AYURVEDIC MEASURES OF IMMUNIZATION IN CHILDREN

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Volume – 2, Issue- 2 ( Mar-Apr) IRJAY 1 IJRAY, vol- 2, issue-2,Mar-Apr: 2019; 1-6 Dr. Jyoti Singh* Dr. Laxmi** *M.D. Scholar Dept. Of Kaumarabhritya, State Ayurvedic College & Hospital, Lucknow ** Asst. Professor Dept. Of Kaumarabhritya, State Ayurvedic College & Hospital, Lucknow INTRODUCTION Immunization is a process by which we can improve body immunity by increasing resistance power against disease.The immune system is very complex and contains numerous types of cells and proteins that function to fight off INTERNATIONAL RESEA RCH JOURNAL OF AYURVEDA & YOGA Website :www.irjay.com E-mail : editor.irjay@gmail.com ISSN : 2581-785 X Volume – 2, Issue- 2 ( Mar-Apr) Review Articles AYURVEDIC MEASURES OF IMMUNIZATION IN CHILDREN ABSTRACT- Immunity is the state of having sufficient biological defences to avoid infection, disease or other unwanted biological invasion. It is the capability of the body to resist harmful from entering it. A healthy immune system is vital for children as they exposed to a plethora of germs. Many micro-organism enter the body through air and water, but fails to create disease due to immune response present in the body. Many children prone to disease due to change in climate, on the other hand some children remain healthy in spite of change in climate and do not get affected by any disease. The most important thing in relation to health and disease is immunity. Concept of Vyadhikshamatva described in the classical text of Ayurveda is all about immunity. Rasayana therapy, Lehana karma and many more Ayurvedic preparation are helpful in enhancing the child immunity. Key words – Immunity, Vyadhikshamatva, Rasayana, Lehana

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Volume – 2, Issue- 2 ( Mar-Apr) IRJAY 2 IJRAY, vol- 2, issue-2,Mar-Apr: 2019; 1-6 infections and keep the body healthy. When etiological factors come in contact with body they try to produce disease. At the same time the body tries to resist the disease. This power of the body, which prevents the development of diseases or resist a developed disease, is called immunity 1 Immunity is broadly divided in to- Innate immunity and Acquired immunity 1 Innate immunity- Immunity which is present at birth. It is primitive, nonspecific, has on memory and provides the first line of defense against infections. Comprises of skin, mucosal barriers, phagocytes(Neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages) and natural killer cells. 2 Acquired immunity- Acquired immunity is pathogen specific. Lymphocytes(B &T) are responsible for acquired immunity. It is again of 2 types:- Humoral and Cell mediated Humoral immunity – It is characterized by antigen specific responses to a foreign antigen or pathogen. B lymphocytes are responsible for humoral immunity. They secrete antibodies which acts by neutralising, complement activation or by opsonophagocytosis. They also produce memory cells, plasma cells etc. which prevents the same infection when the same pathogen invades again. Cellular immunity – Cell mediated immunity is an immune response that does not involve antibodies, but rather involves the activation of phagocytes, antigen specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, and release of various cytokines in response to an antigen. Development of immune system – In utero, the fetal environment demands that the immune system remains tolerant to maternal alloantigens. After birth, the sudden enormous exposure to environmental antigens, many of them derived from intestina commensal bacteria, calls for a rapid change to make distinct immune responses appropriate for early life. The innate immune system provides an early first line of defense. The cells involved are neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells, which all interact with the adaptive immune system. These cells develop and mature during fetal life, but at different times, and the function of all components of innate immunity is weak in new born compared with later life.Mature neutrophils are present at the end of the first trimester and steeply increase in number, stimulated by granulocyte-colony-stimulatig factor, shortly before birth. Their number then returns to a stable level within days, but they show weak bactericidal functions, poor responses to inflammatory stimuli, reduced adhesion to endothelial cells and diminished chemotaxis. These deficits are more striking in preterm infants, which also have lower serum IgG and complement. Consequently, the newborn, and especially premature infants, have impaired neutrophil functions, putting the child at risk of bacterial infections. In preterm and newborn infants, classical monocytes and macrophages are also immature. The immune system gradually matures during infancy. Critical early protection against many infectious diseases previously experienced by the mother is

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Volume – 2, Issue- 2 ( Mar-Apr) IRJAY 3 IJRAY, vol- 2, issue-2,Mar-Apr: 2019; 1-6 given by the passive IgG antibody transferred from the mother transplacentally and in milk. Once that fades away, young children become more vulnerable to infections, though by then better armed with the maturing innate and adaptive immune system 2 Conept of Vyadhikshamatva – The term Vyadhikshamatva made up of two words Vyadhi and Kshamatva . Vyadhi means disease and Kshamatva indicates the resistance or tolerance of the body to fight against disease . Chakrapanidatta has interpreted the term Vyadhikshamatva as Vyadhibala Virodhitwa ie;antagonistic to the strength and virulence of the disease and Vyadhyutpada Pratibandhakatwa ie; the capacity to inhibit and bind the causes and factors of disease 3 It depends on Bala, Balavardhakabhava, Prakrita Kapha and Oja . Synonyms for Vyadhikshamatva which appears in Ayurvedic text are- Sleshma, Bala and Oja. Bala – Bala imparts firm integrity to the muscles, improves the voice and complexion, and helps the person to perform his natural functions normally 4 Three types of Bala described in Ayurvedic text 5 1 Sahaja Bala - It is genetic and inborn resistance to disease, which exists since birth. It is said to increase with the growth of tissues and does not depends upon any other cause. 2 Kalaja Bala- This type of immunity attained from time to time , at different stages of life.Similarly, as per the seasonal variations body immunity fluctuates. 3 Yuktikrita Bala- This type of Sarira Bala refers to modulation of body’s resistance against diseases by resort to appropriate aahara, physical exercise, yoga, ausadhi. Oja- Acc ording to Charaka, the Oja appeared foremost in the human body. In Ayurveda, Oja has bee n considered vital in the defense mechanism of the body. It resides in the heart but also circulate all over the body and maintain healthy status of the person. If this is lost, life also lost. Concept of Immunization through Ayurveda - Rasayana Taking Rasayana is helpful to increase the immunity of the person to keep him away from opportunistic diseases. The possible mechanisms by which action of Rasayana can be interpreted with modern aspects are; nutritive function, immunomodulatory action, antioxidant action, anti-aging effect, neuroprotective action, haemopoietic effect etc 6 In recent years numerous researches have been done to explore Ayurvedic treasure for benefits of common people to improve health by using different Ayurvedic drugs Some drugs are- 1 Immunopotentiating property of Tinospora cordifolia Wilid (Guduchi) . 7 2 Macrophage activation property of Tinospora cordifolia Willd(Guduchi) 8 3 Effect of some Indian herbs [ Asparagus racemosus Willd (Shatavari), Tinospora cordifolia Willd(Guduchi), Withania somnifera Dunal(Aswagandha) and Picrorhiza kurroa Royle ex Benth(Katuka).] on macrophage functions in mice 9

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Volume – 2, Issue- 2 ( Mar-Apr) IRJAY 4 IJRAY, vol- 2, issue-2,Mar-Apr: 2019; 1-6 4 Antioxident property of Momordica charantia Linn(Karvellak), Glycyrrhiza glabra L(Yastimadhu), Acacia catechu Willd(Khadir) and Terminalia chebula Retz(Haritaki) 10 5 Antioxidative effect of Triphala [combination of Terminalia chebula Retz(Haritaki), Terminalia belerica Roxb(Bibhitak). And Embelica officinalis Gaertn(Amalaki)] 11 6 Antibacterial activities of Emblica officinalis Gaertn(Amalaki). and Coriandrum sativum L(Dhanyak) 12 7 Immunomodulatory activity of Triphala (combination of fruit pulp of Terminalia chebula Retz, Terminalia belerica Roxb. and Embelica officinalis Gaertn) 13 There are number of such studies through which Ayurvedic single or multiple formulations tested by experimental studies on albino mice/rats etc. or reported the beneficial effect of human trials, so these studies reveals that there are wide range of possibilities improving immunity and treatment in various disease. Lehana Lehana literally means giving something to lick.In Ayurvedic text, various Acharyas have described countless useful formulations and mode of conduct for children . Acharya Kashyapa describe a special formulation by name of Lehana. 14 The concept of Lehana which depicts the administration of various herbal drugs, ghrit preparation and gold as supplementary feeds, which enhances immunity and also fulfil the nutritional requirement, thus minimizes infection episodes.The drugs for Lehana should always mixed with Madhu and Ghrita . Acharya Kashyapa has given special emphasis on Lehana karma and a separate chapter called Lehadhyaya . In this chapter so many single drugs and also compound drugs has been given for Lehana karma 15  Bramhi, Mandukparni, Triphala, Chitraka, Vacha, Satapuspa, Satavari, Danti, Nagbala, Nishoth are used separately mixed with Madhu and Ghrita for purpose of enhancing Medha (Intellect)  Manjistha, Triphala, Bramhi, Bala, Atibala, Chitraka should be used in the form of powder in an equal quantity mixed with Madhu and Ghrita for increasing intellect, longevity and strength  Ghrita made with Kustha, Sarshapa, Pippali, Triphala, Vacha, and Saindhava is effective for renovating the intelligence.  Abhaya Ghrita benifits of Abhaya Ghrita are seen in Pishacha, Rakshasa, Yaksha, Matraka  Samvardhan Ghrita. By the use of this Ghrita rehularly the child grows rapidly and remains free from diseases. Crawls and walks early. Lamb, dumb, deaf, idiot child shows marked improvement. DISCUSSION – Vyadhikshamatva is the strength to protect the body against diseases.The concept of Vyadhikshamatva is related with Kapha, Bala, Agni and Oja . Ayurvedic Rasayana therapy in light of the concept of modern immunology, particularly the immunomodulation is

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Volume – 2, Issue- 2 ( Mar-Apr) IRJAY 5 IJRAY, vol- 2, issue-2,Mar-Apr: 2019; 1-6 quite rewarding. Rasayana act at three levels such as at the level of Poshaka Rasa (increase nutrition), at the level of Agni (increase digestion and assimilation of food) and at the level of Srotas (increase absorption of food from serum to various part of the body). Many research work on various drugs, having immunomodulatory, antibacterial, antioxidant, macrophage activation property are effective in enhancing immunity and prevent the diseases. Like Rasayana therapy Lehana drugs are known to enhance growth and development by providing sufficient nutrition, promote health, complexion and strength(immunity) and protect from various infections along with improving intellect and speech. CONCLUSION – Balyavastha (childhood) has been described in Ayurveda as a period of minimal relative Bala (physical strength and immunity) and hence children of this period are considered to be more prone for various diseases. In childhood period Dhatu are in immature form so the modification at this age can be make easily. Attempt should be done to prevention from disease and to enhance physical, mental & social wellbeing of children so each child may achieve good health. Destroy the disease and check the further spread of the disease are two facets of Vyadhikshamatva. Checking spread of disease as well as lowering down the intensity of disease requires increased resistance of the body. Rasayana, Balya, Jeevaniya aushadhi, Lehana, Swarnprashan, are described in ayurveda for this purpose. References- 1 Marks Shannon, Development of the Immune System in Children, aug 14,2017 2 Katharina Simon, Georg A. Hollander, Andrew McMichael, Evolution of the immune system in humans from infancy to old age, published 23 December 2015. DOI: 10.1098/RSPB.2014.3085 3 Tripathi JS, Singh RH: The Concept and Practice of Immunomodulation in Ayurveda and the Role of Rasayanas as Immunomudulators. Ancient Science of Life 1999 Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct; 19(1&2):59-63 4 Ambika datt Shastri, Sushruta Samhita Sutrasthan 15/25, p.61 5 Pandit Kashinath Pandey, Dr. Gorakh Nath Chaturvedi Charaka Samhita Sutrasthan Published by Chaukhambha bharti academy 11/36 p.28 6 Pravin Masram, Suhas Chaudhary, Patel KS, Kori VK, Rajagopala A BRIEF REVIEW ON AYURVEDIC CONCEPT OF IMMUNITY AND IMMUNIZATION Ayurpharm Int J Ayur Alli Sci., Vol.3, No.8(2014)Pages 230-240 7 Keppel, Sharma S. Immunopotentiating compounds from Tinospora cordifolia . J Ethnopharmacol 1997;58:89-95. 8 Raveendram Nair PK, Steven J. Melnick, Reshma Ramchandran, Escalon E,Ramchandran C. Mechanism of macrophage activation by (1,4)-a-glucan isolated from Tinospora cordifolia . International Immunopharmacology 2006;6:1815-1824 9 Dhuley JN. Effect of some Indian herbs on macrophage functions in ochratoxin A treated mice. J Ethanopharmacol 1997;58:15-20

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Volume – 2, Issue- 2 ( Mar-Apr) IRJAY 6 IJRAY, vol- 2, issue-2,Mar-Apr: 2019; 1-6 10 Naik GH, Priyadarsni KI, Satav JG, Banavalikar MM, Sohoni DP, Biyani MK, Mohan H. Comparative antioxidant activity of individual herbal components used in Ayurvedic medicines. Phytochemistry 2003;63:97-104. 11 Srikumar R, Jeya Parthasarathy N, Manikandan S, Sathya Narayanan G, Sheeladevi R. Effect of Triphala on oxidative stress and on cell-mediated immune response against noise stress in rats. Mol Cell Biochem.2006;283:67-74. 12 Sabahat saeed, parveen tariq. Antibacterial activity of Embelica officinalis and Coriandrum sativum against gram negative urinary pathogens. Pak. J. Bot. 2007;39:913-917. 13 Ramasundaram Srikumar, Narayanaperumal, jeya Parthasarathy, Rathinasamy Sheela Devi. Immunomodulatory Activity of Triphala on neutrophil functions. Biol. Pharm. Bull.2005;28(8):1398-1403 14 Devendranath Mishra. Kaumarabhritya Abhinav Balaswatha Chikitsa Vigyan. 1 st ed. Varanasi: Caukhambha Surbharti Prakashan; 2010.p.144 15 KashyapSamhita by Vrddha Jivaka revised by Vatsya; Sanskrit introduction by Nepal Rajguru Pandit Hemaraja Sharma ; Vidyotini Hindi commentary Chaukhambha Sanskrit sansthan Varanasi; Edition reprint 2012; Sutrasthana Lehadhyaya ;p.5

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