The Religion and Philosophy of Tevaram (Thevaram)

by M. A. Dorai Rangaswamy | 1958 | 410,072 words

Hinduism Shaivism

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Summary: This work deals with the poems of Nampi Arurar (also known as Sundarar), one of three Thevaram (Tevaram) Saints in Tamil Saivism. The 7th-century Thevaram is a collection of devotional poems of Shiva and represents the first seven volumes of the Tirumurai.

According to Sundarar himself, his poems contain the quintessence of his predecessors, named Campantar (or, Sambandar) and Tirunavukkaracar (or, Appar).

[Note: The proofreading is not yet verified so transcription errors are not impossible. Transliteration in this book may also differ from modern syntax. For example, Thevaram = Tevaram and Thiruvarur = Tiruvarur]

Source 1: motilalbanarsidass.com
Source 2: archive.org

Contents of this online book ( + / - )

The full text of the The Religion and Philosophy of Tevaram (Thevaram) in English is available here and publically accesible (free to read online). Of course, I would always recommend buying the book so you get the latest edition. You can see all this book’s content by visiting the pages in the below index:

+ Volume 1 - Nampi Arurar’s Tevaram (his life and age)

. Introduction to the first Volume

. Chapter 1 - Rise of the Temple cult in Saivism

. Chapter 2 - The Hymns, their Compilation and their Name

. Chapter 3 - The Problem of Numbers

. Chapter 4 - The Problem of Interpolation

. Chapter 5 - The Life of Nampi Arurar (the tradition)

. Chapter 6 - Life of Arurar (Sundarar)—Examined

. Chapter 7 - Age of Nampi (Sundarar)—Examined

+ Volume 2 - Nampi Arurar and Mythology

. Introduction to second volume

. Chapter 1.1 - Arurar’s Language of Mythology

. Chapter 1.2 - Lingodbhava-murti (depiction of the pillar of fire)

. Chapter 1.3 - Umabhaga-murti (depiction of the Mother Goddess)

. Chapter 1.4 - Rishabharudha-murti (depiction of the Brahmani bull)

. Chapter 2.1 - Vishapaharana-murti (depiction of swallowing the poison)

. Chapter 2.2 - Gangadhara-murti (depiction of the descent of Ganga)

. Chapter 2.3 - Partha-anugraha-murti (depiction of the story of Arjuna)

. Chapter 2.4 - Candra-anugraha-murti (depiction of the moon’s redemption)

. Chapter 2.5 - Ravana-anugraha-murti (depiction of the Ravana)

. Chapter 3.1 - Tripurantaka-murti (burning down of the three castles)

. Chapter 3.2 - Dakshari (the legend of Daksha’s sacrifice)

. Chapter 3.3 - Kamantaka-murti (the story of Kama or Manmata)

. Chapter 3.4 - Gajaha-murti (the story of killing Gajasura)

. Chapter 3.5 - Jalandharasura-murti (the conquest of Jalandhara Asura)

. Chapter 3.6 - Kalasamhara-murti (Markandeya and the conquest of death)

. Chapter 3.7 - Andhakasura-murti (conquest of Andhaka Asura)

. Chapter 3.8 - Brahma-shirascheda-murti (cutting off Brahma’s head)

. Symbology of the skull in the Mahavrata

. Symbology of bones in the Mahavrata

. Symbology of khatvanga in the Mahavrata

. Symbology of the sacred thread (Yajnopavita or Pancavata)

. Symbology of wearing skins in Shaivism

. The various sects of Shaivism

. The Pantaranka or Pantarankam dance

. The Pey, Putam and Paritam (different sorts of Ganas, attendants)

. Chapter 4.1 - Bhikshatana-murti (the Lord becoming a beggar)

. Chapter 4.2 - Dakshinamurti

. Chapter 4.3 - (a) Nataraja (the dance of Shiva)

. Chapter 4.3 - (b) The seven Tandava Dances of Shiva

. Chapter 4.3 - (c) Sculptures of Shiva and Dance

. Chapter 4.3 - (d) Technical terms used by Arurar in relation to Dance and Music

. Chapter 4.3 - (e) Arurar’s references to Dance

. Chapter 4.3 - (f) The transcendental and immanent Dance

. Chapter 4.4 - Cosmogony in the Tevaram

. Chapter 4.5 - Puranic personalities (in the Tevaram)

. Chapter 4.6 - (a) Weapons and Ornaments of Shiva

. Chapter 4.6 - (b) Symbology of Man (the deer)

. Chapter 4.6 - (c) Symbology of Muyalakan (the Apasmara Purusha)

. Chapter 4.6 - (d) Symbology of the Yajnopavita as an ornament of Shiva

. Chapter 4.6 - (e) Symbology of Malu (the axe)

. Chapter 4.6 - (f) Symbology of Trisula (the trident)

. Chapter 4.6 - (g) Symbology of Shiva’s hands

. Chapter 4.6 - (h) Symbology of Shiva’s eyes

. Chapter 4.6 - (i) Symbology of the serpent and worship

. Chapter 4.6 - (j) Symbology of the dress

. Chapter 4.6 - (k) Symbology of Kovanam

. Chapter 4.6 - (l) Shiva’s ornamentation

. Chapter 4.6 - (m) Symbology of the Utukkai (Udukkai)

. Chapter 4.6 - (m) Symbology of Fire

. Chapter 4.6 - (n) Symbology of Ash

Volume 3 - Introduction to the third volume

+ Volume 3.1 - Pilgrim’s progress: to Arur

. Chapter 1 - Thiruvennainallur or Tiruvenneinallur (Hymn 1)

. Chapter 2 - Thiruthuraiyur or Tirutturaiyur (Hymn 13)

. Chapter 3 - Thiruvathigai Veeratanam or Tiruvatikai Virattanam (Hymn 38)

. Chapter 4 - Tiruttinai nagar (Hymn 64)

. Chapter 5 - Tirukkalumalam (Hymn 58)

. Chapter 6 - Thiruvarur (Hymn 73)

. Chapter 7 - Tiruttontattokai (Hymn 39)

+ Volume 3.2 - Pilgrim’s progress: to Chola

. Chapter 8 - Thirukkolili or Tirukkolili (Hymn 20)

. Chapter 9 - Thirunattiyathankudi or Tirunattiyattankuti (Hymn 15)

. Chapter 10 - Thiruvalivalam or Tiruvalivalam (Hymn 67)

. Chapter 11 - Thiruppugalur or Tiruppukalur (Hymn 34)

. Chapter 12 - Thirupanaiyur or Tiruppanaiyur (Hymn 87)

. Chapter 13 - Thirunannilam or Tirunannilam (Hymn 98)

. Chapter 14 - Thiruveezhimizhalai or Tiruvilimilalai (Hymn 88)

. Chapter 15 - Thiruvanjiyam or Tiruvanciyam (Hymn 76)

. Chapter 16 - Thirunarayur or Tirunaraiyur Citticcaram (Hymn 93)

. Chapter 17 - Arisirkaraiputhur or Aricirkaraipputtur (Hymn 9)

. Chapter 18 - Thiruvaduthurai or Tiruvavatuturai (Hymn 66)

. Chapter 19 - Thiruvidaimarudur or Tiruvitaimarutur (Hymn 60)

. Chapter 20 - Thirunageswaram or Tirunakeccaram (Hymn 99)

. Chapter 21 - Thirukalayanallur or Tirukkalaya Nallur (Hymn 16)

. Chapter 22 - Thiruchotruthurai or Tiru-Corrutturai (Hymn 94)

+ Volume 3.3 - Pilgrim’s progress: to Chola (later?)

. Chapter 23 - Thirumazhapadi or Tiru-Malapati (Hymn 94)

. Chapter 24 - Thiruvanaikaval or Tiruvanaikka (Hymn 75)

. Chapter 25 - Thirupachilachiramam or Tiruppaccilacciramam (Hymn 17)

. Chapter 26 - Thiruppainjeeli or Tiruppainnili (Hymn 36)

. Chapter 27 - Thirupandikodumudi or Tiruppantikkotumuti (Hymn 36)

. Chapter 28 - Thiru-Venjamakoodal or Tiru-Vencamakkutal (Hymn 42)

. Chapter 29 - Thirukarkudi or Tirukkarkuti (Hymn 27)

. Chapter 30 - Thirupurampayam or Tiruppurampayam (Hymn 35)

. Chapter 31 - Thirukoodalaiyathoor or Tirukkutalaiyarrur (Hymn 85)

. Chapter 32 - Thirumudhukundram or Tirumutukunram (Hymn 43)

. Chapter 33 - Thirupathigam or Nampi Enra Tiruppatikam (Hymn 63)

. Chapter 34 - Koyil (Hymn 90)

+ Volume 3.4 - Pilgrim’s progress: with Paravai

. Chapter 35 - Thirukarupariyalur or Tirukkaruppariyalur (Hymn 30)

. Chapter 36 - Thirupazhamannipadikkarai or Tiruppalamannippatikkarai (Hymn 22)

. Chapter 37 - Thiruvazhkoliputhur or Tiruvalkoliputtur (Hymn 57)

. Chapter 38 - Thirukanatumullur or Tirukkanattumullur (Hymn 57)

. Chapter 39 - Thiru Edirkolpadi or Tiru Etirkolpati (Hymn 7)

. Chapter 40 - Muppatumillai (Hymn 18)

. Chapter 41 - Thirumudhukundram or Tirumutukunram (Hymn 25)

. Chapter 42 - Namakkadigalakiya Adigal or Namakkatikalakiya Atikal (Hymn 33)

. Chapter 43 - Thirunallar or Tirunallaru (Hymn 68)

. Chapter 44 - Thirukadaiyur Mayanam or Tirukkatavur (Hymn 53)

. Chapter 45 - Thirukadaiyur or Tirukkatavur (Hymn 54)

. Chapter 46 - Thiruvalampuram or Tiruvalampuram (Hymn 72)

. Chapter 47 - Thiruvenkadu or Tiruvenkatu (Hymn 72)

. Chapter 48 - Thirunanipalli or Tirunanipalli (Hymn 97)

. Chapter 49-50 - Thirunindravur or Tiruninriyur (Hymn 65)

. Chapter 51 - Thiruneedur or Tirunitur (Hymn 56)

. Chapter 52 - Thirukolakka or Tirukkolakka (Hymn 62)

. Chapter 53 - Thirukurukavur or Tirukkurukavur (Hymn 29)

. Chapter 54 - Thirukkazhippalai or Tirukkalippalai (Hymn 23)

+ Volume 3.5 - Pilgrim’s progress: to the North

. Chapter 55 - Thiruvennainallur and Thirunavalur (Hymn 17)

. Chapter 56 - Tirukkalukkundram or Tirukkalukkunram (Hymn 81)

. Chapter 57 - Thirukkachur Alakkoyil or Tirukkaccur (Hymn 41)

. Chapter 58 - Tiruvekampam Tirumerrali or Thirumetrali (Hymn 21)

. Chapter 59 - Tiru Onakantan Tali (Hymn 5)

. Chapter 60 - Thirukachi Anegathangavatham or Tirukkacci Anekatankavatam (Hymn 10)

. Chapter 61 - Thiru Vanparthan Panangattur or Tiruvanparttan Panankattur (Hymn 10)

. Chapter 62 - Thirukalathi or Tirukkalatti (Hymn 26)

. Chapter 63 - Ciparppatam (Hymn 79)

. Chapter 64 - Thiruketharam or Tirukketaram (Hymn 78)

. Chapter 65 (a) - Thiruvottriyur or Tiruvorriyur or Tiruvottiyur (Hymn 91)

. Chapter 65 (b) - Thirunatuthogai, Thiru Idaiyatruthokai and Urthogai (Hymn 91)

+ Volume 3.6 - Pilgrim’s progress: away from Otriyur and Cankili

. Chapter 66 - Thiruvarur or Tiruvarur (Hymn 51)

. Chapter 67 - Thiruvottiyur or Tiruvorriyur (Hymn 54)

. Chapter 68 - Thirumullaivoyal or Tirumullaivayil (Hymn 69)

. Chapter 69 - Thiruvenpakkam or Tiruvenpakkam (Hymn 89)

. Chapter 70 - Thiruvalangadu or Tiruvalankatu (Hymn 52)

. Chapter 71 - Tiruvekampam (Hymn 61)

. Chapter 72 - Thiruvarur or Tiruvarur (Hymn 83)

. Chapter 73 - Thiruvamathur or Tiruamattur (Hymn 45)

. Chapter 74 - Thirunelvayil Arathurai or Tirunelvayil Aratturai (Hymn 3)

. Chapter 75 - Thiruvavaduthurai or Tiruvavatuturai (Hymn 70)

. Chapter 76 - Thiruthuruthiyum Thiruvelvikudiyum (Hymn 74)

. Chapter 77 - Thiruvarur Paravaiyunmandali or Tiruarur Paravaiyunmantali (Hymn 96)

. Chapter 78 - Thiruvarur or Tiruvarur (Hymn 37)

. Chapter 79 - Thiruvarur or Tiruvarur (Hymn 95)

. Chapter 80 - Thiruppungur or Tiruppunkur (Hymn 55)

. Chapter 81 - Thirunagaikaronam or Tirunakaikkaronam (Hymn 46)

+ Volume 3.7 - Unto the last

. Chapter 82 - Thirumaraikkadu or Tirumaraikkatu (Hymn 71)

. Chapter 83 - Thirukodikkuzhagar or Tirukkotikkulakar (Hymn 32)

. Chapter 84 - Thirupuvanam or Tiruppuvanam (Hymn 11)

. Chapter 85 - Thiruparankundram or Tirupparankunram (Hymn 2)

. Chapter 86 - Thiruketheeswaram or Tirukketiccaram (Hymn 80)

. Chapter 87 - Thiruchuzhial or Tirucculiyal (Hymn 82)

. Chapter 88 - Thirukanaper or Tirukkanapper (Ur) (Hymn 84)

. Chapter 89 - Thiruppunavayil or Tiruppunavayil (Hymn 50)

. Chapter 90 - Thiruvarur or Tiruvarur (Hymn 8)

. Chapter 91 - Thiruvaiyaru or Tiruvaiyaru (Hymn 77)

. Chapter 92 - Mudipadu Gangai—Thiruvanchikulam (Hymn 44)

. Chapter 93 - Thiruvarur or Tiruvarur (Hymn 59)

. Chapter 94 - Thirumuruganpoondi or Tirumurukanpunti (Hymn 49)

. Chapter 95 - Thirupukkoliyur Avinashi or Tiruppukkoliyur Avinaci (Hymn 92)

. Chapter 96 - Thiruvanchikulam or Tiruvancaikkalam (Hymn 4)

. Chapter 97 - Thirunodithanmalai or Tirunotittanmalai (Hymn 100)

Volume 4.1 - Religion of the Thevaram (introduction)

+ Volume 4.1.1 - A comparative study of the Shaivite saints the Thiruthondathogai

. Nayanar 1: Sundarar (Nampi Arurar)

. Nayanar 2: Tiru Neelakanta (Tirunilakanta)

. Nayanar 3: Iyarpagaiar (Iyarpakai)

. Nayanar 4: Ilayankudi Maranar (Ilaiyankuti Manar)

. Nayanar 5: Meiporul (Meypporul)

. Nayanar 6: Viralminda (Viranmintar)

. Nayanar 7: Amaraneedi (Amarniti)

. Nayanar 8: Eripatha (Eripattar)

. Nayanar 9: Yenathinathar (Enatinata)

. Nayanar 10: Kannappa (Kannappar)

. Nayanar 11: Kungiliya Kalaya (Kunkiliyakkalaya)

. Nayanar 12: Manakanchara (Manakkancarar)

. Nayanar 13: Arivattaya

. Nayanar 14: Anaya

. Nayanar 15: Murthiyar (Murti)

. Nayanar 16: Muruga (Muruka)

. Nayanar 17: Rudra Pasupathi (Rudra Pasupati)

. Nayanar 18: Nandanar (Thirunalai Povar)

. Nayanar 19: Tiru Kurippu Thonda (Tirukkuripputtontar)

. Nayanar 20: Chandeshvara (Candesvara)

. Nayanar 21: Appar (Tirunavukkarasar)

. Nayanar 22: Kulachirai (Kulaccirai)

. Nayanar 23: Perumizhalai Kurumba (Perumilalaikkurumpa)

. Nayanar 24: Karaikkal Ammeiyar (Ammaiyar)

. Nayanar 25: Apputhi Adigal (Apputiyatikal)

. Nayanar 26: Tiruneelanakka (Tirunilanakka)

. Nayanar 27: Nami Nandi Adigal (Naminanti Atikal)

. Nayanar 28: Thirugnana Sambandar (Tirujnana Campantar)

. Nayanar 29: Eyarkon Kalikama (Kalikkama)

. Nayanar 30: Tirumular (Thirumoolar) or Tirumula

. Nayanar 31: Dandi Adigal (Tantiyatikal)

. Nayanar 32: Murkha (Murkka)

. Nayanar 33: Somasi Mara (Comacimara)

. Nayanar 34: Sakkiya (Cakkiya)

. Nayanar 35: Sirappuli (Cirappuli)

. Nayanar 36: Siruthondar (Ciruttonta)

. Nayanar 37: Kazharitrarivar or Cheraman Perumal

. Nayanar 38: Gananatha (Kananata)

. Nayanar 39: Kootruva (Kurruva)

. Nayanar 40: Poyyatimai illata pulavar

. Nayanar 41: Pugal Chola (Pukalccolar)

. Nayanar 42: Narasinga Muniyaraiyar (Naracinkamunaiyaraiya)

. Nayanar 43: Adipaththar (Atipatta)

. Nayanar 44: Kalikamba (Kalikkampa)

. Nayanar 45: Kalia (Kaliya)

. Nayanar 46: Satti (Sakti)

. Nayanar 47: Aiyadigal Kadavarkon (Aiyatikal Katavarkon)

. Nayanar 48: Kanampulla

. Nayanar 49: Kari

. Nayanar 50: Ninra Seer Nedumaara (Ninracir Netumara)

. Nayanar 51: Vayilar

. Nayanar 52: Munaiyaduvar (Munaiyatuvar)

. Nayanar 53: Kazharsinga (Kalarcinka)

. Nayanar 54: Idangazhi (Itankali)

. Nayanar 55: Seruthunai (Ceruttunai)

. Nayanar 56: Pugazh Thunai (Pukalttunai)

. Nayanar 57: Pugazh Kotpuli

. Nayanar 58-64: [Pattharai Panivar]

. Nayanar 65: Pusalar (Pucalar)

. Nayanar 66: Mangayarkkarasiyar (Mankaiyarkkaraciyar) or Mani

. Nayanar 67: Nesa (Neca)

. Nayanar 68: Kochengat Chola (Koccenkat-cola) or Sengenar (Cenkanar)

. Nayanar 69: Tiru Nilakanta Yazhpanar (Tirunilakanta Yalppanar)

. Nayanar 70-71: Sadaiya (Cataiyanar) and Isaignaniyaar (Icainaniyar)

+ Volume 4.1.2 - The conception of Paramanaiye Paduvar

. Chapter 1 - The Tondar or Tontar (devotees) and their religion

. Chapter 2 - The cult of Atiyars (Adiyars)

. Chapter 3 - Tamilians and Religion

. Chapter 4 - Tamil and Religion

. Chapter 5 - Universalism

Volume 4.2 - Philosophy of the Thevaram (introduction)

+ Volume 4.2.1 - Philosophy of Nature

. Chapter 1 - Nature Mysticism

. Chapter 2 - The Philosophy of the drama of creation

+ Volume 4.2.2 - Philosophy of Soul

. Chapter 1 - The ladder of love and Agamaic worship

. Chapter 2 - From Karma to Love

. Chapter 3 - Grace And Ethics

+ Volume 4.2.3 - Philosophy of God

. Chapter 1 - The Light of Light

. Chapter 2 - Bridal Mysticism

. Chapter 3 - The final goal

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Last Updated: 29 November, 2024

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