Sugalārthamālā of Peruntānam Nārāyaṇan Nampūtiri

[Full title: Kerala Contribition to Śāstrakāvya Tradition (8): Sugalārthamālā of Peruntānam Nārāyaṇan Nampūtiri]

Sugalārthamālā is a śāstrakāvya which is written to illustrate the Paniniyan rules of lakāras. The text is written by Peruntānam Nārāyaṇan Nampūtiri in 20^th century. The author was born in 1908 and he was the Professor at Thrippunitura Sanskrit College. His father is Nārāyaṇa dvijavara and mother Nīli naṅgeli. He studied Sanskrit grammar under Sankaran raya a stri. His works are Pūrṇatrayīśa bhujaṅgaprayāta and Sugalārthamālā.

Sugalārthamālā contains 130 verses classified under six khandas. It has an extensive commentary named Dīpikā written by Sri.Damodara Pisharody. The text illustrates the second, third and fourth pādas of the third adhyāya of Aṣṭādhyāyi. The text is on the pattern of conversation between father and son. The text is written on behalf of the request of his student.

This is mentioned at the beginning of the text.

adyārthanābhūnmayi yasya śiṣyavaryasya yāme carame'nuvaktā |
kasyāpi sañjāgradavātsamatra rātreḥ parāṃśeṣviti sūktvān saḥ ||^[1]

Even though the text is written by the request of his student, the author wrote this great text for the sake of others also.

gṛhṇāti yāvat khalu bhāṣaṇārthī parairahobhiḥ katibhiściteva |
kṛtāṃ sadarthāṃ sugalārthamālāmimāṃ purā paśyati lekhako'pi ||^[2]

The term Sugalārthamālā is used as śleṣa and the meaning of the word is:—

sugā sukhena gantumavagantuṃ śakyā yā, lānāṃ liḍādīnāṃ lakārāṇāṃ arthāḥ teṣāṃ mālā yasyāṃ pratipādyatayā vidyate sā sugalārthamālā ||

Or—

lalayorabhedāt śobhane gale kānte arthānāmutkṛṣṭavastūnām mālā, tābhiḥ racitā yā mālā sā ||

The first khaṇḍa illustrates the second pāda of the third adhyaya of Aṣṭādhyāyi. chandasi liṭ (3.2.105), luṅ (3.2.110), anadyatane laṅ (3.2.111), abhijñāvacane lṛṭ (3.2.112), na yadi (3.2.113), vibhāṣā sākāṅkṣe (3.2.114), parokṣe liṭ (3.2.115), atyantāpahnave ca, haśaśvatolaṅ ca (3.2.116), praśne cāsannakāle (3.2.117), laṭ sme (3.2.118), aparokṣe ca (3.2.119), nanau pṛṣṭaprativacane (3.2.120), nanvorvibhāṣā (3.2.121), puri luṅ cāsme (3.2.122), vartamāne laṭ (3.2.123) are the rules illustrated in the first khaṇḍa.

In the second khaṇḍa examples for the rules of the third pāda of third adhyaya are given. The rules yāvatpurānipātayorlaṭ (3.3.4), vibhāṣā kadākarhyoḥ (3.3.5), kiṃvṛtte lipsāyām (3.3.6), lipsyamānasiddhau ca (3.3.7), loḍarthalakṣaṇe ca (3.3.8), liṅ cordhvamauhūrtike (3.3.9), lṛṭ śeṣe ca (3.3.13), anadyatane luṭ (3.3.15) are illustrated in this khaṇḍa.

Some of the rules in the third pāda of the third chapter of the Aṣṭādhyāyī are illustrated in the third khaṇḍa. vartamānasāmīpye vartamānavadvā (3.3.131), āśaṃsāyāṃ bhūtavadcca (3.3.132), kṣipravacane lṛṭ (3.3.133), āśaṃsāvacane liṅ (3.3.134), liṅnimitte lṛṅ kriyātipattau (3.3.139), nānadyatanavatkriyāprabandhasāmīpyayoḥ (3.3.135), bhaviṣyati maryādāvacane'varasmin (3.3.136), kālavibhāge cānahorātrāṇām (3.3.137), parasmin vibhāṣā (3.3.138) are the rules explained here.

The fourth khaṇḍa explains some other rules of the third pāda of the third adhyaya of Aṣṭādhyāyī. The rules explained here are-liṅ nimitte lṛṅ kriyātipattau (3.3.139), bhūte ca (3.3.140), liṅ ca (3.3.159), utāpyoḥ samārthayoĪlaṅ (3.3.152), votāpyoḥ (3.3.141), kiṃvṛtte liṅlṛṭā è(3.3.144), anavakklṛptyamarṣayorakiṃvṛtte'pi (3.3.145), kiṃkilāstyartheṣu lṛṭ (3.3.146), jātuyadorliṅ (3.3.147), yaccayatrayoḥ (3.3.148), garhāyāñca (3.3.149), citrīkaraṇe ca (3.3.150), śeṣe lṛḍayadau (3.3.151), kāmapravedane'kacciditi (3.3.153), saṃbhāvane'lamiti cet siddhāprayoge (3.3.154), vibhāṣā dhātau saṃbhāvanāvacane'yadi (3.3.155), hetuhetumātoĪlaṅ (3.3.156), icchārtheṣu liṅloṭau (3.3.157), icchārthebhyo vibhāṣā vartamāne (3.3.160).

The remaining rules of the third pāda of the third adhyāya of Aṣṭādhyāyī are illustrated in the fifth khaṇḍa of Sugalārthamālā. The rules are-vidhinimantraṇāmantraṇādhīṣṭasaṃpraśnaprārthaneṣu liṅ (3.3.161), loṭ ca (3.3.162), praiṣādisargaprāptakāleṣu kṛtyaśca (3.3.163), liṅ cordhvamauhūrttike (3.3.164), sme loṭ (3.3.165), adhīṣṭe ca (3.3.166), liṅyadi (3.3.168), kālasamayavelāsu tumun (3.3.167), arhe kṛtyatṛcaśca (3.3.169), śaki liṅ ca (3.3.172), āśiṣi liṅloṭau (3.3.173), māṅi luṅ (3.3.175), smottare laṅ ca (3.3.176).

The sixth khaṇḍa of the text illustrates the rules of the fourth pāda of the third adhyaya of Aṣṭādhyāyi. luṅ (3.2.110), kriyāsamabhihāre loṭ loṭo hisvau vā ca tadhvamoḥ (3.4.2), yathāvidhyanuprayoge pūrvasmin (3.4.4), samuccaye'nyatarasyām (3.4.3), samuccaye sāmānyavacanasya (3.4.5), chandasi luṅlaṅ liṭaḥ (3.4.6), liṅarthe leṭ (3.4.7), upasaṃvādaśaṅkayośca (3.4.8), laḥ karmaṇi ca bhāve cākarmakebhyaḥ (3.4.69) are the rules explained in the sixth khaṇḍa.

From the first verse of the work itself, the author begins to illustrate the lakāras.

namo nānāgamakalpadrumebhyo dharmāt mokṣāphalabhājidvijebhyaḥ |
ahaṃ dyāvāpṛthivī ātatānetyadyā yeṣāmarthavādaprakāṇḍaḥ ||^[3]

This is an invocatory verse. In this verse the word ātatānaused in the lakāra liṭ is by the application of the rule chandasi liṭ.

The rules parokṣe liṭ and chandasi luṅlaṅliṭaḥ cannot be applied here.

smarāmyathītaṃ sahapāṭhinastad vicintayiṣyanti mayāhnyamā prāk |
janāmi tattattvavinirṇayāya vimarśamātanvata te tathā yat ||^[4]

Here the word vicintayiṣyati is in the lakāra lṛṭ by the rule abhijñāvacane lṛṭ. The word jānāmi is in laṭ lakāra by the application of the rule na yadi. ātanvata is in laṅ lakāra by the rule anadyatane laṅ |

Another verse from the first khaṇḍa is as follows—

cicinta madhye'sya kila śrutaṃ yaḥ kiñcintitaṃ tad bhavateti soktaḥ |
pratyuktvān tannahi śuśraveti punaḥ sa kiṃ vāhnuta heti pṛṣṭaḥ ||^[5]

In this, the word cicinta is the example for the rule parokṣe liṭ and the word śuśruva is an example for the lakāra by the vārtika atyantāpahnave ca liḍvaktavyaḥ. The word ahnuta ha is in laṅ lakāra by the rule haśaśvatorlaṅ.

In the verse,

ato'tha yāvadracayāmi pūrvaṃ tātopadeśāmṛtasāravanti |
pradarśanīyeṣvavaśekṣayamāṇalakṣyāṇi paścācca purekṣayāmi ||^[6]

The words yāvadracayāmi and purekṣayāmi are in laṭ lakāra by the rule yāvatpurānipātayorlaṭ.

evaṃ muhūrtātpurato'pi tīrtho bravīti cettatsakalaṃ kuruṣva |
yenāsyate raṃsyata ityabhīkṣṇamaśṛṇvatā'do'dya vacaḥ sa nindyaḥ ||^[7]

In this verse bravīti is used in the lakāra laṭ by the rule loḍarthalakṣaṇe ca and the word raṃsyata is in loṭ by the rule lṛṭ śeṣe ca. In the verse,

prāptaḥ pitokto guruṇā mayā'mā tvaṃ prasthitaḥ karhi kadā'gato'tra |
pitoktvān samprati sampratiṣṭhe sampratyupāgaṃ sutapāṭhanārthī ||^[8]

The words prasthitaḥ, āgataḥ and saṃpratiṣṭhe are in laṭ lakāra by the rule vartamāne laṭ.

The word upāgām is in luṅ by the rule luṅ.

ko'dhyāpanārthaḥ samayaḥ śrutīnāmupakramasyāvasaro'sya kaste |
kurve'dhunādhyāpanamāgamasya bhaviṣyatīhāvasaro'yameva ||^[9]

Here the word ‘kurve’ is in laṭ lakāra by the rule vartamānasāmīpye vartamānavadvā and bhaviṣyati is in lṛṭ by the rule lṛṭ śeṣe ca.

Another verse in the third khaṇḍa is—

āśaṃsa evaṃ drutameva kuryātsarve tadāścaryamaraṃ vaheyuḥ |
āśaṃsatāṃ tīrtha bhavān sadāsau mānyātsamastādadhiko'bhaviṣyat ||^[10]

Here the words kuryāt and vāheyuḥ are in lakāra liṅ by the ruleāśaṃsāvacane liṅ.

The word abhaviṣyatis in lṛṅ by the rule liṅnimitte lṛṅ kriyātipattau.

nohe surāṃ kiṅkila pāsyasi tvaṃ marṣe na māṃsādi ca bhokṣyase'sti |
asīṣahan svena bhavatyaneke duṣṭaḥ pravakṣyantyanṛtāni bhūyaḥ ||^[11]

In this verse paśyasi, bhokṣyase, pravakṣyasi are used in lṛṭ by the application of the rule kiṃkilāstyartheṣu lṛṭ.

In the verse—

yathācarennityavidhiṃ dvijanmābhuñjīta kāvyaṃ sa nimantraṇe ca |
āmantraṇe'nnaṃ sa yatheṣṭhamadyāttaṃ pāṭhayetsatkṛta ekatīrthaḥ ||^[12]

Ācaret, bhuñjīta, adyāt and pāṭhayet are examples for the lakāra liṅ by the rule vidhinimantraṇāmantraṇādhīṣṭaprārthaneṣu liṅ |

bhūyādyaśasvī nikhile pradeśe bhavān prapūjyo bhavatādaśeṣaiḥ |
doṣaṃ gurormā kṛta mā sma kārṣīddrohaṃ tathā mā sma karodaniṣṭam ||^[13]

In this verse, by the application of the rule āśiṣi liṅloṭau the word bhūyāt and bhavatāt are used in liṅ and loṭ respectively. The word mā kṛta is in luṅ by the rule māṅi luṅ. Similarly, the words sma kārṣīt and sma karod are in luṅ and laṅ respectively by the rule smottare laṅ ca |

The application of the rule liṅarthe leṭ is shown in the verse–

akarantu karomyarthe āgaccatvartha āgamat |
tārayedarthakaṃ vede tāriṣat padamīritam ||
gṛhyāntā eva gṛhyeran patemārthe patāma ca ||^[14]

From the above mentioned examples we can conclude that the text Sugaḷārthamālā is really helpful to study the Paniniyan aphorisms of lakāras in simple manner. The verses of the text do not directly deal with the grammatical rules, but in the manner of Śāstrakāvyas, they narrate a simple story and in the course of that, illustrate grammatical rules. Obviously the text is an asset for the students of Sanskrit grammar.

Footnotes and references:

[1]:

Sugalārthamālā, Perunthanam Narayanan Namputiri,v. I, 2

[2]:

ibid, v.II,2

[3]:

ibid,v.I.1

[4]:

ibid,v. I.4

[5]:

ibid,v.I.7

[6]:

ibid,v.II.1

[7]:

ibid,v.II.16

[8]:

ibid,v. III.1

[9]:

ibid,v.III.2

[10]:

ibid,v.III.7

[11]:

ibid,v.IV.12

[12]:

ibid,v.V.1

[13]:

ibid,v.V.11

[14]:

ibid,VI,14