Criminal behavior – Ayurvedic perspective

[Find the meaning and references behind the names: Law, Geetha, Karma, Deva, Anna, Jithesh]

Review Article This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License International Research Journal of Ayurveda & Yoga Vol. 4 (12),109-114, December, 2021 ISSN: 2581-785 X; https://irjay.com/ DOI: https://doi.org/10.47223/IRJAY.2021.41217 Criminal behavior – Ayurvedic perspective Thasni M 1 , Jithesh M 2 1 MD Scholar, Manovigyan Avum Manasroga, Department of Kayachikitsa, VPSV Ayurveda college, Kottakkal 2. Professor and HOD, Department of Kayachikitsa, VPSV Ayurveda College, Kottakkal INTRODUCTION Crime is defined as an offence which goes beyond the personal and into the public sphere breaking prohibitory rules/ laws to which legitimate punishments or sanctions are attached and which requires the intervention of a public authority 1 . It is an act which causes any maladjustment to Article Info Article history: Received on: 26-11-2021 Accepted on: 22-12-2021 Available online: 31-12-2021 Corresponding author- Jithesh M, Professor and HOD, Department of Kayachikitsa VPSV Ayurveda college Kottakkal, Malappuram, Kerala Email-drjitheshm@gmail.com ABSTRACT: Crime is an intentional commission of an act usually deemed socially harmful or dangerous and specifically defined, prohibited, and punishable under criminal law. It is unquestionably one of the prevailing and worrying aspect in most of the societies. Criminal behaviour is often a difficult topic to discuss, as there are different variables that must be taken into account in order to truly define and obtain a thorough understanding of the concept. It is often a matter of debate whether the criminals are born bad or made bad. The born traits alone do not inevitably lead to crime and the circumstances do not make criminals of everyone; but together they create a population responsible for a large fraction of crimes. The intentions and attitude of indulging into criminal behaviour is dominated by the personality, attitude, physiology, learning, motivation, thinking and other cognitive factors. In, Ayurveda the criminality can be explained under the concept of Prajnaparadha . In Prajnaparadha we do things without discriminating as to whether an action is favourable or harmful. Ayurveda have directly and indirectly discussed the concepts of criminal behaviour in various contexts like Anna Raksha Adhyaya, Dashavidha Papa karma etc. Hints about the evolutionary aspects of deviant behaviors are discussed in the context where Charaka discusses 3 types of Satvas – Deva, Manusha and Pashu . The born behavioral patterns are further explained in the context where Saatvikadi prakrithi is explained. Chandogyopanishad and Bhagavath Geetha also provides references regarding the role of Ahara and the behavioral patterns. Ayurveda also explains the psychopathological causation of crime under the context of Unmada . Ayurveda offers a number of practical and powerfully effective tools for balancing common disturbances of the mental and emotional realm. This paper makes a humble effort to discuss the different aspects of criminal behavior, the primary, secondary and tertiary preventive strategies and rehabilitation along with the parallel concepts in Ayurveda . Keywords : Crime, born traits , Satva, Prakrithi , Ahara , prevention, rehabilitation

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Thasni , et al .: Criminal behavior – Ayurvedic perspective ” : 2021; 4 (12):109-114 110 a particular culture and a social concern and hampers the law-and-order situation 2 . The intentions and attitude of indulging into criminal behaviour is dominated by the personality, attitude, physiology, learning, motivation, thinking and other cognitive factors 2 . National crime records Bureau in the year 2019, registered a total of 51.5 lakh cognizable crimes comprising 32.2 lakh IPC crimes and 19.4 lakh Special and Local Law crimes nationwide 3 . Delhi was reported to have the highest crime rate of 1586.1 which was 4.1 times higher than the national average. Kerala was in the second place with a crime rate of 1287.7. Uttar Pradesh reported the highest incidence of violent crimes with a percentage of 15.2 of the total violent crimes in India 3 . Crime Causation Historically, Crime and criminal minds began to be studied a long way ago. It was in 1890 s that great interest as well as controversy was generated by the Italian criminologist Cesare Lombroso 4 . According to Lombroso criminals were simply born bad with certain physical characteristics or abnormalities ‘’Atavistic characteristics’’. He hypothesized that offenders were the products of an earlier stage of human evolution, a stage were more primitive humans and animals existed 4 . In 1949 William Sheldon put forward constitutional theory which tried to explain the personality with respect to the body type of the individual. He classified the body types into Ectomorphs, Mesomorphs and endomorphs 5 . In this, the Mesomorphs had a muscular body, and they were bold, adventurous and courageous and were said to be most commonly involved in criminal activities 5 . Genetics and criminality shall also be explained on the basis of extra Y chromosome theory. Also known as Supermales, a high percentage of XYY individuals were found among antisocial or criminal types as compared to the normal individuals 6 . Further roots of genetics and criminality was explained with the help of MAOA gene located in the X chromosome. This gene is also known as warrior gene because of its link to aggression 7 . Studies shows that lowering of serotonin levels in the brain can trigger aggressive behavior 8 . Extremely low levels of stress hormonecortisol were also found to be linked with aggressive behavior. Conversely, increased levels of neurotransmitters such as dopamine and norepinephrine also potentiate violent behavior 8 . Cultural studies also associate the incidences of criminal behavior with men and this difference is linked to increased levels of hormone testosterone which is abundant in males than in females 8 . Criminal behavior is associated with structural and functional impairments of Prefrontal cortex which is responsible for in decision-making, attention, emotion regulation, impulse control, and moral reasoning 8 . The increased activity of the socioemotional system which is mainly controlled by amygdala also influences the criminal behavior 8 . The psychological causation of criminal behavior can be explained on the basis of the three psychodynamic principles of Freud i.e., Id, ego and superego. We have many instinctual drives called the “id” which forces us to gratify all our needs and desires immediately . But, the ‘ego ‘ acknowledges and deal with reality ensuring that the demands of id are expressed only in socially acceptable ways 9 . The super ego is the moral part of the personality which forbids unacceptable behaviors and makes us feel guilty when we do something wrong. When the ego and superego fail to control the id, this can end up in behaviors which turn out to be both disruptive as well as socially unacceptable 9 .Criminality can further be explained on the basis of Albert Bandura’s theory of behavior modelling 10 which states that we form our behaviors by observance of others . Individuals are not born with an innate ability to act violently. Violence and aggression are learned and modeled after three primary sources: (1) family interaction, (2) environmental experiences, and (3) the mass media 10 . Operant conditioning states that all behaviors are motivated and maintained by the types of reinforcements and punishments we receive in response to a particular behavior. A criminal act occurs in an environment in which in the past the actor was reinforced positively or otherwise , the punishments attached to such behaviors was not capable of controlling or preventing similar behavior in the future 11 . Researches also shows that there is a modest to strong relationship between low intelligence and crime. People with low intelligence are prone to increased impulsivity, struggles at school, lack of social bonding, and lack of foresight , which are all linked to criminality 12 . Society also plays a major role in the criminal behaviors. The various social factors that influence the criminal behavior are isolated lower classes in the society, lack of conventional social opportunities, racial and ethnic discrimination, lack of social norms and laws in a community, development of gangs and groups in a society ,the peer group influences and the unequal distribution of wealth and power 13 . Neurotic offenders are mostly driven by some unresolved and unconscious conflicts in their minds, which render their crimes a seemingly “senseless” character.

[Find the meaning and references behind the names: Buddhi, Moha, Harsh, Manas, Mana, Full, Kaya, Good]

Thasni , et al .: Criminal behavior – Ayurvedic perspective ” : 2021; 4 (12):109-114 111 Kleptomania, fire setting, or various types of deviant sexual fantasies comes under neurotic offending. Psychotic offenders may be prone to the violence due to actively experiencing delusions or auditory hallucinations or longstanding paranoia 15 . Such offending is very common in disorders such as Schizophrenia, Mood disorders etc. Further deviant behaviors are also manifested in psychiatric conditions including Conduct disorders, oppositional defiant disorder, Intermittent explosive disorders etc 16 . Personality disorders have direct influences on the manifestation of Criminal tendencies. Criminal behaviors are seen in many of the personality disorders like Antisocial personality disorder, Paranoid personality disorder, narcissistic personality disorder and borderline personality disorder 16 . Criminal Psychology – Ayurvedic Perspective Ayurveda have directly and indirectly discussed the concepts of criminal behavior in different contexts. Direct references of criminal behavior are available in the chapter of Anna Raksha Adhyaya of Ashtanga Hrdaya Sutrasthana which portrays even the minute behavioral changes exhibited by the person have poisoned such as Shyava Suska Asyatha ( dry and discoloured face), Vilaksho veekshate disha (eccentric looks in all directions), Sveda vepathuman (sweating and tremors), Trasata ( Tiredness), Bheeta (Frightened), Skhalati (Slips while walking), Jrumbathe ( yawns frequently) 17 . Dasha vidha papas 18 are explained by Vaghbhata which describes 10 criminal acts which are to be avoided by Kaya, Vak and Mana for a better life. The sins are Himsa, Stheya, Anyathakama, Paishunya, Parushavachana, Anrutvachana, Sambhinna Aalapa, Vyapada, Abhidya, and Drukviparyaya . Himsa is any act that inflicts any type of injury and torture leading to crimes like murder, domestic violence etc. Stheya refers to the acts of stealing, robbing, white collar and other economic offences 18 . Anyathakama is the unlawful sexual activities which lead to crimes like rape, unnatural sex, child abuse etc 18 . Paishunya is the act of highlighting other’s fault which forms a nuisance to the society 18 . Parusha vachana is abusive or harsh speech which is intended to torture others 18 . Anrutvachana is any type of untruthful speech which is a characteristic behaviour of most of the criminals 18 . Sambhinna Alapa is any disputable speeches or quarrels with an intension of harming which may affect the personal or social relationships and result in offensive violence which poses threat to others 18 . Abhidya means jealousy due to which one cannot tolerate good of others which leads to the disequilibrium in mind which ultimately result in violent crimes 18 . In, Ayurveda the criminality can be explained under the concept of Prajnaparadha 1 9 .In Prajnaparadha we do things without discriminating as to whether an action is favourable or harmful to the body or mind. These actions may be Kaayika, Vaachika or Maanasika. The actions generated by Prajnaparadha aggravate the Tridosha and also stimulate the Rajas and Tamo gunas 19 . The roots of criminal behaviours can further be explained on the basis of the famous Sloka in Bhagavath Geetha “ Dhyaayathe vishayaan pumsa Sangasthesu Upajaayathe ….” 20 . This Sloka explains that excessive thoughts about anything will create Sanga in our manas which will increase our Kama or desire. If we are not able to full fill this desire, we feel anger or Krodha which will further lead to Sammoha or confusion. This makes us forget all the moral and ethical codes we have acquired from our past life and our intellect will get impaired in such a way that we act in socially unacceptable ways. Ayurveda have also given hints about the evolutionary aspects of deviant behaviors . Charaka discusses 3 types of Satvas – Deva, Manusha and Pashu 21 . Manusha satva is predominantly Rajasika characterized by the Roshamsha or aggressive nature and Pashu Satva is dominated by Tamasamsha which is characterized by Moha or ignorance. Chakrapani elaborated that the Roshamsha along with the mohamsha is responsible for all the Adharmas 22 . The involvement of Pashu sattva gives us an idea about the chances of animal instincts in the genesis of criminality as is explained by Caesre Lombroso while explaining the Atavistic characteristics. The born behavioral patterns are further explained in the context of Saatvikadi prakrithi 23 . The context explains the persons with Rajasika constitution as characterized by features like reduced self-control, increased self-esteem, telling lies, increased desires etc. and those with Taamasa prakrithi as characterized by disbelief in vedas, practicing adharma, nirodha of buddhi, ignorance etc 23 . Charaka again throws light into some patterns of criminal behaviours passed on through some characteristic behaviours of mother during pregnancy 24 . He says that a woman who always thinks ill of others is supposed to give birth to a delinquent or an anti-social progeny and a woman who is habituated to stealing is supposed to give birth to a lazy child who is wicked and inept. A woman who consumes Madya regularly give birth to a child who is

[Find the meaning and references behind the names: Soumya, Sudhi, Vega, Love, Daiva, Vijaya, Bali]

Thasni , et al .: Criminal behavior – Ayurvedic perspective ” : 2021; 4 (12):109-114 112 ever-thirsty and fickle minded 24 . Dietary factors also play a major role when the behavioural patterns are concerned . Chandyogyopanishad provides references which relate the Ahara sudhi and Satva shuddhi . He explains that the good dietary habits are always linked to a Soumya mana or calm mind. Bhagavath Geetha gives an idea about Raajasika and Taamasika ahara , the excessive indulgence of which can lead to aggression and ignorance 25 . The concepts of neurotic, psychotic offenders, offending related with other mental disorders, personality disorders etc. can be discussed under the context of Unmada 26 . Charaka describes eight essential psychological domains which are negatively affected in various ways in all psychiatric disorders 26 . Criminal behaviours can also be the end results of these psychopathological conditions. Such conditions should be identified at an early stage and managed accordingly. PREVENTIVE ASPECTS Preventive strategies of criminal behaviour involve mainly three stages – Primary, secondary and tertiary. Primary prevention deals with prevention of the factors like biological issues that may lead to a future criminal behaviour. The secondary prevention is aimed at detecting the individuals at risk of offending behaviour and mitigating the motivational factors by various methods. Tertiary prevention primarily focusses on intervention in the lives of known offenders and attempt to prevent them from reoffending 27 . Primary prevention The primary prevention strategies should begin long way before the delivery of a child. Due care should be taken about the physical and mental health of mother during the prenatal period. In Ayurveda, measures for a better progeny should start from the preconception stage . Specific dietetic, behavioral and psychological regimen are advised to be followed by both the male and female partners which will support conception. In Ashtanga Hrdaya it is said that “ Bali purushakaaro hi daivamapyativartate “ which means that the powerful acts by the Purusha will outnumber even the Daiva hitha 28 . The strategies done in the preconception stage are powerful enough that it can even change the inborn traits of deviant behaviour. Further it is told that a woman desirous of a child with excellent qualities should abstain from all forms of addictions as well as unhealthy dietary and lifestyle activities 29 . Secondary prevention The secondary prevention strategies are mainly done at three domains – individual, family and environment. The children with low intelligence can be trained with various skill development programs that would foster the child’s critical and creative thinking, decision-making and sense of responsibility towards personal as well as society at large. Other individual problems like conduct disorders can be managed with various behavioral therapies like CBT along with psychiatric interventions if needed. The antisocial parents can be dealt with the correctional programs and in case of parental conflicts and poor parental supervision , parental counselling can be provided. Educational interventions focused on improving school performance and academically oriented behavior shall be implemented. Ayurvedic strategies like Ashtanga Yoga, adaptation of lifestyle described in the form of Sadvritta etc. can also be wisely incorporated into the secondary prevention strategies .The persons at potential risk of criminal behavior can be suggested to stick on to more of a Satvika dietary style and should abstain from the Prajnaparadhas. Manonigraha is a state of mind which controls the sense from doing unlawful acts. It can be attained by controlling Dharaneeya Vegas of mind which includes greed, envy, hatred, jealousy, love, etc 30 . Sadvritha 31 and Achara Rasayana 32 Sadvritta refers to the codes of conduct to be included in our daily regimen. By following these, one can achieve Indriya Vijaya or control over the sense organs which is a very essential in the preventing the deviant behaviours. The individuals with criminal tendencies should be advised to strictly follow the entire codes of good conduct. These codes of conducts needs to be incorporated into the living situations of the persons prone to criminal behaviour in order to attain Indriya Vijaya. Hints about leading a truthful life and being friendly and compassionate to all the living beings are included in Sadvritta. It further put forwards the rules regarding the social conducts like how to start a conversation pleasantly, how to remain hospitable etc. Codes regarding the lawful sexual contact is also included in the Sadvritta. Sadvritta also advocates to keep the mind and Indriyas in control and it also gives clues regarding the decision making and problem-solving measures. The children can be trained to follow the good codes of conducts so that they become responsible and socially acceptable citizens. Achara rasayana 32 is another unique concept which can

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Thasni , et al .: Criminal behavior – Ayurvedic perspective ” : 2021; 4 (12):109-114 113 be used in the prevention of criminal behaviors which includes moral, ethical and benevolent conduct, truth, nonviolence, personal and public cleanliness, mental and personal hygiene, devotion, compassion and a yogic lifestyle. Tertiary prevention This mainly involves the rehabilitation measures aimed at prevention of reoffending. In case of prisoners, a vast majority are found to re-offend within a relatively short time of being released from prisons 33 . Punishment is an essential component in managing crime, but, by itself it does little to change offending behavior. In view of this, most of the prisons provides opportunities for the education of the prisoners along with facilities of library. They also provide psychological assistance including various behavioral therapies like CBT for the correction of their criminal tendencies. Modern day prisons also provide facility for relaxation procedures like yoga and meditation. Nowadays training of prisoners in various vocational skills in the Prison Institutions has received a lot of importance and the prisoners who are engaged in labor are paid a nominal wage based on their skills sets. They are also provided with recreational , cultural and spiritual activities for a better mental health 33 . Ayurvedic approaches of Yukthivyapasraya 34 (drug therapies and therapeutic procedures and diet modifications) and Satvavajaya 35 which warrants a physician’s interference in the domains of Cintya( regulating the thought process), Vicharya (replacing the ideas) Uhya (channeling the presumptions), Dheya (by polishing the objective) and Samkalpa ( proper guidance and advice for taking. right decisions) can also be incorporated. Yoga and meditation therapies can also be made use of in this regard. An expert team consisting of a specialist doctor, yoga instructor, pharmacist and a therapist may be employed in the prisons in order to address the psychological needs and to improve the quality of life of the prisoners. Facilities of medicines and mind relaxation techniques can be provided based on the condition. CONCLUSION Crime is one of the most prevailing and worrying aspects in any society. The biological traits channeled by psychological and social factors contribute to crime. Ayurveda put forwards various measures for development of socially acceptable behaviors. Corrections and rehabilitations contribute to changes in deviant behaviors in which Ayurvedic strategies can also be incorporated. The topic is an area yet to be explored as far as Ayurveda is concerned. Acknowledgements:- Nil Conflict of Interest – None Source of Finance & Support - Nil REFERENCES 1 Scott, John, and Gordon Marshall. 2005. A dictionary of sociology. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2 https://theamikusqriae.com/forensic-psychology-and-lawin-india 3 https://ncrb.gov.in/en/crime-india 4 Lombroso, Cesare, and Henry P. Horton. Crime, Its Causes and Remedies . Montclair, N.J: Patterson Smith, 1968. Print. 5 Roeckelein, Jon E. (1998)."Sheldon's type theory". Dictionary of Theories, Laws, and Concepts in Psychology . Greenwood. pp. 427– 428. ISBN 9780313304606. 6 Gosavi S R , Gajbe U L, Meshram S W , Chimurkar V K . Cytogenetic study in criminals (Murderers): Role of XYY chromosome in criminality.Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research [serial online] 2009 December [cited: 2009 December 7]; 3:1911-1914. 7 Sohrabi: The criminal gene: the link between MAOA and aggression (REVIEW). BMC Proceedings 2015 9(Suppl 1):A 49 8 Reddy KJ, Menon KR, Hunjan UG. Neurobiological aspects of violent and criminal behaviour: deficits in frontal lobe function and neurotransmitters 1. International Journal of Criminal Justice Sciences. 2018;13(1):44. 9 Boag S. Ego, drives, and the dynamics of internal objects. Front Psychol. 2014 Jul 1;5:666. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00666. PMID: 25071640; PMCID: PMC 4076885. 10 Akers, R. L., Krohn M., Lanza-Kaduce L., Radosevich, M. (1979). Social learning and deviant behavior: a specific test of a general theory, American Sociological Review 44: 636-655. 11 C. R. Jeffery, Criminal Behavior and Learning Theory, 56 J. Crim. L. Criminology & Police Sci. 294 (1965) 12 Freeman J. The relationship between lower intelligence, crime and custodial outcomes: a brief literary review of a vulnerable group. Vulnerable Groups & Inclusion. 2012 Jan 1;3(1):14834.

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