , Dhatu and Mala : Table 6 Effect on Dosha – Effect on Dhatu / Updhatu / Agni – Due to the properties of Madhur - Tikta rasa, Guru-Snigdh Guna , and Ushna veerya, Agni is directly increased while Dhatu and Updhatu are gradually increased. It is also referred as Rasayan and Bringhan by several Nighantus . Effect on Mala – Madhur- Tikta Rasa , and Madhur Vipaka are present in Shalparni . Due to Madhuravipaka it acts as Shrustavinamutra . Part used – Root, whole plant Chemical constituents 16 – N, N-dimethyltryptamine,N-dimethyltryptamine, 5- methoxy-N, and their Nb-oxides, Nbmethyltetrahydroharman, Nmethyl tyramine, 6-methoxy- 2-methyl-ß- carboliniumderivative, Nbmethailtetrahydroharman, hypaphorine, hordenine, caudicine, ß-phenylethylamine, gangetin-(7, 12α- dihydro- 13-methoxy-3, 3-dimethyl-11-13-methyl-2 butenyl) -3 H, 7 H-benzofuro [3,2-C] pyrano [3,2-g] - benzpyran-10- ol, gangetinin, desmodin, 24- ethylcholesta- 5, 22- dien- 3ß – ol . Description in various floras and reference books – The Wealth of India 17 – This book(vol-iii) has a detailed description of the plant's cultivation. This plant's therapeutic benefits and chemical constants have also been revealed. Many species are mentioned in the Desmodium genus, such as trifloram, gengeticum, and diffusam. Indian Medicinal Plants ( Kirtikar and Basu ) 18 – The family- Leguminose, the genus- Desmodium, and speciesgengeticum and morphology of the plant, as well as its uses and therapeutic applications, have all been thoroughly characterised. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopia of India (Vol 3) 19 – This book covers the following topics: vernacular names, morphology, pharmacognosy, powder microscopy, chemical components, properties and action, therapeutic uses, and dosing. DISCUSSION & CONCLUSION Shalparni is mentioned extensively in the text of Ayurveda . Mainly it is used as a component in dashmool , however single uses are also stated at some places in the texts like in Ardhavbhedak, baalroga, netraroga, etc. Acharya Charak indicates its use with milk in hrudashool , particularly in vataj hrudashoola 20 . Due to its madhura – tikta rasa and madhuravipaka it alleviates vitiated vaat and rakta dusthi , so it is indicated efficiently in vaatrakta chikitsa . In various nighantus , it is also indicated in Atisara, Shosha, Shopha, Jwara, Visha, Krimi rogas . Though root is the commonly used part, leaves and the whole plant are also used in some formulations. Various tribal communities of India use it to treat whooping cough, bone fractures, as an antidote of scorpion sting, and to cure snake bites. Shalparni possesses aphrodisiac, cardiotonic, nervine tonic, febrifuge, haemostatic, and anti-helminthic properties. It has also been found useful in flatulence, diarrhoea, dysentery, neuro-muscular disorder, tuberculosis, seminal weakness, andgout conditions. The root of Shalparni is a well-known antipyretic.Its efficacy has also been proved in typhoid fever, as a diureticand aphrodisiac. The established pharmacological activities of Shalparni include anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antibacterial, antidiabetic, antiulcer, anticholinesterase, smooth muscle relaxant, antipyretic, CNS stimulant and depressor, and bronchial muscle relaxant 21-22 .The aqueous extract of root was found to be harmless in acute toxicity studies. In experiments conducted on mice, a pterocarpene derivative gangetin which was derived from hexane extract of root was found to be non-toxic up to a dose of 7 gm/kg

Pramila et. al “ Shalparni (Desmodium Gangeticum) – A Review from Pharmacological Perspective” : 2022; 5 (6):57-63 59 ORCID Pramila kumari , https://orcid.org/ 0000-0003-4682-1966 Acknowledgement: Nil Conflict of Interest – None Source of Finance & Support – Nil REFERENCES 1 Database on medicinal plants used in Ayurveda and Siddha (2007), Vol. 8, Central Council for Reserch in Ayurveda & Siddha. 2 Database on medicinal plants used in Ayurveda and Siddha (2007), Vol. 8, Central Council for Reserch in Ayurveda & Siddha. 3 Oza Z Dhanvantari Nighantu, Hindi Gunakarmatmaka commentary Chaukhamba Prakashan, Varanasi.1986 4 Sharma PV, Sodhala Nighantu 1 st edition, edited by Prof. P.V. Sharma, Oriental Institute, Baroda. 1978 5 Sharma PV, Abhidhana Ratnamala (Shadrasa Nighantu), 1 st edition, 6 th skandha, editor Chaukhambha Orientalia, Varanasi. 1978 6 Sharma PV Madhava Dravya guna (Bhavaswabhava vada), 1 st edition, Chowkhamba Vidyabhawan, Varanasi. 1973 7 Sharma PV Hridaya dipaka Nighantu and Siddhamantra, with the commentary of Bopadeva, Chaukhamba Amarbharati Prakashan, Varanasi. 1978 8 Khemraj S, Madanpal Nighntu, Hindi Commentary Bhashatatva prkashini Mumbai.2006 9 Sharma PV Kaiyadeva, Kaiyadeva Nighantu, Ed. 1 st , Chaukhambha Orientalia, Varanasi, 1979;12. 10 Chunekar, KC, Bhavaprakasha Nighantu, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, Varanasi. 2007 11 Tripathi I Raja Nighantu, Hindi Commetary Dravyaguna Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi. 2006 12 Lal Bhai T, Nighantu Shesha 1 st edi, Shri Vallabhagani’s Commentary, Bharatiya Sanskrit Vidyamandira, Ahmedabad. 1968 13 Sharma P.V., Priya Nighantu with Hindi commentary ‘Padma’, Chaukhambha Surabharati Prakashan, Varanasi, 2004;11. 14 Shaligrama V , Shaligrama Nighantu, Khemaraj Srikrishna Das, Bombay, 1993;206. 15 Jayatilak J.P., Saraswati Nighantu, edited by Dr. S.D.Kamat, Ed. 1 st , Chaukhamba Sanskrit Pratishthan, Delhi, 2006;58. 16 Database on medicinal plants used in Ayurveda and Siddha (2007), Vol. 8, Central Council for Reserch in Ayurveda & Siddha. 17 The wealth of India, Council of scientific and Industrial Reseach, New Delhi. Vol. III. 18 Kirtikar KR Indian medicinal plants – Volume 1, Ed. 2 nd, Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, 2004 19 The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, 1 st edition, Govt. of India, Ministry of Healtlh and Family Welfare, Department of Indian Systems of Medicine & Homeopathy, New Delhi. Part – I, Vol-III. 20 Acharya YT, Agnivesha, Charaka Samhita with ‘Ayurveda-Deepika’ Commentary of Chakrapanidatta, edited by Chaukhamba Surbharati Prakashan, Varanasi, reprint edition, 2007 21 S. Suman, P. Neha and P. Bhupesh, “A review on Shalparni (desmodium gangeticum DC. & Desmodium laxiflorum DC.) Ethnomedicinal perspectives,” Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies, vol. 3, no. 4, 2015 22 R. Govindrajan, H. Asare-Anane, S. Persaud, P. Jones and P. Houghton, “Effect of Desmodium gangeticum extract on blood glucose in rats and on insulin secretion in vitro,” Planta Medica, vol. 73, no. 5, 2007 23 Suman Girjianandan singh , Neha permar , Bhupesh R Patel,; “A review on Shalparni ( Desmodium gangeticum) and Desmodium species ( Desmodium trifolium) & Desmodium laxiflorum – Ethnomedicinal perspectives. How to cite this article: Kumari P, Imtiyaj M, Masum, Vijaya “ Shalparni (Desmodium Gangeticum) – A Review From Pharmacological Perspective” IRJAY.[online]2022;5(6);57-63. Available from: https://irjay.com DOI linkhttps://doi.org/10.47223/IRJAY.2022.5608

Pramila et. al “ Shalparni (Desmodium Gangeticum) – A Review from Pharmacological Perspective” : 2022; 5 (6):57-63 60 Table 1 Classical Categorization Sr. no. GRANTHA VARGA / GANA 1. Charaka Samhita Shothahara dashemani, Balya dashemani, Snehopagadashemani,Angamardaprashmana dashemani, Madhuraskandhas 2. Sushruta Samhita Vidarigandhadi gana, Laghupanchmool. 3. Astanga samgraha Vayasthapan gana, 4. Dhanvatari Nighantu Guduchyadi varga 5. Sodhala Nighantu Guduchyadi varga 6. Madhava Dravyaguna Vividhaushadhi varga 7. Hridayadipaka Nighantu Chatushpada varga 8. Madanpal Nighantu Abhayadi varga 9. Kaidev Nighantu Aushadhi varga 10. Bhavaprakasha Nighantu Guduchyadi varga 11. Raja Nighantu Shatahyadi varga 12. Rajavallabh Nighantu Shatahyadi varga 13. Shaligrama Nighantu Guduchyadi varga 14. Priya Nighantu Haritakyadi varga Table 2 Vernacular Names – S. No. Language Names 1. English Flax weed, flix weed 2. Hindi Shalpan, Sarivan, Salvan, sar, Gauri, Salpani, Dinth 3. Bengali salpani, shalpani, chhalani 4. Gujarati shalvan, salvan, sameravo, pandadiyo 5. Marathi Ranbhal, Salvan 6. Oriya Sharpni, Salopornni 7. Punjabi Samer, Shalpurni, Sarivan 8. Sanskrit Shalparni, shaliparni, Vidharigandha, Somya, Anshumati, Atiguha, Triparni, Dhruva, Dirghmoola, Sthira, Pitini, Patrika, Tanvi, Kumuda, Dirghpatrika, Shophaghni, Tripatri, Triguha, Guha, Parniti, Madhuparnika, Dirghaghni, Suparnika, Dirghmoolika, Vataghni, Subhaga, Devi, Niswala, Vrihiparnika, Sumoola, Suroopa, sarvanukarini, pitani, supatra, shubhapatrika, shulidala, anyaparni, sudala. 9. Tamil Pulladi, Pullati, Orila 10. Telugu Gitanaram, Kolaka ponna 11. Urdu Sharpani.

Pramila et. al “ Shalparni (Desmodium Gangeticum) – A Review from Pharmacological Perspective” : 2022; 5 (6):57-63 61 Table 3 Synonyms in different Nighantu – Synonyms of Shalparni in different Nighantus are given below 3-10 - Sr.No. Paryaya DN SoN AbR MD HDN MN KN BP 1. Shaliparni + + + + + + + 2. Sthira + + + + + + + 3. Somya + + + + + + 4. Triparni + + + 5. Atiguha + + + + 6. Dhruva + + + + 7. Vidarigandha + + + + + + 8. Anshumati + + + + + + 9. Dirghmoola + + + 10. Patrika + 11. Pitini + + + 12. Kumuda |+ 13. Tanvi + 14. Shophagni + 15. Dirghapatrika + 16. Guha + + 17. Tripatri + + 18. Triguha + 19. Mahaklitanika + + 20. Anshuparnika + 21. Parniti + 22. Parni + 23. Dirdhmoolika + 24. Pivri + 25. Dirghangi + 26. Dirghapatra + 27. Dirdhaguhya 28. Atiguha + 29. Anyaparnya + 30. Sudala + 31. Dirghapatrika + 32. Dirghapatra + 33. Dirghamoola + + +

Pramila et. al “ Shalparni (Desmodium Gangeticum) – A Review from Pharmacological Perspective” : 2022; 5 (6):57-63 62 Table 4 Raspanchak - Raspanchak according to different nighantus are as follow – Sr. No. Rasapanchaka DN MD SMP HDN MN KN BP RN Sha.N 1. Rasa Ma. + + + Ti. + + + + + 2. Guna L. G. + + + + + Sn. 3. Virya U. + + + 4. Vipaka Ma. + Table 5 Rogaghnata – Rogaghnata according to different nighantus are as follow – Sr.No Rogaghnata DN So.N MD MN KN BP R.N Sha.N. N.Sh. 1. Vishamajwar + + + 2. Prameha + + + 3. Arsha + + 4. Shopha + + + 5. Santap + + 6. Shula + 7. Kitanashak + 8. Vishaghna + + + 9. Krumi + + + 10. Kshata + + 11. Kasa + + + 12. Chardi + + + + 13. Jwara + + + + 14. Swash + + + + 15. Atisar + + + + 16. Shosh + + + + 17. Rashayana + + + + + 18. Bruhan + + + + + 19. Vrushya + + 20. Trishna + 21. Hridroga +

Pramila et. al “ Shalparni (Desmodium Gangeticum) – A Review from Pharmacological Perspective” : 2022; 5 (6):57-63 63 Table 6 Effect on Dosha , Dhatu and Mala : Effect on Dosha – Sr.no. GRANTHA DOSHAGHNATA 1 Sushruta Samhita Vatapittaghna 2 Astanga samgraha Vatapittaghna 3 Dhanvatari Nighantu Vataghni 4 Madanpal Nighantu Tridoshagna 5 Kaidev Nighantu Tridoshagna 6 Bhavaprakasha Nighantu Tridoshagna 7 Raja Nighantu Vataghni 8 Rajavallabh Nighantu Kaphapittagna 9 Shaligrama Nighantu Tridoshagna 10 Priya Nighantu Tridoshagna

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