Bahuvrīhi-samāsa (Compound)

Where no other Compound is especially enjoined there is Bahuvrīhisamāsa; which is defined in the rule śeṣo bahuvrīhiḥ (2/2/23)

The rule anekamanyapadārthe (2/2/24) is means, when two or more subanta words is the nominative case affix, combine to make a single word in it to qualify a word outside to modifying an external meaning of the compound (anyapadārtha), the compound so evolved is Bahuvrīhi.

The rule has given several examples in Vāsudevavijaya One of them is in the verse;—

daṇḍāvagāramagadīccakimanyadadya pradrāvamācarakarānmamatāḍayetvām |
krudhyanti tubhyamabalāstvadavāptabādhāḥkāte dadāviha payo na śubhāmatiḥ syāt || (Vāsudevavijaya 5.22)

Here, the word avāptavādhāḥ is the example for this rule avāptāḥ bādhāḥ yābhiḥ te avāptabādhāḥ |

avāptā jas bādhā jas	← anekamanyapadārthe (bahuvrīhisamāsaḥ)
avāptā bādhā	← supo dhātupratipādikayoḥ (subluk)
avāptā bādhā jas	← kṛttaddhitasamāsaśca (pratipadikatvaṃ) svaujasamauṭ (jas)
akṛtrimas	← striyāḥ puṃvadbhāṣitapuṃskādanūṅ samānādhikaraṇestriyāmapūraṇīpriyādīṣu

Another rule saṃkhyāvyayāsannādūrādhikasaṃkhyāḥ saṃkhyeye (2/2/24) is exemplified in the verse,

pāśābhilāvakaramātmajamityupālabhyainonigāranirataṃ viduṣītarā sā |
yāmānayitricaturān rudihīti vaktrīdīnaṃ babandhatamulūkhalabandhamārāt || (Vāsudevavijaya 5/23)

Here tricaturān is the example for this rule. Meaning of the rule is the indeclinable words and the word āsanna—near, adūra—near, adhika—more and the words called saṃkhyā (numerals) are compounded with another Saṅkhyā word, when the sense is that of a numeral or Saṅkhyā.

trayaḥ catvāraḥ vā tricaturaḥ
tri jas catur jas	← saṃkhyāvyayāsannādūrādhikasaṃkhyāḥ saṃkhyeye (bahuvrīhisamāsaḥ)
tricatur	← supo dhātupratipādikayoḥ (subluk)
tricaturs	← kṛttaddhitasamāsaśca (pratipadikatvaṃ) svaujasamauṭ ......... (sup)
tricatur a s	← caturo'prakaraṇe tryupābhyāmupasaṃkhyānam (ap)
tricaturas	sasajuṣo ruḥ (r for s)
tricaturaḥ	← kharavasānayorvisarjanīyaḥ (visarga for r)

The rule diṅnāmānyantarāle (2/2/26) is another important one regarding bahuvrīhisamāsa which is illustrated in the verse.

vaiyuṣṭakarmajuṣi mātaridugdhamaddhākṣīrasyatedadhijanāyadadhisyate ca |
dātryāṃsito'tha kakubhaṃ kakubhaudadṛśvān pūrvottarāṃ vibhurubhāvavabhāsayantau || (Vāsudevavijaya 5.24)

Here, the word pūrvottarām form the example for this rule. pūrvasyāḥ uttarasyāśca diśo'ntarālam-pūrvottarā | The direction that occurs in the middle of east and north. The words which are the names of the points of the compass are compounded, when the compound signifies the intermediate point. The compound is Bahuvrīhi. pūrvottarā is the intermediate point of the east and north. Thus it becomes a Bahuvrīhi.

pūrvā ṅas uttarā	← diḍnāmānyantarāle (bahuvrīhisamāsaḥ)
ṅas
pūrvā uttarā	← supo dhātupratipādikayoḥ (subluk)
purvā uttarā s	← kṛttaddhitasamāsaśca (pratipadikatvaṃ) svaujasamauṭ ......... (sup)
pūrva uttarā s	← sarvanāmno vṛttimātre puṃvabhdāvaḥ (puṃstvam)
pūrva uttarā s	← ād guṇaḥ (guṇaḥ)
pūrvottarā |	← halṅayābbhyo dīrghātsutisyapṛktaṃhal (suplopaḥ)

Another verse with the illustration for bahuvrīhisamāsa is—

bhūyaḥ kacākacimṛdhāvivadīrghaśākhonnāyena vātacalanenadivispṛśautau |
syādvāmadarpaṇiritidvijacandanoktyā yakṣātmajau ha samaveddrumatāṃ samītau || (Vāsudevavijaya 5.25)

In this verse the rule tatra tenedamitisarūpe (2/2/27) is discussed. The rule implies that two homonymous words both being in the locative case or both being in the instrumental case, are compounded. The sense being 'this happens, there in or with that.' The compound so formed is bahuvrīhi. kacākaci is the example given in the verse for this aphorism. This term is used to qualify a battle where it happened by catching the hair by both participants.

kaceṣu kaceṣu gṛhītvā idaṃ yuddhaṃ pravṛttaṃ -kacākaci |
kaca sup kaca sup	← tatra tenedamidi sarūpe (bahuvrīhisamāsaḥ)
kaca kaca	← supo dhātupratipādikayoḥ (subluk)
kaca kaca s	← kṛttaddhitasamāsaśca (pratipadikatvaṃ) svaujasamauṭ (sup)
kaca kaca i s	← ic karmavyatihāre (sāmāsāntaḥic)
kacākaca i s	← anyeṣāmāpi dṛśyate (pūrvapadasya dīrghaḥ)
kacākacis	← yasyeti ca
kacākaci	← avyayādāpsupaḥ (subluk)

In the same manner the next rule tena saheti tulyayoge (2/2/28) is illustrated. The rule means that the word saha together is compounded with a word ending with the third case affix and the compound is Bahuvrīhi. The companion and the person accompanied are equally affected by any action or thing, in the same manner.

Example for this rule is given in the verse:—

sārāvaśaukavadanāhṛtapakvanīvārotkāranīḍanibirīsatamau yamau tau |
mūlyau sa sāhasikapākṣikadurgamāgrāvādhitsate sma vipadantakaraḥ sameṣām || (Vāsudevavijaya 5.26)

sarāva is the example for the rule.

ārāvena saha	← sārāvaḥ
ārāva ṭā saha	← tena saheti tulyayoge | (Bahuvrīhisamāsa)
ārāva saha	← supo dhātupratipadikayoḥ || (subluk)
saha ārāva	← prathamānirdiṣṭaṃ samāsa upasarjanam (saha -upasarjanam) upasarjanaṃ pūrvam (upasarjanaṃ Should be placed first)
sa ārāva	← vopasarjanasya (sa is optionally the substitute of saha in Bahuvrīhi)
sārāvas	← kṛttaddhitasamāsāśca (pratipādikatvam) svaujasamauṭ (sup)
sārāvar	← sasajuṣo ruḥ (r for s)
sārāvaḥ |	← kharavasānayorvisarjanīyaḥ (visarga for r)

There are many more examples regarding bahuvrīhisamāsa in Vāsudevavijaya All those rules and illustrations will be given in the appendix.